主旨要义题的题型特点与解题技巧高考阅读理解中的主旨大意题包括主题（topic、subject、main idea、general idea）型和标题（title）型两类在确定文章的标题(title)的时候，我们要以文章的中心为依托但应注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于标题文章的中心较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明，而且通常是名词或名词短语一. 正确选项的特点(1)标题概括类题目：体现概括性，（最大程度上覆盖全文）;针对性(标题不能过大或过小);醒目性(可吸引读者)(2)中心思想类题目：体现全面性，避免以偏概全；(3)段落大意类题目：体现针对性，避免张冠李戴二. 干扰项的特点1. 以偏概全干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息 2. 断章取义干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点3. 主题扩大干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容4. 张冠李戴命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案5. 无中生有，似是而非有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
三、解题技巧(1) 主题句在开头.模式:总---分----分,即开门见山. 新闻报道,说明文,议论文常用此方式.(2) 主题句在末尾. 模式: 分---分---总,即先摆事实,后作结论.(3) 主题句在中间. 模式: 分---总---分(引言---主题---解析或提问---回答-----解析)(4). 根据首尾抓大意(首尾呼应) 模式: 总---分---总(5) 无住题句,归纳各段要点抓大意..(6) 找高频词.四、实例分析实例分析1：Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world. The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can’t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think you’re silly because you aren’t good at math, find a tutor. If you think you’re weak because you can’t run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think you’re dull because you don’t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesn’t mean it’s true.The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat (拍) yourself on the back, you’ll know you’re well on your way. Good luck!（2008年广东卷阅读理解B篇）49. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your success.B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive self-image. D. How to develop your good qualities.实例分析2：Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2008年全国卷阅读理解D篇）56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Codeine: A New Medicine B. Chocolate May Cure CoughsC. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs实例分析3：Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings.Here’s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.…There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And it’s easy to think and act honorably again when we’re happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once it’s started, it’s easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.（2007年广东卷阅读B篇）50．Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A．How to Live Truthfully B．Importance of PeacefulnessC．Ways of Gaining Self-respect D．Happiness through Honorable Actions实例分析4：He’s an old cobbler (修鞋匠) with a shop in the Marais, a historic area in Paris… …When I got back out into the street, the world seemed brand-new to me. He was something out of an ancient legend…above all, his pride in his craft. These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line, when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”, when, in short, people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消费) rather than a way to realize their own abilities. In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job well done.（2006年广东卷阅读B篇）63．This story wants to tell us that _________.A．craftsmen make a lot of money B．whatever you do, do it wellC．craftsmen need self-respect D．people are born equal实例分析5：How many people have I met who have told me about the book they have been planning to write but have never yet found the time? Far too many. This is Life, all right, but we do treat it like a rehearsal (排演) and, unhappily, we do miss so many of its best moments.…（2006年广东卷阅读D篇）68．The first paragraph of the passage tells us that _______.A．we always try to find some time to write a book B．we always make plans but seldom fulfill themC．we always enjoy many of life’s best moments D．we always do what we really want to do 学以致用 （一） (1)Albert Einstein who made great contributions to people, was regarded as one of the greatest scientists in the world.Once there was a young man who disliked doing anything but wanted to be successful. He asked Einstein to tell him the secret of success: Einstein wrote him a formula: A=X+Y+Z. Seeing this, the young man got puzzled. So he had to ask what it meant. Einstein explained it to him, “A stands for success and X stands for the proper way and Y, hard work…” “And what about Z”? The young man asked anxiously, expecting to get what he wanted. “Z stands for less empty talk and more hard work..” Answered Einstein slowly. On hearing these, the young man slipped away, feeling ashamed of himself.The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is ___________.A．Albert Einstein B．one of the greatest scientists C．the secret of success D．a young man (2)As a human being you may have the choice of three basic attitudes towards life.You may approach life with the philosophy of the vegetable, in which case your life will consist in being born, eating, drinking, sleeping, mating, growing old, and dying.The second basic attitude is to look at life as if it were a business. A great many so-called successful men and women believe that life is a business, and they arrange, their conducts and behavior accordingly. If you believe that life is a business your first question of life, naturally, is “What do I get out of it?” and your first reaction to any new experience is ,”How much is this worth to me?” In a word, based on this attitude, happiness becomes a matter of successful competition.The great majority of human beings today look at life as if it were a business. Their basic philosophy is one of competition and efficiency.The third attitude toward life is the approach of the artist. Here the basic philosophy is “What can I put into it?”, and the basic relation of the individual to his fellow-men is one of co-operation and common sense. This point of view has been proved by history; for history remembers best those who have contributed most richly to the interests of their fellow-men. The more we investigate and the more we learn about living the more we become convinced that the artistic attitude is the only one which is consistent with human happiness.What’s the main idea of the passage?A．You may have three attitudes to life.B．You may approach life with the philosophy.C．The attitude toward life is the approach of the artist. D．Happiness becomes a matter of successful competition. (3)As we proceed through life, we are faced with many types of situations. Each situation required us to behave in different ways. We may be faced with a large project which, in order to be accomplished efficiently, demands the cooperation of each person. In this instance, we must be flexible, supportive, and be willing to compromise. Each person is only a small part of a much large machine.Being competitive also plays a role in life. The desire to succeed and do better than others inspires us to work harder. If there was no competition a sports meet would never be exciting and successful; we could never have champions.To succeed in life, we must learn to be both cooperative and competitive. The most important thing to learn in life is to know when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1?A．We must learn when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.B．To succeed in life, we must learn cooperation.C．Each person is only a small part of a much large machine.D．Being competitive also plays a role in life. (4) On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing the violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater. He rolled on and on. Suddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was handing on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin ‘s grand entrance for a long time!What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph?A. The roller skates needed further improvement.B. The party guests took Merlin for a fool.C. Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.D. Merlin got himself into trouble. (5) Thinking is something you choose to do as a fish choose to live in water. To be human is to think. But thinking may come naturally without you knowing how you do it. Thinking about thinking is the key to critical(判断性的) thinking. When you think critically, you take control of you thinking processes. Otherwise you might be controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of education. The word “critical” here has a special meaning. It does not mean taking one view against another view, as when someone criticizes another person for doing something wrong. The nature of the critical thinking is thinking beyond the easily seen ----- beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty reasoning.Critical thinking is an attitude as much as an activity. If you are curious about life and desire to dig deeper into it, you are a critical thinker. If you find pleasure in deep thinking about different ideas, characters , and facts, you are a critical thinker.Activities of the mind are processes of deep and careful consideration. They take time, and do not go hand in hand with the fast speed in today’s world: fast foods, instant coffee, and self-developing film. If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence, you may learn something new from a story about Albert Einstein. The first time Banish Hoffman, a scientist, was to discuss his work with Albert Einstein, Hoffman was too nervous to speak. But Einstein immediately put Coffman at ease by saying,” Please go slowly. I don’t understand things quickly.” What would be the best title of the passage? A. Thinking and Critical Thinking B. Thinking is Natural and Human C. Understanding Critical Thinking D. Thinking Fast Means Intelligence学以致用 （二） (1) Now, it’s important for the managers in a company to understand what their customers want if they are going to develop effective marketing strategies (策略). There are various ways of doing this. One way at supermarkets, for example, is to interview customers while they’re doing their shopping. They can be asked what they prefer to buy and then the results of the research can be studied. This provides information on which to base future marketing strategies. It’s also quite normal for top managers from department stores to spend a day or two each month visiting stores and mixing freely with the public, as if they were ordinary customers, to get an idea of how customers act. Another way to get information from customers is to give them something…it also allows the managers to get a feel for where to attract customers and which age-groups to attract.Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work…(安徽)67. The main idea of the text is _________.A. how to do market research B. how to develop marketing strategiesC. how to find out customers’ social needsD. how to encourage customers to spend more money(2) If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare,” “Samuel Johnson,” and “Webster,” but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English——William the Conqueror. Before 1066, in the land we call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups…But this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Norman led by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England, for about a century, French became the official language of English while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and law come from French rather than German. In some cases, modern English even shows a distinction between upper-class French and lower-class Anglo--Saxon in its words…When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one man’s ambition.(全国)70. What is the subject discussed in the text?A. The history of Great Britain.B. The similarity between English and French.C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror.D. The French influences on the English language.(3) For centuries, the only form of written correspondence (通信)was the letters were, and are, sent by some form of postal service, the history of which goes back a long way. Indeed, the Egyptians began sending letters from about 2000 BC, as did the Chinese a thousand years later. Of course, modern postal service now are march more developed and faster, depending as they do on cars and planes fore delivery. Yet they are still too slow…The invention of the fax () machine increased the speed of delivering documents even more… The fax service is still very much in use when copies of documents require to be sent, but, as a way of fast correspondence, it has been largely taken the place of by email… There are advantages and disadvantages with emails. If you send some one an email, then he will receive it extremely quickly…However, if you write something by email, which you might later regret, and send it immediately, there is no chance for second thoughts…44. The text mainly deals with_________. (陕西)A. the progress in correspondence B. the advantage of fax machinesC. the advantage of emails D. the invention of fax machines(4) [2009年安徽卷]Remembering names is an important social skill. Here are some ways to master it. Recite and repeat in conversation. When you hear a person’s name, repeat it. Immediately say it to yourself several times without moving your lips. Ask the other person to recite and repeat. After you’ve been introduced to someone, ask that person to spell the name mad pronounce it correctly for you. Admit you don’t know. Most of people will feel sympathy if you say, “I’m working to remember names better. Yours is right on the tip of my tongue. What is it again?” Limit the number of new names you learn at one time. When meeting a group of people, concentrate on remembering just two or three names. Free yourself from remembering every one. Another way is to limit yourself to learning just first names. Last names can come later. Go early. Consider going early to conferences, parties and classes. Sometimes just a few people show up on time. That’s fewer names for you to remember. And as more people arrive, you can hear them being introduced to others—an automatic review for you.59. What does the text mainly tell us?A. Tips on an important social skill. B. Importance of attending parties.C. How to make use of associations. D. How to recite and repeat names.(5) [2009年重庆卷]Sir Steven Redgrave, winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals, once said, “In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes (糖尿病). Believing my career (职业生涯) was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it—the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn’t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn’t finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”61. What does Sir Steven Redgrave mainly talk about? A. Difficulties influenced his career. B. Specialists offered him medical advice. C. Training helped him defeat his disease. D. He overcame the shadow of illness to win.(6) [2009湖北卷]When I was seven my father gave me a Timex, my first watch. I loved it, wore it for years, and haven’t had another one since it stopped ticking a decade ago. Why? Because I don’t need one. I have a mobile phone and I’m always near someone with an iPod or something like that. All these devices(装置)tell the time----which is why, if you look around, you’ll see lots of empty wrists; sales of watches to young adults have been going down since 2007.But while the wise have realized that they don’t need them, others----apparently including some distinguished men of our t。