2023年考研英语考试考前冲刺卷（7）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.According to paragraph 3, some workers have been killed by harmful pollutants in thatA：[A] production could not be halted.B：[B] they failed to take safety measures.C：[C] research was not pursued to a solution.D：[D] safety equipment was not adequately provided.2.It can be inferred from the text that the author believes thatA：[A] nationwide application of anti-pollution devices can finally prevent cancer.B：[B] tough legislation is needed to set lower limits of worker exposure to harmful chemicals.C：[C] more research is required into the causes of cancer before further progress can be made.D：[D] industrialization must be slowed down to prevent further spread of cancercausing agents.3.The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction.A：The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process.B：With the estimated population of only about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. “Hua Mei” was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally.C：The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species4.The author directs attention to “Hua Mei”, the baby panda born in the San Diego Zoo, in order toA：[A] show that cloning as an artificial birth technique has succeeded.B：[B] argue that pandas are a particularly likely candidate for cloning.C：[C] show that artificial birth techniques other than cloning have succeeded.D：[D] demonstrate the necessity of cloning and other artificial birth techniques to the survival of certain species.5.Paragraph 4 is written in order toA：[A] detail the process by which cloning in the panda population has been executed in the past.B：[B] guide the reader to consider the possibility of cloning in restoring the panda population.C：[C] demonstrate that the use of cloning to repopulate the panda species is a feasible goal.D：[D] inform the reader of how cloning would be carried out in the panda population.6.The main purpose of the last paragraph is toA：[A] argue in favor of one side on a particularly controversial topic of cloning.B：[B] display both sides' arguments on another contentious issue in cloning.C：[C] redirect the readers' attention to the previously raised issue of ethics in cloning.D：[D] provide further relevant information to the evaluation of cloning as a preservation technique.7.It can be inferred from the information given in the text that the best candidate for cloning would beA：[A] Giant Pandas.B：[B] an endangered species with many living related species.C：[C] the species in which previous techniques of artificial reproduction have been successfully applied.D：[D] those for which cloning is the only feasible method by which to reproduce the species.8.The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:“Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"A：There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for afastgrowing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.B：I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are thesame that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detriment9.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is____ .A：［A］the greater customer demandsB：［B］a surplus supply for the marketC：［C］a growing productivityD：［D］the increase of the world's wealth10.From paragraph 4 we can infer that____ .A：［A］the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumersB：［B］WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costsC：［C］the costs of the gobalization process are enormousD：［D］the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition11.Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be____ .A：［A］optimisticB：［B］objectiveC：［C］pessimisticD：［D］biased12.A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South KoreaA：ll of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.B：How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride." American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government," It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity, sa13.Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.A：No clearcut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs inscience: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word `amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.B：A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhil14.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate____A：［A］the process of specialisation and professionalisationB：［B］the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC：［C］the change of policies in scientific publicationsD：［D］the discrimination of professionals against amateurs15.The direct reason for specialisation is____A：［A］the development in communicationB：［B］the growth of professionalisationC：［C］the expansion of scientific knowledgeD：［D］the splitting up of academic societie16.Governments attach importance to the Internet because it____ .A：［A］offers economic potentialsB：［B］can bring foreign fundsC：［C］can soon wipe out world povertyD：［D］connects people all over the world17.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of____ .A：［A］providing financial support overseasB：［B］preventing foreign capital's controlC：［C］building industrial infrastructureD：［D］accepting foreign investment18.It seems that now a country's economy depends much on____ .A：［A］how welldeveloped it is electronicallyB：［B］whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC：［C］whether it adopts America's industrial patternD：［D］how much control it has over foreign corporations19.A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.A：Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.B：Accountability isn't hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.C：Of the many values that hold civilization together--honesty, kindness, and so on--account-ability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no lawand, ultimately, no society.D：My job as a polioe officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows,external controls on people's behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.E：Fortunately there are still communities--smaller towns,usually--where schools maintaindiscipline and20.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,____A：society is to be held responsibleB：modern civilization is rnponsible for itC：the criminal himself should bear the blameD：the standards of living should be improved21.Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have____A：less self-disciplineB：better sense of disciplineC：more mutual respect .D：less effective government22.The writer is sorry to have noticed that____A：people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB：people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standardsC：today's society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD：people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities23.The key point of the passage is that____A：stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB：more good examples should be set for people to followC：more restrictions should be imposed on people's behaviorD：more people should accept the value of accountability24.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.A：How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.B：In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod" a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think25.The author asserts that sclentists____A：[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thoughtB：[B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC：[C] should write more concise reports for technical journalsD：[D]should be confident about their research findings26.It seems that some young scientists____A：[A]have a keen interest in predictionB：[B]often speculate on the futureC：[C] think highly of creative thinkingD：[D]stick to "scientific method"27.The author implies that the results of scientific research____A：[A]may not be as profitable as they are expectedB：[B]can be measured in dollars and centsC：[C] rely on conformity to a standard patternD：[D]are mostly underestimated by management28.The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide canrry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.A：lthough it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.B：Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."C：George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even i29.In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.A：Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.B：The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.C：Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces every30.The word“arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to thoseA：who work as coordinators.B：who function as judges.C：who supervise transactions.D：who determine the price.31.It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.A：Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.B：In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty32.The author uses the example of caner patients to show thatA：medical resources are often wasted.B：doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.C：some 。