2022-2023年考博英语-广东工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.1. Paragraph 1 suggests that（ ）.2. According to Paragraph 2,（ ）.3. Paragraph 4 points out that the income in the state sector is（ ）.4. It can be learned from the example of the unions in Wisconsin that unions（ ）5. What is John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system?问题1选项A.Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servantB.Teamsters has kept growing in its body of membersC.the number of unionists in public-sector has increasedD.the government has improved its relationship with unionists问题2选项A.a university degree is required for public-sector union membershipB.Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unionsC.public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actionsD.public-sector unions are hesitant in taking actions问题3选项A.fairly adjustedB.illegally securedC.indirectly increasedD.excessively increased问题4选项A.often run against the current political systemB.may be a barrier to public-sector reformsC.can change people’s political attitudesD.are dominant in the government问题5选项A.Tolerance.B.Disapproval.C.Indifference.D.Appreciation.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。
由原文第一段第二句“When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员属于工会而现在是36%而由最后两句“In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. ”可知，2009年，美国公共部门工会成员的数量超过了私营部门工会成员的数量在英国，超过一半的公共部门员工加入了工会，但只有15%的私营部门员工加入了工会由此可以判断，这么多年来，公共部门的工会成员人数有所增加，所以C选项表述正确。
原文只是说明Jimmy Hoffa如果活着可能会代表公务员，并不是说他真的是公务员，因此A选项与原文内容不符B选项“卡车司机成员不断增加”与原文内容不符，原文只是说1960年卡车司机处于巅峰时期，故表述错误D选项“政府改善了它与工会的关系”，在原文中并未提到，属于无中生有故本题正确答案为C选项2.推理判断题题干询问：根据第二段可以得出……原文第二段主要介绍了工会兴盛的三个原因，原因一：他们可以在不承担后果的情况下解决事情；原因二：他们大多聪明且受过良好的教育；原因三：他们现在主导着中间偏左的政治由此可知，C选项表述正确，without suffering much说明他们很少惹上麻烦，即seldom get in trouble原文第二段第四句指出“A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree”，所以并不是所有的公共部门工会成员都被要求拥有大学学位可判断A选项表述错误由原因三可知，工党一直和工会联系在一起，工党领袖的当选部分原因归功于公共部分工会的投票，可判断B选项错误D选项的表述在原文中并未提及，故本题正确答案为C选项。
3.细节事实题题干询问：从第四段可以得知，国营部门的收入是……根据题干信息可定位到原文第4段第三句，通过Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.可知，政客们一再“加码”公共部门的薪酬协议，要保持适度的工资增长，但要增加假期，尤其是已经很丰厚的养老金由此可知，国营部门的收入需要间接进行提高可判断C选项正确A选项表示“公平调整”，B选项表示“非法获得”，D选项表示“过度增加”，均与原文内容不符，故本题正确答案为C选项4.推理判断题题干询问：我们可以从威斯康辛州工会的例子中了解到，工会应该……根据题干信息可定位到原文第六段第二句“In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor”，根据句意可知，在威斯康辛州，各工会集结了数千支持者，反对共和党强硬派州长Scott Walker。
由此可知B选项“工会是公共部门改革的障碍”表述正确A选项“经常与当前的政治体制相抵触”属于推断过度，而C选项“能改变人们的政治态度”和D选项“在政府中占主导地位”在原文中均为提及因此，本题正确答案为B选项5.观点态度题题干询问：John Donahue对公共工会部门的态度是……根据题干信息定位到原文最后一段，由“Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. ”可知，银行家丰厚的薪水引来了许多批评，但公共部门系统不奖励高成就者，这对美国来说可能是一个更大的问题由此可见，John Donahue对于美国的公共部门持有不支持的态度，因此B选项Disapproval最符合原文内容，故本题正确答案为B选项A选项表示“容忍”，C选项表示“漠不关心”，D选项表示“赞赏”2. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass（the amount of living biological matter ）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.1. The writer mentions the extinction of large prehistoric animals to suggest that（ ）.2. It can be inferred form Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that（ ）.3. Dr. Worm’s comment of “these figures are conservative”（ Line 1, Paragraph 3）means（ ）.4. Dr. Myers and other researchers maintain that（ ）.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’（ ）.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species survived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals may face the same threat todayD.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the oldB.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amountD.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago问题3选项A.the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedB.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossC.the data collected so far are out of dateD.fishing technology has improved rapidly问题4选项A.people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situationB.people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer timeC.fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomassD.the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level问题5选项A.technological applicationB.management efficiencyC.catch-size limitsD.biomass level【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。
根据题干信息可定位到原文第一段文章通过讲述史前人类到达新地方时，大型动物会突然灭绝，进而引出讨论的话题，即海洋生物也会在人类来临之后面临灭绝的危险因此，本题正确答案为C选项2.推理判断题根据原文第二段“…the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.”可知，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了80% 在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了90% ；故B选项表述正确，其余选项均不能由他们的论文得出故本题正确答案为B选项3.推理判断题根据题干信息定位到原文第三段沃姆博士承认论文中的数据是保守的，因为现在捕鱼的技术已经提高，已经用上了卫星和声纳定位，这些设备50年前是无法使用的。
这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕捞了以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了由此可知，之前的那些数据已经过时了故本题正确答案为C选项4.细节事实题根据原文最后一段可知，两位博士认为，他们的工作给出了正确的基准线，因为人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化是因为他们只回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间，所以在未来的管理工作中要明确“移动基准线”的意义因此，本题正确答案为A选项“人们要根据变化情况调整基准线”5.推理判断题由文章最后一段可知，当目标鱼种的生物量约为其原始水平的50%时，渔场就可以收获最大的可持续产量而大多数渔场都远低于这一水平，这是一种糟糕的经营方式由此可知，作者最关心的是渔场的可持续产量，也就是关心biomass level（生态量）故本题正确答案为D选项3. 单选题Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960's and 70's, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic snow were declining.In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the North-eastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.1. The study published in the journal. Nature indicates that（ ）.2. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US（ ）.3. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?4. The authors of the Ambio study have found that（ ）.5. It can be inferred, from the last paragraph that scientists（ ）.问题1选项A.the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired resultsB.lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increaseC.lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expectedD.the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow问题2选项A.was discouragedB.was enforced by lawC.was prohibited by lawD.was introduced问题3选项A.By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.B.By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.C.By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.D.By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.问题4选项A.forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expectedB.lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal withC.lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the USD.the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions问题5选项A.are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollutionB.feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasolineC.still consider lead pollution, a problemD.lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】细节事实题。
由题干定位到第二段"A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland." 最近发表在《自然》（Nature）杂志上的一项研究表明，美国通过空气传播的含铅气体排放是导致格陵兰雪中铅含量高的主要原因可知该研究表明美国是到导致北极雪中铅污染的主要来源D项正确B项与“A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic snow were declining.”不符AC两项内容与该研究无关细节事实题根据题干定位到第一段“In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.” 在《清洁空气法》强制要求美国使用无铅气体的二十年里，全世界的铅积累量已显著下降。
可知对美国使用无铅气体是法律的强制要求B项正确判断推理题根据题干定位到文中第三段“In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.” “在他的新研究中，布隆博士发现美国使用的含铅汽油中不同形式的铅的比例与欧洲、亚洲和加拿大的汽油不同，因此科学家能够区分铅的来源在格陵兰雪中发现的主要铅含量与在美国汽油中发现的铅含量相当由此可知科学家通过将美国含铅汽油中的化学成分与其他国家的对比，找到了格林兰雪中铅的来源。
D项正确细节事实题由题干定位到倒数第二段“The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. 森林环境处理和重新分配铅的速度比科学家预期的要快可知A项正确判断推理题由最后一段“Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. 科学家们说，这两项研究都表明，生态系统的某些部分对大气污染的减少做出了迅速反应，但这些发现不应被用作污染的许可证可知虽然大气污染减少后，生态系统也作出了相应快速积极的反应，但是科学家仍然认为不能抱有侥幸心理，应该仍然控制污染故C项正确4. 单选题An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission（FTC. proposed adding a "do not track "（DNT）option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance（DAA. agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge 'selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?1. Paragraph 1 suggests that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to（ ）.2. “The industry”（Line 5, Para.3）refers to（ ）.3. The author holds that setting DNT as a default（ ）.4. According to Paragraph6,（ ）.5. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of（ ）.问题1选项A.ease competition among themselvesB.avoid complaints from consumersC.provide better online servicesD.lower their operational costs问题2选项A.online advertisersB.e-commerce conductorsC.digital information analysisD.internet browser developers问题3选项A.may cut the number of junk adsB.fails to affect the ad industryC.may not benefit consumersD.goes against human nature问题4选项A.DNT may not serve its intended purposeB.advertisers are willing to implement DNTC.DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD.advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads问题5选项A.indulgenceB.skepticismC.appreciationD.understanding【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。
由第一段“An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy. 有句老话说，所有广告预算的一半都浪费了——问题是，没人知道是哪一半在互联网时代，至少在理论上，这个比例可以大大降低通过观察人们在网上搜索、点击和发言的内。