2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题世界不会缺少贪婪，且很少有人、公司或国家能例外企业和国家总是相互竞争，采用不那么合法的手段获取优势随着全球网络的出现，技术扩散至每个人，贪婪来到了那些可能永远也不会犯罪的人旁边贪婪在各个层面上都起作用，而大多数信息系统存在的薄弱环节则为企图利用这些弱点的人提供了攫取惊人利润的机会答案】【参考译文】Greed is in no short supply, and few individuals, business, or countries are exempt. Business and governments constantly maneuvered to gain an advantage over each other, relying on less-than-legal techniques to gain an edge. With the Global Network in place, and the proliferation of technology for everyone, greed has found its way to people who might otherwise never commit a crime. Greed operates at all levels, and due to the vulnerability of most information systems, provides opportunity to exploit their weakness for enormous profits.2. 翻译题Deepen educational cooperation in an all-round way to promote long-term development. Education is fundamental to a country’s enduring prosperity. It is necessary for us all to intensify exchanges and cooperation between educational and academic institutions, expand linkages between institutions of higher learning and carry out youth, cultural and sports exchanges in diverse forms. In particular, we should increase educational assistance to less developed countries, promote two-way flow of educational resources and raise the educational level of our region.Strengthen international cooperation in disaster reduction and relief in the spirit of helping those in need and assisting those in difficulty. As natural disasters know no national boundaries, they must be managed by cooperative efforts. In recent years, we have laid a good foundation of cooperation in responding to the sudden strike of the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and other major disasters. We should step up cooperation in developing a disaster early-warning system, sharing disaster information and reduction technology and enhancing disaster reduction capacity building to bring about harmony between social and economic development and the preservation of natural resources and the ecological environment.【答案】【参考译文】全面深化教育合作以促进长期发展。
教育是一个国家长治久安的基础我们都有必要去加强教育和学术机构之间的交流与合作，扩大高等院校之间的联系并以多种形式开 展青年、文化和体育交流我们尤其应该增加对欠发达国家的教育援助，促进教育资源的双向流动并提高我们的教育水平本着助危为安的精神，加强国际减灾救灾合作自然灾害无国界，应对自然灾害需要各方共同的努力近年来，我们在应对印度洋大地震、海啸和其他重大灾害的突然袭击中已经奠定了一个良好的合作基础我们应加强灾害预警系统建设、灾害信息和减灾技术共享、减灾能力建设等方面的合作，实现经济社会发展与自然资源和生态环境保护的和谐统一3. 翻译题Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hollow? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.A fast-growing body of research is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful; pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If you could teach people to think more positively,” says psychologist Craig, “it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.”Your abilities count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Seligman and his colleague surveyed sales representatives at a Life Insurance Company. They found that the positive thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37 percent more insurance than did the negative thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20 percent more. How did they do it? The secret to an optimist’s success is in his “explanatory style.” When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself, while the optimist looks for loopholes. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. “If people feel hopeless, they don’t bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed,” says Craig.A sense of control is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. The pessimist feels like fate’s plaything and moves slowly. He doesn’t see advice, since he assumes nothing can be done. Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify and sometimes that’s what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levey of Pittsburg Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levey found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.【答案】【参考译文】你看到的玻璃杯是半满的还是半空的？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈还是中间的那个洞？当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的力量时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
迅速增多的大量研究工作证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关心理学家克雷格说：“如果你能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗你的能力固然重要，但你能成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望以你的工作为例心理学家塞利格曼和他的同事对一家人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调查他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额在新雇佣的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%他们是如何做的呢？乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“归因方式”出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责，乐观主义者则寻找漏洞当一切顺利时，乐观主义者看成是自己的功劳，而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言克雷格说：“如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能控制感是成功的试金石乐观者能够掌握自己的命运悲观者则感到自己只能任由命运摆布，行动拖拉既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。
匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉•利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观主义者身上复发更早4. 单选题President Coolidge’s statement, "The business of America is business," still points to an important truth today——that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige?One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is also the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly of power. In contrast to one, all powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers' dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even thought government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many American believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy in preserving freedom.Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic idea of inherited privilege.1.The statement "The business of America is business" probably means（ ）.2.Americans believe that they can realize their personal values only（ ）. 3.Who can benefit from business competition?4.Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by（ ）. 5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believer（ ）.问题1选项A.The business institutions in America are concerned with commerce.B.Business problems are of great importance to the American government.C.Business is of primary concern to AmericansD.America is a great power in world business问题2选项A.when given equality of opportunityB.through doing businessC.by protecting their individual freedomD.by way of competition问题3选项A.Honest businessmen.B.Both businessmen and their customers.C.People with ideals of equality.D.Business institutions and government.问题4选项A.its absolute control of powerB.its function preserving personal freedomC.its role in protecting basic American valuesD.its democratic way of exercising leader问题5选项A.Americans are more ambitious than people in other countriesB.In many countries success often depends on one's social statusC.American businesses are more democratic than these in other countriesD.Businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。
由文章第一段中的that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government（在美国社会中，商业机构比任何其他类型的组织都有更高的声誉，包括政府）可知C选项“商业是美国人最关心的问题”符合题意2.细节事实题由文章第二段中的Competition is not only good in itself, it is also the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.（竞争本身不仅是好的，它也是美国其他基本价值观如个人自由、机会平等和努力工作的保护手段）可知D选项“通过竞争”符合题意3.细节事实题由文章第三段中的Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers' dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.（理论上，如果一个企业试图利用其客户的不公平优势，它将输给对其客户更公平的竞争性企业。
当许多企业为了顾客的钱而竞争时，他们不能像对待下级或奴隶那样对待他们）可知是从从企业与客户两个角度说明商业竞争的，因此选B4.细节事实题由文章倒数第二段中的A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.（人们常常将商业和政府进行对比，一个具有竞争性，另一个具有垄断性）可知A选项“其对权力的绝对控制”符合题意5.推理判断题由文章最后一段中的Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic idea of inherited privilege.（竞争成功通常被视为是美国人对基于家庭背景的社会等级的替代方式。
因此，商业被视为是机会平等观念的一种表达，而不是继承特权的贵族观念）可知B选项“在许多国家，成功往往取决于一个人的社会地位”符合题意5. 翻译题2.改革开放30年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采答案】【参考译文】2.As China is rising as a political and economic world power thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and Chinese culture. Through learning Chinese, they have a strong interest in this ancient civilization, which is quite different from their own culture. They also have the opportunity to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, medicine and food culture, and experience the elegant demeanor of this ancient civilization.6. 单选题Complacency has led to some appalling ecological（ ）.问题1选项A.damagesB.tragediesC.catastrophesD.dangers【答案】C【解析】查名词辨析。
damage意为“损害、毁坏”等时，是不可数名词，意为“价钱、费用”时，是可数名词，意为“赔偿费”时，必须用其复数形式tragedy意为“悲剧，惨剧”；catastrophe意为“灾难，灾祸”；danger意为“危险”，泛指“危险”时，danger是不可数名词,指具体的“危险、危险物、可能造成损伤、疼痛等的人”时，是可数名词句意：自满导致了一些可怕的生态灾难7. 单选题 As a（ ）actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.问题1选项A.flexibleB.versatileC.sophisticatedD.productive【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析flexible意为“灵活的”；versatile意为“多才多艺的，有多种技能的”；sophisticated意为“见多识广的，老练的”；productive意为“多产的，有效益的”由句子后面的内容可知他会很多才艺，因此选B句意：作为一名多才多艺的演员，他会表演、唱歌、跳舞并能演奏好几种乐器8. 单选题Terry Wolfisch Cole may seem like an ordinary 40-year-old mom, but her neighbors know the truth: She’s one of the “Pod People.” At the supermarket she wanders the aisles in a self-contained bubble, thanks to her iPod digital music player. Through those little white ear buds, Wolfisch Cole listens to a playlist mixed by her favorite disc presenter—herself.At home, when the kids are tucked away, Wolfisch Cole often escapes to another solo media pod—but in this one, she’s transmitting instead of just receiving. On her computer web log, or “blog”, she types an online journal chronicling daily news of her life, then shares it all with the Web.Wolfisch Cole—who also gets her daily news customized off the Internet and whose digital video recorder (DVR) scans through the television wasteland to find and record shows that suit her tastes—is part of a new breed of people who are filtering, shaping and even creating media for themselves. They are increasingly turning their backs on the established system of mass media that has provided news and entertainment for the past half-century. They’ve joined the exploding “iMedia” revolution, putting the power of media in the hands of ordinary people.The tools of the movement consist of a bubbling stew of new technologies that include iPods, blogs, podcasts, DVRs, customized online newspapers, and satellite radio.Devotees of iMedia run the gamut (范围)from the 89-year-old New York grandmother, known as Bubby, who has taken up blogging to share her worldly advice, to 11-year-old Dylan Verdi of Texas, who has started broadcasting her own homemade TV show or “vlog”, for video web log. In between are countless iMedia enthusiasts like Rogier van Bakel, 44, of Maine, who blogs at night, reads a Web—customized news page in the morning, travels with his fully loaded iPod and comes home to watch whatever the DVR has chosen for him.“If the old media model was broadcasting, this new phenomenon might be called ego-casting,” says Christine Rosen, a fellow with the Ethics and Public Policy Center. “The term fits,” she says, “because the trend is all about me-me-media—the idea is to get exactly what you want, when and where you want it.”Rosen and others trace the beginnings of the iMedia revolution to the invention of the TV remote, which marked the first subtle shift of media control away from broadcasters and into the hands of the average couch potato. It enabled viewers to vote with their thumbs-making it easier to abandon dull programs and avoid commercials. With the proliferation (激增)of cable TV channels in the late 1980s followed by the mid-1990s arrival of the Internet, controlling media input wasn’t just a luxury. “Control has become a necessity,” says Bill Rose, “Without it, there’s no way to sort through all the options that are becoming available.”36. Who is Terry Wolfisch Cole probably according to the passage?（ ）37. Which of the following is the characteristic of the new breed of people according to the passage?（ ）38. What can be learned about the devotees of iMedia from the passage?（ ）39. According to the passage, Christine Rosen calls the iMedia revolution ego-casting because（ ）.40. Why was the invention of the TV remote important according to the passage?（ ）问题1选项A.A middle-aged housewife.B.A saleswoman in the supermarket.C.A disc presenter.D.An online news writer.问题2选项A.They provide news and entertainment for the public.B.They have started the iMedia revolution.C.They have helped ordinary people control media.D.They choose what to listen to or watch by themselves.问题3选项A.They are either very old or very young.B.They consist of people of all ages.C.They are located in New York, Texas and Maine.D.They share the same interests.问题4选项A.people show themselves in the mediaB.people get their needs for media metC.people can watch whatever they likeD.it is the invention of an individual问题5选项A.Because it enabled ordinary people to control media to some extent.B.Because it made more cable TV channels available to people.C.Because it led to the invention of Internet in the 1990s.D.Because it made life easier for couch potatoes.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】36.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。
根据题干纵观全文，从文章可以看出Terry Wolfisch Cole只是一个善于利用网络分享自己日常生活和利用网络便利自己日常生活的普通家庭主妇本题可用排除法解答，A选项“一个中年家庭主妇”符合题意；B选项“超市售货员”文中没有提到，所以排除；C选项“唱片主持人”，根据第一段的内容可知此段最后一句中提到的disc presenter只是一个比喻，而并不是她的真实身份，所以排除C选项；D选项“新闻作家”，真正的新闻作家并不会只写自己的生活日常因此A选项正确37. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题根据题干定位到第三段第一句“Wolfisch Cole…is part of a new breed of people who are filtering, shaping and even creating media for themselves.（Wolfisch Cole……是一群为自己过滤、塑造甚至创造媒体的新群体中的一员A选项“他们为公众提供新闻和娱乐”与事实不符，这些新群体并不是为公众提供新闻和娱乐，而是制定符合他们自己口味的新闻；B选项“他们开启了媒体革命”，不正确，根据文章，媒体革命源于电视遥控器的发明；C选项“他们帮助普通人控制媒体”文中没有提到；D选项“他们自己选择听或看什么”符合题意，因此D选项正确。
38. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题根据题干定位到文章第五段，该段落分别选择了老、中、青三个年龄阶段的典型人物来说明iMedia的拥护者包括了从老年到少年各个年龄阶段的人A选项“他们要么很老，要么很年轻”说法错误，忽略了来自缅甸的44岁的Rogier Van Bakel这种中年人B选项“他们由各个年龄层的人组成”符合段意；C选项“他们位于纽约，德克萨斯和缅因州”说法太绝对，文中只是拿来自这几个地方的人举例子，并不代表全部；D选项“他们有共同的兴趣”文中没有提到因此B选项正确39. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题根据题干定位到文章第六段第二句：“The term fits”, she says, “because the trend is all about me-me-media—the idea is to get exactly what you want, when and where you want it.”（她表示：“这个词很合适，因为现在的趋势都是关于‘我-我-媒体’——其理念是在你想要的时间和地点得到你想要的东西A选项“人们在媒体上展示自己”与段意不符；B选项“人们通过媒体满足了自己需求”符合段意；C选项“人们可以看他们喜欢的任何节目”和D选项“它是一种个人的发明”文中都没有提到，因此B选项正确。
40. 【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题根据题意可定位到文章最后一段的第一句“Rosen and others trace the beginnings of the iMedia revolution to the invention of the TV remote, which marked the first subtle shift of media control away from broadcasters and into the hands of the average couch potato（Rosen等人将iMedia革命的开端追溯到电视遥控器的发明，这标志着媒体控制从广播公司转移到普通电视迷手中的第一次微妙转变由此可推断出电视遥控器的出现使人们或多或少地拥有了媒体的掌控权A选项“因为它在一定程度上使普通人能够控制媒体”符合段意；B选项“因为它为人们提供了更多的有线电视频道”，互联网是有线电视频道变多的原因；C选项“因为它导致了20世纪90年代互联网的发明”，遥控器并不是互联网发明的原因；D选项“因为它使电视迷的生活更容易了”说法太片面，便利了电视迷的生活并不是遥控器重要的意义所在，因此A选项正确。
9. 单选题The choir slowly walked through the （ ）of the church as they sang.问题1选项A.passageB.laneC.isleD.aisle【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析passage意为“通道，走廊”；lane意为“(乡间)小路，小巷，胡同”；isle意为“岛，小岛”；aisle意为“(教堂、戏院、火车等座位间或超级市场货架间的)走道，过道”由the church（教堂）可知选D句意：唱诗班在唱诗的时候慢慢地穿过教堂的过道10. 翻译题人类文化从整体来说，是各国、各民族文化汇聚、交流的产物现代国际间的文化交流，更是以空前的规模、内容、形式和手段，在直接间接地进行着交流促进发展一个国家、一个民族，只要不是由于主观和客观的种种原因而长期处于孤立、闭塞的状态之中，或多或少都可以从交流中得到好处事实上，在现代国家中，绝对不受外来影响的固有文化是不存在的一位外国的著名历史学家曾经说过：“任何国家的文明，来自外来影响的产物总是多于本国的发明创造如果有人要把英国文化中任何受外国影响或来源于外国的东西剔除掉，那么，英国的文化就所剩无几了。
答案】【参考译文】Taken as a whole, human culture is the product of the merging of and exchange between the culture of all nations and nationalities. Modern international cultural exchange goes directly and indirectly with its scale, content, form and method being unheard of before.Communication promotes development. A country, or a nation, if not in a state of isolation for a long period for reasons either subjective or objective, will benefit from this exchange to a greater or less extent.In fact, an intrinsic culture absolutely immune to foreign influence is non-existent. A well-known foreign historian once said: “The civilization of any country is much more the product of external influences than of native invention. Very little would remain of English culture if all its elements which have a foreign origin or bears some foreign influence were eliminated.”11. 单选题International financial issues are typically（ ）by the United States media because they are too technical to make snappy headlines and too inaccessible to people who lack a background in economics.问题1选项A.neglectedB.criticizedC.overratedD.repudiated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A选项neglected“被忽视的”；B选项criticized“被批判的”；C选项overrated“被高估的”；D选项repudiated“被拒绝的”句意：国际金融问题通常被美国的媒体所（ ），因为这些问题过于专业而不能给出一个生动活泼的标题来，而且是非常难于被缺乏经济学背景的读者来理解由too ... to可知，国际金融问题因为太过专业而不好给出一个生动活泼的标题，所以空格应填的选项是由于文章标题而不。