2015高一英语专题讲解（一） 阅读理解一、 长难句分析方法1. 找谓语，定主语2. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -although no one had proposed to do so and asked anindependent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro toreport back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a nationalpolicy on human cloning.〔简析〕Step 1 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed-he，_______-____，（should）not be used-__________，_________-no one，asked-he（asked前面有and，说明asked与前面某个谓语动词_______，根据逻辑意义asked应与_______并列）。
这一句的主干为“he ordered...and asked...”，“Declaring that...”作_____语Step 2句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议 2. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等） First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique.〔简析〕Step 1本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。
First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语；“including...”为介词短语作状语；“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的______从句，修饰_________________所以句子的主干为______________________, 即为主要信息Step2 句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展为了能够在Ecolab Polytechnipue理工学院学习她曾女扮男装 3、寻关联，辨逻辑 A woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，while it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.〔简析〕Step 1 “while”提示____________；not unusual=_________l；not...until...___________句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人；而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。
4、看搭配，防分隔 有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差如： Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising. 〔简析〕其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已 句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点 5、关键词，抓线索 有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意如： Miss Dermaine’s mother looked anxious throughout the wedding and Mr.Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted. 〔简析〕此句似乎在描述婚礼上不同的人的情绪，而前后句用“and”连接（不是but），所以“anxious”和“less than delighted”所表现的情绪的反差不会太大。
总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意Consolidation :We even have different words for some food，meat in particular，depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked，which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating.二、 小试牛刀A(2014·江苏东台学情调研)There are several reasons for hair loss in women. However, in most cases, treatment is quite effective. Female hair loss patterns in women are not as easily recognizable as they are in men. A woman may experience it temporarily due to pregnancy or illness, although they may experience it for other reasons.Hair loss can be due to a variety of factors, including a genetic tendency (which is not genetically linked to just one parent — both parents contribute to the tendency to lose hair)．Women who are experiencing hair problems seem to have more limited choices than men. There are some female hair loss treatments that are available such as the Tricomin System which is a topical treatment that is nutrition based. Shen Min for Women is another natural treatment that contains herbs (药草) that are said to stimulate (刺激) hair growth and even restore hair that is graying to its natural color.The majority of the popular, proven hair loss treatments are only intended for men and are not suitable for women. True, a woman's hair issue is different from a man's. The biological makeup is different and the needs are different. Women have different needs and their bodies react in different ways to environmental changes, physical illness and even the treatments that are available. There are many natural treatments such as vitamin and mineral supplements that are said to stimulate hair growth, but, for the most part, these claims are currently unproven. One of the first and most important factors to effectively treating is to get a diagnosis from a doctor. Talk to your doctor about any symptoms that you may be experiencing in addition to the thinning hair. Stress, weight loss or gain, illness and depression, all of these can be contributing factors.1．It can be learned from the 1st paragraph that ________.A．usually hair loss is hard to healB．female hair loss is more common than the men'sC．women tend to suffer from hair loss during the pregnant periodD．only illness contributes to hair loss2．Which of the following statements matches the text about the two treatments?A．Both are to solve the problem of male hair loss.B．Tricomin System is effective in speeding the growth of the new hair.C．Shen Min is an updated way of treating hair loss.D．The former is nutritionbased, while the latter is medicinebased.3．The reasons for the differences between the female and male hair loss problems do not include ________.A．the biological structure and composition of the hairB．the wants and needsC．the reactions and responses to the outside changesD．the approach to taking exercise4．The natural treatments ________.A．include vitamin and mineral supplementsB．are applied to keep the hair healthyC．have been proved usefulD．are the most commonlyused waysB(2013·南京、盐城三模)Christmas is long gone, and Valentine's Day is a distant memory. That means it's a slow time for jewelers, and a good time for you to make a purchase. Whether you're out shopping for gold, or silver, here are a few things you need to know：What determines price?The purity of the metal is one of the elements that determines the price. Gold purity is indicated with a stamp of 10K, 14K, 18K, or 24K. And different countries have their own standards. For example, for a piece to be considered gold in the US, it must be at least 10K. In Britain and Canada: 9K. In Italy and France: 18K. Anything over 18K is really too soft for everyday wear. That's why jewelry stores in the US sell mostly 14K.How much can you expect to pay?That depends on the weight of the metal and the gemstone (宝石). So keep that in mind, especially when buying online. To keep yourself from getting_ripped_off,_ask yourself the following: ●How long has the company been around?●What is its return policy?●Is the jewelry featured on the website visible from all directions?●Is the company transparent with the gram weights and the size of the gemstones?Yellow gold? White? Rose?Yes, it's confusing, and while this is largely a personal decision, there are a few things to keep in mind. For starters, white or rose gold costs about 10% more than yellow gold. If you want the “look for less”， consider goldplated jewelry. “Gold plated” and “gold overlay” mean the same thing and guarantee a thicker layer of finish than “vermeil” which is a flash finish that is thinner and less consistent, but more affordable. Buy vermeil finished pieces you want for a season or two just to follow the fashion. For pieces you want to wear for a lifetime, solid gold is best.What about sterling silver (标准纯银)?Sterling silver has been an alternative for white gold during the difficult economy, and while it used to be more popular with just the younger these days it has much more mass appeal. So much so that retailers are now offering fine gemstones with silver — something you used to see only with gold.Keep in mind that in the US, the sterling silver standard is 92.5% real silver. Don't buy it if there isn't a “925” stamp on it. And keep in mind that the lower price you're paying for silver means more maintenance. To keep silver jewelry from becoming less shiny, consider keeping a piece of chalk in your jewelry box.1．According to the passage, the underlined phrase “getting ripped off” in Paragraph 3 probably means “________”．A．being charged B．being cheated C．being affected D．being attracted2．Which of the following is relatively good for only wearing a short time?A．A 14K necklace. B．A goldplated ring. C．A vermeil ear ring. D．A gemstone necklace.vermeil finished pieces you want for a season or two just to follow the fashion.”可知，答案选C。
3．We can infer from the last paragraph that silver jewelry should be kept ________.A．in a dry place B．in a cold place C．in a wet place D．in a hot place4．The author writes the passage mainly to ________.A．encourage young people to buy fashionable jewelryB．tell people the best time to purchase gold and silverC．introduce the real value and popularity of gold and silverD．inform people of the factors to consider in buying jewelryC（建议用时8’）](2013·江苏高考阅读理解C)If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure.The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body — thus the name.If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.Other airbreathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example.And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs.That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones.If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply.This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse.Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past.What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years.To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world's naturalhistory museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression.Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite.More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an antidecompression means, they clearly did so quickly — and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards.But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened.He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark.One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches.Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully sharkand crocodilefree.In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain.In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator — and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.61．Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?A．A twisted body. B．A gradual decrease in blood supply.C．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. D．A drop in blood pressure.62．The purpose of Rothschild's study is to see________.A．how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends B．how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionC．why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies D．when ichthyosaurs broke their bones63．Rothschild's finding stated in Paragraph 4________.A．confirmed his assumption B．speeded up his research processC．disagreed with his assumption D．changed his research objectives64．Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ________.A．failed to evolve an antidecompression means B．gradually developed measures against the bendsC．died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD．evolved an antidecompression means but soon lost itD(建议用时：7分钟)Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways.You may wonder how paving (铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water.A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground.The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages (短缺)．Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts (干旱) than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live, but there's a lot we can do to lower the number.You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher (洗碗机) only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.60．Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater?A．Using river water. B．Throwing batteries away.C．Paving parking lots. D．Throwing rubbish into lakes.61．What can be inferred from the text?A．All water shortages are due to human behavior.B．It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.C．There is much we can do to reduce family size.D．The average family in America makes proper use of water.62．The last paragraph is intended to ________.A．show us how to fix leaks at home B．tell us how to run a dishwasher C．prove what drinking glass is best for us D．suggest what we do to save water at home 63．The text is mainly about ________.A．why paving roads reduces our water B．how much we depend on water to live C．why droughts occur more in dry climates D．how human activity affects our water supply【阅读理解解题小技巧】1、原句重复出现，200%错。
正确的都是有改动的，即同意替换2、文章是按顺序出题的你要觉得不是，就是你做错了3、选项中意思完全相反的2个选项，其中之一是对的要有这个意识）4、就一般而言，some people，表作者不认同的观点few people，表作者的观点5、 用文章里举例的句子来作为选项，直接排除200%错要有能辨别这个选项是不是文章中例子的能力）6、 每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”7、 某某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视尤其是在段落的后半部分很有可能就是某个问题的同意替换某某人说的话，尤其特别长的句子，或者是带引号的60%以上会出题题眼就在这儿这里又提了一遍，就是要引起你的重视8、 每段的第一句很重要尤其总分结构的段有的时候第一句话就是题眼考研英语，总分结构或者总分总的段落很多9、 一篇文章总会有5、6+个长难句，且总会在这里设问题所以，长难句必须要拿下!10、 一个长句看不懂，接着往下看，下一句可能是这个长句的解释说明是的话，这的地方可能会出题出的话，答案就在这附近而实际情况是，文章在谈论某个问题或提出某个观点时，有时会再做进一步的解释说明。
这种情况下，这里往往会设问题不过，这种情况很少见了你要知道的是，同意替换的句子，大都是长难句一些作为过渡的句子，不可能是答案在你读不懂的情况下，要有这个判断力11、 若某个问题，是特别长的一个句子，一定要看清问的是什么，别打马虎眼这是做题时需要留意的地方12、 有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度你要注意的是，作者对什么进行了转折那个关键词你要找出来注意几个词，yet表转折，hardly表否定while有时是比较，有时也表转折比较的时候，注意比较的对象，要弄清楚转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折however后面的句子一定要重视。