2022年考博英语-中国政法大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true. This distinction reflects a difference in the visions of law that prevail in the two countries. In England the law has traditionally been viewed as a system of rules; the United States favors a vision of law as an outward expression of the community’s sense of right and justice.Substantive reasons, as applied to law, are based on moral, economic, political, and other considerations. These reasons are found both “in the law” and “outside the law,” so to speak. Substantive reasons inform the content of a large part of the law: constitutions, statutes, contracts, verdicts, and the like. Consider, for example, a statute providing that “no vehicles shall be taken into public parks.” Suppose that no specific rationales or purposes were explicitly written into this statute, but that it was clear (from its legislative history) that the substantive purpose of the statute was to ensure quiet and safety in the park. Now suppose that a veterans’ group mounts a World War II jeep (in running order but without a battery) as a war memorial on a concrete slab in the park, and charges are brought against its members. Most judges in the United States would find the defendants not guilty because what they did had no adverse effect on park quiet and safety.Formal reasons are different in that they frequently prevent substantive reasons from coming into play, even when substantive reasons are explicitly incorporated into the law at hand. For example, when a document fails to comply with stipulated requirements, the court may render the document legally ineffective. A will requiring written witness may be declared null and void and, therefore, unenforceable for the formal reason that the requirement was not observed. Once the legal rule—that a will is invalid for lack of proper witnessing—has been clearly established, and the legality of the rule is not in question, application of that rule precludes from consideration substantive arguments in favor of the wills validity or enforcement.Legal scholars in England and the United States have long bemused themselves with extreme examples of formal and substantive reasoning. On the one hand, formal reasoning in England has led to wooden interpretations of statutes and unwillingness to develop the common law through judicial activism. On the other hand, freewheeling substantive reasoning in the United States has resulted in statutory interpretations so liberal that the texts of some statutes have been ignored altogether.51. Which one of the following best describes the content of the passage as a whole?52. It can be inferred from the passage that English judges would be likely to find the veterans’ group discussed in the second paragraph guilty of violating the statute because ______.53. Which one of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?54. The author of the passage suggests that in English law a substantive interpretation of a legal rule might be warranted under which one of the following circumstances?55. According to the passage, which one of the following statements about substantive reasons is true?问题1选项A.An analysis of similarities and differences between the legal systems of England and the United States.B.A contrast between the types of reasons embodied in the United States and English legal systems.C.An explanation of how two distinct visions of the law shaped the development of legal atoning.D.A presentation of two types of legal reasons that shows the characteristics they have in common.问题2选项A.not to do so would encourage others to act as the group didB.the veterans failed to demonstrate that their activities had no adverse effect on the publicC.the veterans failed to comply with the stipulated requirements of the statuteD.the veterans failed to comply with the substantive purpose of the statute问题3选项A.It presents the consequences of extreme interpretations of the two types of legal reasons discussed by the author.B.It shows how legal scholars can incorrectly use extreme examples to support their views.C.It presents scholars’ characterizations of both legal systems that are only partially correct.D.It suggests how characterizations of the two types of legal reasons can become convoluted and inaccurate.问题4选项A.Social conditions have changed to the extent that to continue to enforce the rule would be to decide contrary to present-day social norms.B.Individuals who have violated the legal rule argue that application of the rule would lead to unfair judicial interpretations.C.Superior court judges have consistently ruled in decisions regarding the interpretation of the legal rule.D.The legality of the rule is in question and its enforcement is open to judicial interpretation.问题5选项A.They must be explicitly written into the law in order to be relevant to the application of the law.B.They often provide judges with specific rationales for disregarding the laws of the land.C.They are legal in nature and determine particular applications of most laws.D.They may be written into laws, but they may also exert an external influence on the law.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】51.【试题答案】B【试题解析】主旨大意题。
题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地描述了整篇文章的内容？”文章首段前两句提到Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar, they differ profoundly in their approaches to and uses of legal reasons: substantive reasons are more common than formal reasons in the United States, whereas in England the reverse is true.（虽然英美两国的法律制度在表面上是相似的，但在对待和使用法律理由方面却有着深刻的不同：在美国，实质理由比形式理由更为普遍，而在英国，情况恰恰相反根据这两个句子可知全文是围绕英美两国在在法律上不同的理由类型展开讨论的，因此B项“英美法律制度中所体现的理由类型之对比”符合题意A项“英美两国法律制度的异同分析”，文中没有提到英美两国的法律制度，只在开头提到了Although the legal systems of England and the Unite States are superficially similar（虽然英美两国的法律制度在表面上是相似的），但是是为了引出下文对法律理由方面的论述；C项“解释两种不同的法律视角如何塑造了法律赎罪的发展”太片面；D项“介绍两种类型的法律理由，以显示它们的共同特征”，前半句正确，后半句错误，文章没有介绍两种法律理由的共同特征。
因此该题选B52.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题题干意思是“从文章中可以推断，英国法官很可能会发现第二段中讨论的退伍军人组织违反了法律，因为……”文章中第二段最后两句提到Now suppose that a veterans’ group mounts a World War II jeep (in running order but without a battery) as a war memorial on a concrete slab in the park, and charges are brought against its members. Most judges in the United States would find the defendants not guilty because what they did had no adverse effect on park quiet and safety.（现在假设一个退伍军人组织把一辆二战吉普车（正常运行，但没有电池）放在公园的混凝土板上作为战争纪念碑，其成员就会受到指控大多数美国法官认为被告无罪，因为他们的行为对公园的安静和安全没有负面影响。
由此可知美国的实质法律理由不会认为被告无罪是因为他们没有在实质上对公园的安静和安全造成影响；所以由此可以推断，以形式法律理由为主的英国法官可能会认为被告因为没有遵循规定要求而有罪；故C项“退伍军人没有遵守法令规定的要求”，正确A项“如果不这样做，就会鼓励其他国家效仿该组织的做法”，文中没有提到B项“退伍军人没能证明他们的活动对公众没有负面影响”，即使他们证明了也仍然会判为违反法律，因为英国是形式法律理由，而不是实质理由D项“退伍军人没有遵守法令的实质目的”，这是实质理由的内容，与题干不符因此该题选C53.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题题干意思是“下列哪一项最好地描述了文章最后一段的功能？”根据题干定位到文章最后一段的内容Legal scholars in England and the United States have long bemused themselves with extreme examples of formal and substantive reasoning. On the one hand, formal reasoning in England has led to wooden interpretations of statutes and unwillingness to develop the common law through judicial activism. On the other hand, freewheeling substantive reasoning in the United States has resulted in statutory interpretations so liberal that the texts of some statutes have been ignored altogether.（长期以来，英国和美国的法律学者一直用形式推理和实质推理的极端例子来麻痹自己。
一方面，英国的形式推理导致了对成文法的呆板解释，以及不愿通过司法能动主义发展习惯法另一方面，美国随心所欲的实质性推理导致了法律解释太随意，以至于一些法规的文本被完全忽视由此可以推断，最后一段的内容提出了这两类法律理由极端解释的后果，因此A项“它提出了作者所讨论的两类法律原因的极端解释的后果”正确B项“它显示了法律学者如何错误地使用极端的例子来支持他们的观点”，最后一段对于法律学者如何错误地使用极端的例子来支持他们的观点没有做详细描述，所以该项错误C项“它提出了学者们对两种法律制度的描述只是部分正确”和D项“它暗示了这两类法律原因的特征是如何变得令人费解和不准确的”都比较片面因此该题选A54.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题题干意思是“文章作者建议，在英国法中，在下列哪一种情况下，可能需要对法律规则进行实质性的解释？”第三段最后一句提到Once the legal rule—that a will is invalid for lack of proper witnessing—has been clearly established, and the legality of the rule is not in question，application of that rule precludes from consideration substantive arguments in favor of the will's validity or enforcement.（一旦法律规则——遗嘱因缺乏适当的证人而无效——已经明确确立，规则的合法性也不存在问题，该规则的适用就阻止了支持遗嘱有效性或强制执行的实质性论据的考虑。
由此可推断，当规则的合法性存在问题的时候就会需要进一步的解释；所以D项“该规则的合法性受到质疑，其执行也有待司法解释”符合题意A项“社会条件已经发生了很大的变化，如果继续执行这一规则，就会违背当今的社会规范”这与题干无关；B项“违反法律规则的个人认为，适用该规则将导致不公平的司法解释”没有提到；C项“高等法院的法官一贯在有关法律规则解释的判决中作出裁决”，内容与英国的形式法律理由不符因此该题选D55.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题题干意思是“根据文章，下列关于实质理由的陈述哪一个是正确的？”文章第二段前两句提到Substantive reasons, as applied to law, are based on moral, economic, political, and other considerations. These reasons are found both “in the law” and “outside the law”（适用于法律的实质性原因是基于道德、经济、政治和其他考虑可以这么说，这些原因既存在于“法律之内”，也存在于“法律之外”由此可知实质性原因可以写在法律之中，也可以对法律施加外部压力，故D项“它们可能被写入法律，但它们也可能对法律施加外部影响”符合题意。
A项“它们必须明确地写入法律，以便与法律的适用有关”太绝对；B项“它们常常为法官提供无视法律的具体理由”和C项“它们在本质上是合法的，并决定大多数法律的特定适用”都比较片面，只是实质理由的一方面因此该题选D2. 单选题In the long run, the new system, which is uniform and simpler, will save money.问题1选项A.In the course of long experienceB.On account of financial difficultiesC.With the view of enriching the peopleD.In the light of economic reckoning【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析In the long run表示“从长远看”；A项In the course of long experience“在长期经验的过程中”，B项On account of financial difficulties“因为财政困难”，C项With the view of enriching the people “以富民的观点”，D项In the light of economic reckoning“根据经济计算”。
句意：从长远来看，统一且更简单的新系统将节省资金因此A项正确3. 单选题The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies ______ ill-informed or incompetent users.问题1选项A.inB.atC.withD.on【答案】C【解析】考查固定词组A项lie in“在于，睡懒觉”，B项lie没有与at搭配的用法；C项lie with“取决于，是……的权利”，D项lie on“位于，压迫，依赖”句意：目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当故正确答案为C4. 单选题One study has found that job applicants who make more eye contacts are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible than ______.问题1选项A.those who don’tB.those who aren’tC.them who didn’tD.them who weren’t【答案】A【解析】考查语法。
those指代前面的job applicants，who引导定语从句，因为避免重复，所以后面略宾语，而用do代替前面的make一词，A项符合句意B项谓语动词使用错误；C项代词使用错误；D项错误句意：一项调查发现，那些能有更多目光接触的求职者比没有足够目光接触的求职者被视为更加机智，可靠，自信并且附有责任心故正确答案为A5. 单选题 In the darkness, I could hear windows ______. This followed by screams, shouting and laughter.问题1选项A.being openedB.to be openedC.having openedD.opening【答案】A【解析】考查hear的用法和语态Hear后面一般接动词原形或者现在分词，因此排除B项；根据句意，窗户应该是正在被打开，所以排除C项和D项，只有A项符合句意句意：在黑暗中，我能听到窗户被打开的声音；接着是尖叫声、喊叫和笑声因此A项正确6. 单选题Uncle George’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will recover.问题1选项A.pull upB.pull backC.pull outD.pull through【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。
recover表示“恢复”；A项pull up“拔起，阻止”，B项pull back“拉回，撤回”，C项pull out“离开，撤离”，D项pull through“渡过难关，恢复健康”句意：乔治叔叔的情况看来很严重，他能否康复很难说因此D项正确7. 单选题The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ______ which the students’ potentiality is developed.问题1选项A.toB.ofC.withD.in【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配A项to“对”，B项of“……的”，C项with“和”，D项in“在……里”To degree表示“在……程度上，到……的程度”，the students’ potentiality is developed修饰the degree，degree后面如果要用从句的话，在用which的同时还要加上介词to句意：教学质量应以学生潜能开发的程度来衡量因此A项正确8. 单选题Sometimes, while living in a foreign country, one craves a special dish from home.问题1选项A.desiresB.eatsC.preparesD.orders【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。
crave表示“渴望，恳求”；A项desire“想要，渴望”，B项eat“吃”，C项prepare“准备”，D项order“命令，下单”句意：生活在异国他乡时，有时会想吃家乡的特色菜因此A项正确9. 单选题Sand is found in abundance on the seashore and is often blown inland to form sand hills and dunes.问题1选项A.at randomB.at high tideC.in dry moundsD.in great quantities【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析in abundance表示“大量的”A项at random“胡乱地，随便地”，B项at high tide“处于高潮中”，C项in dry mounds“在干土堆中”，D项in great quantities“大量”句意：海滩上有大量的沙子，经常被吹到内陆形成沙丘和沙山根据题意该题选D10. 单选题The behavior of gases is explained by ______ the kinetic theory.问题1选项A.what scientists callB.what do scientists callC.scientists they callD.scientists call it【答案】A【解析】考查语法。
此题介词by后需要加一个名词性的结构，而不是一个完整的句子，故排除C项和D项A选项的what代表的是科学家们常说的运动学理论，符合语法规则；B项是多了do，构成了疑问句，不符合语法句意：气体的行为可以用科学家所谓的动力学理论来解释故正确答案为A11. 单选题The prosecution for a trademark shall be conducted by some trademark attorneys.问题1选项A.accuseB.chargingC.applicationD.design【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析prosecution在句中是“起诉”，A选项accuse“起诉，控告”；B选项charging是charge的动名词，表“控告”；C选项application“应用，申请”；D选项design“设计”句意：商标起诉将由商标代理律师处理根据句意B项正确12. 单选题Thomas Paine was committed to speaking the truth bluntly ______.问题1选项A.as he understood itB.he had understandingC.was understoodD.that his understanding was【答案】A【解析】考查语法。
句子结构完整，所以空格处应该是做修饰的成分A项as引导方式状语，表示“按照……”，B项本身不符合语法结构；C项不应再出现谓语动词was；D项that在引导一个缺成分的从句，不符合语法结构句意：托马斯•潘恩(Thomas Paine)致力于直言不讳地说出他所理解的真相故正确答案为A13. 单选题It is important that they know ______ to get from the applicants.问题1选项A.the information neededB.what is neededC.what information they needD.the information【答案】C【解析】考查宾语和宾语从句这里把what information 提前来引导从句担当主句的宾语，宾语从句的正常语序是 they need to get what information from the applicants；这句话的句意是：他们知道什么信息是他们需要从申请人那里得到的，这很重要A、B、D选项均不符合语法，因此选C14. 单选题I have done, ______ my circumstances and my character, what I have been able to do and I have enjoyed it.问题1选项A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.having given【答案】C【解析】考查语法。
give表示“给予”，这里是一个介词引导的原因状语，given做介词可以表示“考虑到，鉴于”，作原因状语；因此排除B项give的现在分词和D项give的现在完成时的分词形式；A项动词不定式表目的；句意：考虑到我的情况和我的性格，我做了我能做的，我也很享受所做的一切因此C项正确15. 填空题Directions: In this part, you will read a passage. Then using words or phrases from the passage fill in the boxes in the following diagram to indicate the possible sequences of events before and after an earthquake. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.1. Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of vibration. Other damage results from landslides, tsunamis (large ocean waves) or major fires which are initiated by the quake.2. There are about a million quakes a year. Fortunately, however, not all of them are destructive. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale, which goes from 0 upward. The highest magnitude recorded to date is 8.9. Major damage generally occurs from quakes ranging upwards from 6.0. Exceptions to this are those whose epicenters are located far from inhabited areas.3. The actual cause of the quake itself is the rupturing or breaking of rocks at or below the earth’s surface. This is produced by pressure which scientists believe may be due to a number of reasons, two of which are the expansion and contraction of the earth’s crust and continental drift.4. In order to minimize the damage and to alleviate some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. Two of the instruments presently in use to achieve this goal are seismographs and tilt meters. The former records any shaking of the earth; by means of calculations seismologists can accurately indicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquake. The latter, as the name suggests, is used to record any changes in the tilt of the land.【答案】66.pressure67.seismographs68.shaking of the earth69.tilt meters70.changes in the tilt of the land【解析】66.根据第三段最后一句This is produced by pressure which scientists believe may be due to a number of reasons, two of which are the expansion and contraction of the earth’s crust and continental drift.（这是由科学家认为可能是由许多原因造成的压力产生的，其中两个是地壳的膨胀和收缩以及大陆漂移。
由此可知expansion and contraction of the earth（地壳的膨胀和收缩）和continental drift（大陆漂移）是pressure(压力)67.根据第四段第二句Two of the instruments presently in use to achieve this goal are seismographs and tilt meters.（目前用于实现这一目标的仪器有地震仪和倾斜仪可知，空格应填入seismographs68.根据第四段第三句The former records any shaking of the earth（地震仪是用来记录地壳的任何震动）可知，空格应填入shaking of the earth69.根据第四段第二句Two of the instruments presently in use to achieve this goal are seismographs and tilt meters.（目前用于实现这一目标的仪器有地震仪和倾斜仪可知，空格应填入tilt meters70.根据第四段最后一句The latter, as the name suggests, is used to record any changes in the tilt of the land.（倾斜仪，顾名思义，是用来记录土地倾斜的任何变化。
可知，空格应填入changes in the tilt of the land16. 单选题Numerous studies show that the benefits of learning another language include greater mental flexibility, creativity, divergent thinking and higher-order thinking skills.问题1选项A.differentB.specializedC.convergentD.independent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析divergent在句中是“分散的，不同的”，A选项different“不同的”；B选项specialized “专门的”；C选项convergent “汇聚的”；D选项independent“独立的”句意：大量研究表明，学习另一种语言的好处包括更大的思维灵活性、创造性、发散性思维和高阶思维能力因此A项符合句意17. 填空题Direction: The following are some words and phrases, some of which are taken from the text that follows. Decide which word or phrase should go in each gap and then write the letter in the space provided. Note that there are more words and phrase than gaps. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Standards of MeasurementIn early times measurements were made by comparing things with parts of (example). Early units of measurement included the distance from the elbow to the fingers, the width of the hand and the width of the fingers.Some of these human measurements are still used. For example, 66 based on the length of half the thumb. A foot was originally 67 of a man’s foot. A mile was one thousand walking steps.These units were only 68 because their standard—the human body—was not constant. Governments tried to 69 them by using rods of fixed lengths. But these rods still varied from 70 to country.During the French Revolution, scientists looked for a __71 which did not change. They chose the distance from the Equator to the North Pole, which is one quarter of the circumference of the Earth. One ten millionth of this was called 72 and became the basic unit of the metric system. Other metric 73 are based on it. For example, the centimeter is one hundredth of a meter. A gram—the unit of 74 is the mass of one cubic centimeter of water.A standard meter was marked on a platinum bar. The accuracy of 75 was checked by comparing them with this bar. Nowadays the meter is standardized by comparing it with another constant—the wavelength of a certain kind of light.66. ______ 67. ______ 68. ______ 69. ______ 70. ______71. ______ 72. ______ 73. ______ 74. ______ 75. ______【答案】66.J67.E68.K69.A70.L71.N72.I73.B74.M75.G【解析】66.考查上下文语义。
第一句提到Some of these human measurements are still used.（一些人工测量方法仍在使用），紧接着下文提到…based on the length of half the thumb（……根据一半拇指的长度），由此可知，空格处填入的应该是一个测量的单位，故该题选J“the inch（英寸）”正确67.考查句子语义根据句子A foot was originally…of a man’s foot（英尺最初是一个人的脚的……），可知，空格处应该是填入length表示长度；故该题选E正确68.考查句子语义根据句子These units were only…because their standard—the human body—was not constant.（这些单位只是……因为人体的器官并不是一成不变的），可知，空格处应该是表示“大约的，近似的”；故该题选K正确69.考查句子语义应该填入一个动词，只有A和M是动词，根据句子意思A符合题意句意：政府试图通过使用固定长度的棒子来将其标准化故该题选A正确70.考查固定用法vary from country to country 表示“因国家而异”，因此空格处要填入country。
句意：但是这些棒子仍然依国家而异故该题选L正确71.考查上下文语义上一段提到没有标准的测量，下文就提到了During the French Revolution, scientists looked for a…which did not change.（在法国大革命期间，科学家们寻找一种不变的……） ，由此可知空格处应该是表示“标准的测量”，故N项符合题意该题选N正确。