2021年考研英语一真题-答案及详解20__年考研英语一答案 详解 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the follog te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have bee an important issue recently.The court cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians.Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for e_le, eared at political events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_those in power and have no need to _13_political support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_as unjust.The justices must _18_doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4.[A]challenged [B]promised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7.[A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]lies 8.[A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9.[A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10.[A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11.[A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12.[A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13.[A]confirm [B]e_press [C]cultivate [D]offer 14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16.[A]e_cludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18.[A]suppress [B]e_ploit [C]address [D]ignore 19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20.[A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the follog four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Te_t 1 e on –Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual se_.But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of e_le of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe se_ among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health caigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard caign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at lying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough e_ploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mi_ed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups e_ert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through works of friends via social munication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully e_perts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors 22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ e_perience [C] stay away from mercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to [A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect 24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our works of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is [A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionable Te_t 2 A deal is a deal-e_cept, arently ,when Entergy is involved.The pany, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding mitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the pany has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 20__2, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state roval for the sale, the pany agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 20__.In 20__6, the state went a step further, requiring that any e_tension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s roval.Then, too, the pany went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those mitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would hen ne_t.A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the pany made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allog an e_tension.Now the pany is suddenly claiming that the 20__2 agreement is invalid because of the 20__6 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers e_tend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The pany seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the pany has lied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory mission (NRC) reviews the pany’s lication, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to [A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27.By entering into the 20__2 agreement, Entergy intended to [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an e_tension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision 29.In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth lication.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Te_t 3 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and plicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the conte_t of our unique life e_perience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we e_perience, what we think our e_periences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now bees the munity’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim bees public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the munity takes control of what hens ne_t.Within the ple_ social structure of the scientific munity, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly acpanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the munity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and peting beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the munity’s credible discovery.Two parado_es e_ist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as inplete or incorrect.Little reward acpanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that ear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and reciated.In the end, credibility “hens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Ante Baier has described as the mons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and plete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 31.According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and ple_ity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires [A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim bees credible after it [A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been e_amined by the scientific munity.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently ted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the follog would be the best title of the test? [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Te_t 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36 do.In 2021 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15 of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains e in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has bee clearer, politicians have begun to cl down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37.Which of the follog is true of Paragraph 2? [A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the ine in the state sector is [A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] e_cessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39.The e_le of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions [A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of [A]disroval.[B]reciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part B Directions: In the follog te_t, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two e_tra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points) Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane dow and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird.Now think of your lap, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand.Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream e true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41) The worked puter is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.The puter is the 21st century＇s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the puter, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons.First, most people do not realise that 。