机关事业单位工人技术等级考试试题简答题目录1、什么叫浆砌石？它有哪些砌筑要领？···················································102、对模板的根本要求有哪些？···························································113、什么叫扣件式钢管脚手架？它有哪些特点？·············································114、手工除锈有哪几种方式？·····························································115、混凝土浇筑前应对模板、钢筋及预埋件进行哪些检查？···································116、砌筑前的准备工作一般有哪些内容？···················································117、模板安装的程序是怎样的？包括哪些内容？·············································118、操作除锈机时应注意哪些内容？·······················································119、混凝土搅拌质量如何进行外观检查？···················································1110、提高推土机生产效率的方法有哪些？··················································1111、砖石砌筑的根本原那么有哪些？························································1112、定型组合钢模板由哪几局部组成？····················································1213、钢筋为什么要除锈？································································1214、搅拌机使用前的检查工程有哪些？····················································1215、如何对混凝土拌合物进行检查控制？··················································1216、简述砖根底检查工程和方法？························································1217、滑模施工有哪些特点？······························································1218、拆模应注意哪些内容？······························································1219、钢筋的现场绑扎的根本程序有哪些？··················································1220、混凝土工程如何对原材料进行控制检查？··············································1221、砖墙面勾缝前，应做哪些准备工作？··················································1322、滑模系统由哪几局部组成？··························································1323、点焊时有哪些根本要求？····························································1324、自卸汽车运输混凝土的平安技术措施有哪些？··········································1325、墙混凝土的振捣要求有哪些？························································1326、土石坝的渗透观测工程有哪些？······················································1327、如何预防土石坝裂缝？······························································1328、土石坝裂缝处理后如何进行土料回填？················································1429、渠系建筑物如何进行日常养护？······················································1430、渠道产生冲刷的原因有哪些？························································1431、造成坝身渗漏的主要原因有哪些？····················································1432、如何用导渗法处理土石坝的渗漏？····················································1433、土石坝绕坝渗漏的原因有哪些？······················································1434、如何抢护土石坝滑坡？······························································1535、土石坝护坡破坏的类型及原因有哪些？················································1536、什么叫设防水位？··································································1537、什么叫管涌？······································································1538、散浸出现的原因有哪些？····························································1539、滑坡裂缝与纵向裂缝的区别有哪些？··················································1540、为了使巡堤查险顺利进行，保证防汛平安，制定严格的制度。
一般有哪些工作制度？········1541、出现洪水漫顶的主要原因有哪些？····················································1642、子堤型式有哪几种？································································1643、堤防日常维护工作的主要内容有哪些？················································1644、漏洞险情出险原因有哪些？··························································1645、防止漫顶的措施有哪些？····························································1646、土石坝的变形观测的内容有哪些？····················································1647、土石坝横向裂缝发生的常见部位有哪些？··············································1748、坝下涵管产生管身断裂和漏水的常见原因有哪些？······································1749、堤防中的隐患通常有哪些？··························································1750、溢洪道的巡视检查主要有哪些内容？··················································1751、多孔闸门如何进行运行？····························································1752、启闭机如何进行日常养护？··························································1753、巡堤查险制度有哪些？······························································1754、如何用视准线法进行土石坝水平位移观测？············································1755、土石坝内部裂缝常常发生在哪些部位？················································1856、化学灌浆的灌浆材料有哪些？························································1857、水闸的观测工程有哪些？····························································1858、堤基清理包括哪些内容? ····························································1859、护岸工程水下护脚采用哪些方法? ····················································1860、什么是抢险？······································································1861、河道整治的措施有哪些？····························································1862、修防工作的任务是什么？····························································1863、防止风浪的抢护方法常用的有哪些？··················································1864、堤身漏洞抢护原那么有哪些？··························································1865、简述堤防管理主要规定。
·····························································1866、简述脱坡产生的原因·······························································1867、堤坝出现翻砂鼓水应如何抢护？······················································1968、水利工程中常用的石料有哪几种？····················································1969、提高推土机生产效率的方法有哪些？··················································1970、土方压实的目的有哪些？····························································1971、对土石坝进行的巡视检查应注意以下要求·············································1972、土石坝的裂缝有哪些类型？··························································1973、土石坝渗漏的危害性有哪些？························································1974、常见的压渗型式有有哪些？··························································1975、土石坝滑坡有哪些类型？····························································1976、混凝土坝体散渗或集中渗漏的处理如何处理？··········································1977、渠道滑坡如何进行处理？····························································1978、风浪淘刷险情出险原因有哪些？······················································1979、子堤型式有哪些？··································································1980、混凝土及浆砌石坝渗漏类型有哪些？··················································1981、溢洪道的巡视检查主要有哪些内容？··················································1982、启闭设备使用前应进行哪些检查？····················································2083、土工织物的特性有哪些？····························································2084、隧洞产生气蚀的主要原因有哪些？····················································2085、渠道正常运用的要求有哪些？························································2086、渠道的病害形式有哪些？····························································2087、漏洞如何进行探测？································································2088、试述纯土子堰抢护布置、材料、施工要求。
·············································2089、什么是管涌？一般发生在什么部位？其产生原因是什么？一般采取哪些方法抢护···········20论述题目录1、试述浆砌石砌筑工艺································································202、砼常用的铺料方法有哪些？···························································213、滑坡处理考前须知有哪些？···························································214、散浸抢护原那么及抢修方法有哪些？·····················································215、如何构筑背河滤水围井减压？·························································216、崩塌抢护原那么和抢护方法有哪些？·····················································227、闸顶漫溢如何进行抢护？·····························································228、如何组织浆砌石根底砌筑施工？·······················································229、土石坝的裂缝如何进行观测？·························································2210、如何采用开挖回填的方法处理裂缝？··················································2311、土石坝护坡如何进行永久加固修理？··················································2312、管涌抢险方法有哪些？······························································2313、风浪抢护原那么及抢修方法有哪些？····················································2414、水闸滑动如何进行抢险？····························································2415、混凝土麻面产生的原因有哪些？如何预防和处理？······································2416、混凝土拌和的平安技术措施有哪些？··················································2417、选择压实机械主要考虑哪些原那么？····················································2518、砌石工程施工质量如何进行控制检查？················································2519、渠道如何进行砌石衬护？····························································2520、紧邻水平建基面的爆破开挖要求有哪些？··············································2521、梁、板混凝土的振捣要求有哪些？····················································2622、钢筋安装质量控制的根本内容有哪些？················································2623、梁、板混凝土结构因尺寸较小，施工中应注意哪些问题？································2624、屋面柔性防水结构如何组织施工？····················································2625、试述土石坝日常维护工作。
···························································2726、试述岸坡崩塌险情产生的原因及抢险方法·············································2727、试述土石坝绕坝渗漏的处理措施·····················································2828、试述抢堵堤防决口的方法···························································2829、崩塌抢护原那么和抢护方法有哪些？····················································2930、堵口的方法有哪些？································································2931、试述土石坝坝身渗漏的形式及原因···················································3032、混凝土建筑物止水破坏后如何处理？··················································3033、试述出现漫顶的原因和抢护原那么。
·····················································3034、试述土石坝滑坡的处理·····························································3135、试述堤防的养护要求及方法？························································3136、试述管涌险情的抢护？······························································3137、干砌石施工必须注意哪些因素？······················································3238、管涌抢护原那么及抢修方法有哪些？····················································3239、岸坡崩塌险情及出险原因有哪些？····················································3240、水闸滑动如何进行抢险？····························································33一、选择题1、处于潮湿环境或水下使用的砂浆应用(A.水泥砂浆)。
2、砌筑块石挡土墙时，两个分层高度间的错缝不得小于(C.8 )cm 3、砖墙预留的过人洞，其侧边离交接处的墙面应不小于(C.50)cm，洞口顶部宜设置过梁 4、平拱砖过梁适用于跨度不超过()m的门窗洞口 5、当竖向模板最低处高于地面( D.10 )m时，应考虑各方向风荷载作用的抗倾稳定 6、模板安装时，凡属承重的梁板结构，跨度大于 4m 以上时，跨中应预留起拱高度．每米增高(C.3)mm，两边逐渐减少，至两端同原设计高程等高， 7、扣件式钢管双排脚手架的小横杆靠墙一端应离开墙体装饰面至少 (A.100)mm8、Ⅰ级钢筋单面搭接焊最小搭接长度不少于(D.8)d(钢筋直径) 9、断线钳是定型产品，它一般用于切断(D.l5)mm以下的钢丝10、钢筋扳子的扳口尺寸要比弯制钢筋大(A.2)mm较为适宜，过大会影响弯制形状的正确 11、手弧焊接作业，焊机必须装设接地线地线电阻不应大于(C.4)Ω 12、锥螺纹套筒连接，所连钢筋直径之差不宜超过 (D.9 )mm13、搭接钢筋为受压钢筋时， 筋间距不应大于(B.10)d 14、砂砾地基应去除杂物，整平根底面，并浇筑(C.10～20)cm 厚素混凝土垫层。
15、设计配合比中的加水量根据(C.水灰比)计算确定，并以饱和面干状态的砂子为标准 16、在完成混凝土搅拌机检查工作后，即可进行开盘搅拌，为不改变混凝土设计配合比，补偿粘附在筒壁、叶片上的砂浆，第一盘应减多加水泥、砂各(B．15)% 17、溜管卸料时，其出口离浇筑面的高差应不大于1.5m并利用拉索拖动均匀卸料，但应使溜管出口段约 (B．2 ) m长与浇筑面保持垂直，以防止混凝土料别离随着混凝土浇筑面的上升，可逐节拆卸溜管下端的管节 18、用外表式振捣器在双层钢筋结构中浇筑层的允许最大铺料厚度为(B．120)mm 19、人工平仓用论铁坛锹讨，平仓距离不超过(C.3)m 20、振捣棒在每一孔位的振捣时间，以混凝土不再显著下沉，水分和气泡不再逸出并开始泛浆为准振捣时间和混凝土坍落度、石子类型及最大粒径、振捣器的性能等因素有关，一般为 (B．20～30)s21、浆砌石施工的砌筑要领可概括为:平、稳、满、错四个字平，同一层面大致砌平，相邻石块的高差宜小于〔B.2～3〕 22、筑圆形建筑物(如水池)一般采用〔B. 顶砌法〕， 法全部采用丁砖，便于砌筑成所需的弧度23、墙身砌体高度超过地坪〔 〕m以上时，应搭设脚手架。
24、滑模施工在滑动过程中，要求各千斤顶的相对标高之差不得大于〔D.40〕mm 25、木脚手架的搭设时，对于单排外脚手架，搭设高度一般不得超过〔B.20〕m 26 、钢筋的贮存堆放时，钢筋下部应垫高，离地至少〔B.20 〕cm高，以防钢筋锈蚀 27、钢筋在使用前必须经过调直,钢筋调直后其外表伤痕不得使钢筋截面积减少〔D.5 〕％以上 28 、操作钢筋切断机在断短料时，不用手扶的一端应用〔A.1〕m以上长度的钢管套压 29、如果有多台对焊机并列安装时，两台焊机之间的距离最少要有〔B.3〕m，并且要求接在不同相位的电源上 30、乙炔钢瓶必须安放在垂直的位置当瓶内压力减低到〔〕MPa 时，应停止使用31、根据施工标准规定：直径在〔B.25〕mm以下的钢筋接头，可采用绑扎接头 32、焊接与绑扎接头距钢筋弯起点不小于〔B.10〕d，也不位于最大弯矩处 33、施工标准对配料精度(按重量百分比计)的要求是：水泥、掺合料、水、外加剂溶液为±〔A.1〕% 34、搅拌机运输时，应将进料斗提升到上止点，并用保险铁链锁住轮胎式搅拌机的搬运可用机动车拖行，但其拖行速度不得超过〔B.15〕如在不平的道路上行驶，速度还应降低。
35、溜槽为钢制槽子(钢模)，可从皮带机、自卸汽车、斗车等受料，将混凝土转送入仓 坡度可由试验确定， 采用〔D.45〕左右 36、开始浇筑前，要在岩面或老混凝土面上，先铺一层〔B.2～3〕cm 厚的水泥砂浆(接缝砂浆)以保证新混凝土与基岩或老混凝上结合良好37、台阶浇筑法浇筑块的台阶层数以〔D.5～10〕层为宜，层数过多，易使下层混凝土错动，并使浇筑仓内平仓振捣机械上下频率调动，容易造成漏振 38、振捣棒的插入深度，在振捣第一层混凝土时，以振捣器头部不碰到基岩或老混凝土面，但相距不超过〔C.5〕cm为宜 39、硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土养护时间不少于〔B.14〕d 40 、块石根底每天可砌高度不应超过〔B.4.2〕m 41、堤防压实质量控制指标是土的干密度，一般设计要求应到达(C、1.5) t/m 以上42、堤防灌浆压力一般控制在(C、98)kPa 43、纯土子堰顶宽一般为(B、1.0)m 44、土料的密度、含水量、(B、可松性)等主要工程性质对土方工程的施工方法、施工进度均有很重要的影响 45、推土机适用于堆筑高度在(A、1.5)m以内的路基、渠堤等 46、拖式铲运机的运距以不超过(D、 800 )m为宜，当运距在 300m左右时效率最高。
47、土石坝清基应把坝基范围内有机质含量大于(B、2)%的表土去除掉48、土石坝坝面取样所测定的干密度试验结果，其合格率应不小于(D、90) %，不合格干密度不得低于设计值的 98%，且不能集中出现 49、钢模板的宽度以 (50)mm进级，长度以(150)mm进级，其规格和型号已做到标准化、系列化 50、模板撤除中，当梁的跨度为 5m 以上．要求到达设计强度的(D、100 )％； 51、木脚手架的搭设时，对于双排外脚手架，搭设高度一般不得超过(C、30) m52、钢筋、钢丝、钢绞线应作成批验收，每批的数量应小于(D、60)ｔ53、Ⅱ级钢筋受拉区钢筋绑扎接头的最小搭接长度(B、35)d 54、在水利水电工程施工中进行钢筋代换时，某种直径的钢筋以钢号相同的另一种钢筋代替时,其直径变更范围不宜超过(D、4)mm 55、断线钳是定型产品，它一般用于切断(D、5)mm以下的钢丝 56、操作钢筋切断机在断短料时，不用手扶的一端应用(A、1)m 以上长度的钢管套压 57、下面哪种建筑物不属于防洪堤(B、海塘)： 58、采用抛石方法抢护坝基岸根底淘刷时，抛投块石的重量一般在 (C、30～70)kg： 59、排水设备应设置在堤坝(D、下游)部位。
60、建基面终验清理完毕或施工缝处理完毕养护一定时间,混凝土强度到达(A、2.5)MPa 后,即进行钢筋的绑扎与安装作业 61、水体某一固定地点的自由水面高出基面的高程称为该地点的( ④水位 )62、江河渠道中水体流动的速度称为( ②流速 )63、 位时间内通过河道某一断面的流体体积称为( ②流量 )64、堤防工程的级别根据防护区内各类防护对象的重要性和规模划分为( ③5 )级65、采用机械方法填筑土堤时，施工段长度不少于( ④200 )m66、堤防施工清基范围应超出设计边线( ③30～50 )cm67、纯土子堰应修在堤顶面( ①临水 )堤肩一侧68、纯土子堰临水坡脚一般距堤肩( ③0.5～1.0 )m69、纯土子堰顶宽一般为( ②1.0)m70、砂石导渗沟一般沟深为( ③0.5～1.0 )m71、砂石导渗沟一般沟宽为( ③0.5～0.8 )m72、修筑梢料反滤围井时，铺料顺序为( ①细梢料、梢料 )73、在背水坡处理管涌险情时，切忌用( ④不透水材料 )强填硬塞，以免断绝排水通路，增大渗压，使险情恶化74、在漏洞口切忌乱抛( ④砖石 )等块状材料，以免架空， 使漏洞扩大75、子堰修在临河侧，堰脚至堤肩应留出( ②1.0 )m 的宽度，以便于施工及查水。
76、渗漏已在涵闸下游堤坡出逸时，防止流土或管涌等渗透破坏，致使险情扩大，需在出渗处采取( ③导渗反滤 )措施77、干砌石施工前，为了防止地下渗水逸出时把根底的土粒带走，在干砌石下面应铺设( ②反滤层 )78、( ④花缝砌石 )底部空虚，容易被水淘涮发生变形，稳定性较差79、( ②干砌石 )是依靠石块之间相互挤紧的力量来维持稳定的80、浆砌石勾缝是在砌体砂浆凝固前，先将缝内深度不大( ②2 )cm 的砂浆刮去，用水将缝内冲洗干净，待砌体到达一定强度后，再用标号较高且较稠的砂浆进行勾缝81、堤基清基时，清基范围应超出设计边线 D、30～50 cm82、处理散浸时，以下哪种不属于砂石导渗沟布置型式 D、一字形 ：84、 方工程的施工内容包括土方开挖、 方运输和土方 B、 筑 85、 土机适用于施工场地清理和平整、 挖深度不超过 A、1 5 m的基坑86、推土机的推运距离宜在 B、100 m 以内87、土石坝挖挖掘机合理的装车斗数应为 B、3～5 斗装一车89、粘性土和砂土的密度可用体积为 D、500 cm 的环刀测定80、当竖向模板最低处高于地面 D、10 m 时，应考虑各方向风荷载作用的抗倾稳定。
81、滑模施工在滑动过程中，要求各千斤顶的相对标高之差不得大于 D、40 mm83、木脚手架的搭设时，对于单排外脚手架，搭设高度一般不得超过B、20 m85、钢筋的贮存堆放时，钢筋下部应垫高，离地至少 B、20 cm高，以防钢筋锈蚀86、Ⅰ级钢筋单面搭接焊最小搭接长度 D、8 d87、钢筋切断有人工剪断、机械切断、氧气切割等三种方法直径大于 40mm 的钢筋一般用 D、大锤锤断88、手压切断器用于切断直径 B、16 mm 以下的Ⅰ级钢筋89、钢筋闪光对焊作业时，对焊钢筋端头 B、150 mm 范围内要除污除锈，调直91、处于潮湿环境或水下使用的砂浆应用 A、 水泥砂浆 92、浆砌石施工的砌筑要领可概括为“平、稳、满、错〞四个字平，同一层面大致砌平，相邻石块的高差宜小于 B、2～3 cm93、土方工程的施工内容包括土方开挖、土方运输和土方填筑B、填筑 94、砌筑块石挡土墙时，两个分层高度间的错缝不得小于C、8cm 95、 体后隐蔽工程的回填， 常温下一般要在砌后C、2 8 d方可进行96、下面哪种建筑物不属于河道工程 B、公路桥 ：97、下面哪种建筑物不属于防洪堤 B、海塘：98、某堤防工程防洪区人口 140 万，保护耕地 350 万亩，此堤防为 2 级。
99、采用土袋子堰抢护堤防漫溢时，每袋应装土 C、七八成满100、排水设备应设置在堤坝 D、下游 部位101、推土机适用于施工场地清理和平整、开挖深度不超过 A、1.5m 的基坑102、推土机适用于堆筑高度在 A、1.5 m 以内的路基、渠堤等103、推土机的推运距离宜在 B、100 m 以内104、土料的密度、含水量、B、可松性，等主要工程性质对土方工程的施工方法、施工进度均有很重要的影响105、粘性土和砂土的密度可用体积为D、500 cm 的环刀测定106、土石坝坝面取样所测定的干密度试验结果，其合格率应不小于D、90 %，不合格干密度不得低于设计值的 98%，且不能集中出现107、粘性土和砂土的密度可用体积为 D、500 cm 的环刀测定108、水泥石灰砂浆自加水拌和到使用完不宜超过B、2 2h；同时由于它凝结速度较慢，不宜用于冬季施工109、 石坝挖挖掘机合理的装车斗数应为B、3--5 斗装一车110、土石坝清基应把坝基范围内有机质含量大于 B、2 %的表土去除掉111、对因汽车上坝或压实机具压实后的土料表层形成的光面，必须进行刨毛处理，一般要求刨毛深度为 4—5 cm。
112、浆砌石施工的砌筑要领可概括为“平、稳、满、错〞四个字平，同一层面大致砌平，相邻石块的高差宜小于C、3～4 cm113、浆砌块石的砌筑顺序是 A、角石、面石、腹石114、处理散浸时，以下哪种不属于砂石导渗沟布置型式D、一字形 ：115、堤基清基时，清基范围应超出设计边线D、30～50 CM116、下面哪种建筑物不属于河道工程：〔B、公路桥〕117、下面哪种建筑物不属于防洪堤：〔B、海塘〕118、某堤防工程防洪区人口 140 万，保护耕地 350 万亩，此堤防为〔 A、2 〕 级119、土方工程的施工内容包括土方开挖、土方运输和土方填筑〔 B、填筑〕120、采用抛石方法抢护坝基岸根底淘刷时，抛投块石的重量一般在〔 C、30～70 〕KG：121、采用土袋子堰抢护堤防漫溢时，每袋应装土〔C、七八〕成满122、排水设备应设置在堤坝〔D、下游〕部位123、土料的密度、含水量、〔B、可松性〕等主要工程性质对土方工程的施工方法、施工进度均有很重要的影响124、土机适用于施工场地清理和平整、 挖深度不超过〔A、1.5〕m 的基坑125、推土机适用于堆筑高度在〔A、1.5〕m 以内的路基、渠堤等。
126、推土机的推运距离宜在〔B、100〕m 以内127、 式铲运机的运距以不超过〔 D、800 〕m 为宜， 运距在 300m左右时效率最高128、土石坝挖挖掘机合理的装车斗数应为〔B、3～5〕斗装一车129、土石坝清基应把坝基范围内有机质含量大于〔 B、2 〕%的表土去除掉130、对因汽车上坝或压实机具压实后的土料表层形成的光面，必须进行刨毛处理，一般要求刨毛深度为〔B、4～5 〕cm131、土石坝坝面取样所测定的干密度试验结果，其合格率应不小于〔 D、90 〕%，不合格干密度不得低于设计值的98%，且不能集中出现132、粘性土和砂土的密度可用体积为〔 D、500 〕cm 的环刀测定133、水泥石灰砂浆自加水拌和到使用完不宜超过〔 B、2 〕2h；同时由于它凝结速度较慢，不宜用于冬季施工134、浆砌石施工的砌筑要领可概括为“平、稳、满、错〞四个字平，同一层面大致砌平，相邻石块的高差宜小于〔 C、3～4 〕cm135、块石根底每天可砌高度不应超过〔 B、4.2〕m136、砌筑块石挡土墙时，两个分层高度间的错缝不得小于〔 C、8 〕cm137、堤基清基时，清基范围应超出设计边线〔 D、30～50 〕 CM。
138、堤防压实质量控制指标是土的干密度，一般设计要求应到达〔 C、1.5 〕 T/M3 以上139、处理散浸时，以下哪种不属于砂石导渗沟布置型式：〔D、一字形〕140、堤防灌浆压力一般控制在〔 C、98 〕KPA141、砂石导渗沟一般沟深为〔 C、0.5～1.0 〕m142、纯土子堰顶宽一般为〔B、1.0〕m143、〔 B、干砌石〕是依靠石块之间相互挤紧的力量来维持稳定的144、修筑梢料反滤围井时，铺料顺序为〔 D、粗砂、梢料〕145、浆砌块石的砌筑顺序是〔A、角石、面石、腹石〕〔二〕多项选择题1、造成堤防漫溢的原因可能是( ①上游发生超标准洪水 ②河道内存在阻水障碍物 )2、散浸如不及时处理，有可能开展成为(①散浸)、(②漏洞)或(③滑坡)等险情3、砂石导渗沟一般常用的开沟方式有( ①纵横沟 ②Ｙ形沟 ③人字沟 )4、用反滤层法处理渗水险情的方法有( ①砂石反滤层 ②梢料反滤层 ③土工织物反滤层 )5、管涌一般发生在背水坡脚附近或较远的( ①潭坑 ②池塘 ③稻田 )中6、管涌险情的抢护方法有( ①反滤围井法 ②减压围井法 ③反滤铺盖法 )7、减压围井法修筑方法有( ①反滤围井 ②反滤水桶 ③背水月堤 )。
8、水下管涌险情的抢护方法有( ①填塘法 ②水下反滤导渗法 ③抬高塘坑水位法 )9、漏洞的抢护方法有( ①临河截渗 ②背水面滤水 )10、干砌石施工前，应先将土坡或底面铲至规定的标准， 坡面或底面必须平整，以利铺砂或砌石工作，必要时须将(③坡面)或(④底面)夯实后才能进行铺砌二 、填空题1、漏洞根据出水清浊可分为__清水__漏洞和__浑水_漏洞2、当浸润线抬高过多，出逸点偏高时，假设无__反滤保护__，就可能开展为__冲刷__、滑坡、流土，甚至陷坑等险性3、土堤不允许洪水漫顶过水，但当遭遇超标准洪水等原因时，就会造成堤防__漫溢过水__，形成_溃决__大险情4、管涌也称__翻砂鼓水__、__泡泉__5、风浪淘刷轻者使临水坡淘刷成浪坎，重者造成堤防坍塌、滑坡、漫溢等险情，使堤身__遭受严重破坏__，以致__溃决成灾__6、根据滑坡范围，一般将滑坡分为 __深层滑动__ 和__浅层滑动__7、堤防裂 缝按其出现 的部位可 分为 __外表裂缝__ 和__内部裂缝__8、跌窝既破坏了堤防的完整性，又有可能__缩短渗径_9、贯穿堤身或堤基产生的流水通道叫__漏洞__10、研究土的击实特性的试验称为__击实试验__。
11、根据自然地理位置不同，河流一般可分为〔山区河流〕和〔平原河流〕12、汛期巡查时“五到〞是指眼到、手到、耳到、脚到、〔工具料物随人到〕13、堤防检查包括〔经常性检查〕、〔定期检查和特别检查〕14、按隐患位置显示程度，可分为〔准位隐患〕、〔非准位隐患〕15、堤顶与地面相连的斜面叫〔边坡〕，堤脚以外一定距离的预留保护地叫〔预留护堤地〕16、管涌的抢护原那么是〔反滤导渗〕、〔防止渗透破坏〕和〔制止涌水带砂〕17、堤防裂缝按其出现的部位可分为〔外表裂缝〕和〔内部裂缝〕18、跌窝既破坏了堤防的完整性，又有可能〔缩短渗径〕19、一条河流可分为河源段、上游段、中游段、下游段、〔河口段〕五个组成局部20、汛期巡查时“五时〞是指黎明时、吃饭时、换班时、夜时、〔狂风暴雨时〕21、修堤尺寸与设计尺寸之间的误差，堤顶宽度为±〔 20 〕CM、边坡为±5%22、临河挡水的边坡叫〔临水坡〕23、渗水的抢护原那么是临河截渗、背水〔导渗〕24、河道是水流和〔河床〕相互作用的产物25、 期巡查时 三快〞 指发现险情快、 告险情快、〔抢护险情〕快26、为防止河岸坍塌，通常采用平顺护岸、丁坝护岸、〔守点顾线〕三种形式的护岸工程。
27、堤防隐患可分为堤基、〔堤身〕两大类28、堤防养护包括〔堤身〕养护、附属工程设施养护、交通设施维护、捕捉害堤动物等29、漏洞的抢护原那么是〔前堵后导〕30、河道人工裁直的工程方法有内裁和〔外裁〕两大类31、如漏洞出浑水，或〔由清变浊〕，或〔时清时浑〕，那么说明漏洞正在迅速扩大32、高水位下浸润线抬高，背水坡出逸点高出〔地面〕，引起土体〔湿润或发软〕，有水逸出的现象，称为渗水33、堤建筑物与土体结合部位，于〔施工质量问题〕，〔不均匀沉陷〕等因素发生开裂、裂缝，形成渗水通道，造成结合部位土体的渗透破坏34、汛期江河涨水后，水面加宽堤前〔水深〕增加，风浪也随之增大，堤防〔临水坡〕在风浪的连续冲击淘刷下，易遭受破坏35、管涌多发生在背水坡脚附近地面或较远的潭塘、〔池塘〕或〔洼地〕36、堤防滑坡通常由裂缝开始，如能用时发现并采取〔适当措施〕处理，那么其危害往往较轻，否那么一旦出现〔大的滑动〕，就将造成重大损失37、崩岸是在水流冲刷下〔临水面〕土体崩落的险情38、堤防裂缝按其成因可分为〔沉陷裂缝〕、〔滑坡裂缝〕、干缩裂缝、振动裂缝等39、土方工程的施工程序是：〔开挖、运输、压实〕40、对于堤身内部深处的准位隐患一般可采用〔灌浆〕加固。
41、 背水坡向外， 滤层各材料粒径变化规律为由〔由细至粗〕 42、砂土后戗顶高程一般高出浸润线出逸点〔0.5～1.0M〕 43、采用抛石方法抢护坝基岸根底淘刷时，抛投块石的重量一般在〔30～70KG〕 44、采用土袋子堰抢护堤防漫溢时，每袋应装土〔七八〕成满45、排水设备应设置在堤坝〔下游〕部位46、流量的单位是〔m3/s〕47、桩柳子堰施工时，木桩距临水堤肩一般为〔1.0 〕M48、采用抛土袋方法抢护坝岸根底淘涮时，抛投土袋的重量一般在〔50 〕KG 以上49、筑堤取土塘的挖深一般以〔1.0〕M 为宜50、巡堤查险责任范围由〔防汛指挥机构〕划分三、判断题〔√〕1、水泥石灰砂浆自加水拌和到使用完不宜超过 2h；同时由于它凝结速度较慢，不宜用于冬季施工〔√〕2、砌体后隐蔽工程的回填，在常温下一般要在砌后 28d 方可进行〔×〕3、砖墙相邻工作段的高度差，不得超过一个楼层的高度，也不宜大于 1m〔√〕4、当最低气温在 0～5℃必须进行砌筑时，要注意外表保护，胶结材料的强度等级应适当提高并保持胶结材料温度不低于 5℃〔×〕5、钢模板的宽度以 100mm进级，长度以 150mm进级，其规格和型号已做到标准化、系列化。
〔×〕6、模板撤除中，当梁的跨度为 5m以上时要求到达设计强度的 90％〔×〕7、钢筋、钢丝、钢绞线应作成批验收，每批的数量应小于 40 ｔ〔√〕8、在水利水电工程施工中进行钢筋代换时，某种直径的钢筋以钢号相同的另一种钢筋代替时,其直径变更范围不宜超过 4mm〔×〕9、手压切断器用于切断直径 20mm以下的Ⅰ级钢筋〔×〕10、钢筋闪光对焊作业时，对焊钢筋端头 250mm 范围内要除污除锈，调直〔×〕11、气压焊接作业时，当对接的钢筋直径不同时，其径差不得大于 9mm〔√〕12、建基面终验清理完毕或施工缝处理完毕养护一定时间,混凝土强度到达 2.5MPa 后,即进行钢筋的绑扎与安装作业〔√〕13、钢筋接头应分散布置，绑扎接头在构件的受拉区中不超过 25％〔√〕14、已经凝固混凝土利用风镐凿毛或石工工具凿毛，凿深约 1～ 2 cm，然后用压力水冲净〔√〕15、由于水灰比对混凝土强度和耐久性影响极为重大，绝不能任意变更〔√〕16、混凝土拌和物自由下落高度以不大于2m为宜，超过此界限时应采用缓降措施〔√〕17、溜管卸料多用于断面小、钢筋密的浇筑部位，其卸料半径为1～1.5 m〔×〕18、斜层浇筑法是在浇筑仓面，从一端向另一端推进，推进中及时覆盖，以免发生冷缝。
斜层坡度不超过 20 ，否那么在平仓振捣时易使砂浆流动，骨料别离，下层已捣实的混凝土也可能产生错动〔√〕19、人工振捣要求混凝土拌和物坍落度大于 5 cm〔×〕20、平板式振捣器使用时沿铺料路线逐行进行振捣，两行之间要搭接 10cm左右，以防漏振〔×〕21 、送混凝土标准要求进泵混凝土拌合物坍落度一般宜为 20～ 26 cm〔√〕22、推土机适用于堆筑高度在 1.5m以内的路基、渠堤等〔√〕23、真空作业深度不宜超过 30 cm〔√〕24、重叠法制作构件时，其下层构件混凝土的强度应到达 5MPa 前方可浇筑上层构件，并应有隔离措施〔√〕25、如混凝土强度到达设计强度的 50％以上时再受冻，最终强度那么降低极小，甚至不受影响，因此，低温季节混凝土施工，首先要防止混凝土早期受冻〔√〕26、土方工程的施工内容包括土方开挖、土方运输和土方填筑〔√〕27、推土机的推运距离宜在 100m 以内〔×〕28、土石坝挖挖掘机合理的装车斗数应为 7～10 斗装一车〔×〕29、水泥在凝结硬化过程中，会放出大量的水化热水泥在开始凝结时放热较快，以后逐渐变慢，普通水泥最初 7d 放出的总热量占总水化热的 50%以上。
〔√〕30、土料的密度、含水量、可松性等主要工程性质对土方工程的施工方法、施工进度均有很重要的影响〔×〕31、推土机适用于施工场地清理和平整、开挖深度不超过 3.5m 的基坑〔×〕32、真空吸水时间(min)宜为作业厚度(cm)的 2～3 倍，并以剩余水灰比来检验真空吸水效果〔√〕33、拖式铲运机的运距以不超过 800m 为宜，当运距在 300m 左右时效率最高〔×〕34、土石坝清基应把坝基范围内有机质含量大于 5%的表土去除掉〔√〕35、。