四级作文讲义,四级作文评分原则及标准,本题满分为15分阅卷标准共分五等:2分、5分、8分、11分及14分各有标准样卷一至二份阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照样卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分);若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)但不得加或减半分评分标准,2分——条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误5分——基本切题表达思想不清楚,连贯性差有较多的严重语言错误8分——基本切题有些地方表达思想不清楚,文字勉强连贯,语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误多数句子有错误,中式英语较多,思路基本清晰)11分——切题表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误用词较简单但无误,句型使用无误但不新颖,思路清晰,让人有清爽的感觉)14分——切题表达思想清楚,文字通顺、连贯,基本无语言错误,仅有个别小错词汇难度系数大,句型使用无误,思路清晰,逻辑结构连贯)(注:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分),,字数不足应酌情扣分:少10个词扣一分(注:1.题目中给出的主题句、起始句、结束句等,均不得记入所写字数。
2.规定的内容未写全者,按比例扣分3.如果扣为0分,要慎重处理为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准,现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分,列表于下,称为得分率其中9分的得分率为60(相当于百分制的60分)评分标准解读,两大基本原则1.印象分:书写工整,字迹清晰,卷面整洁2.语言第一位(语法与词汇的基本功)结构第二位(逻辑结构是否清晰)内容第三位(内容是否跑题),,,,四级作文体裁总汇,记叙文—记叙人或事(主要回答when,where,what,who,how这五个问题)描写文---用文字来再现客观的人、事、环境等(主观描写文和客观描写文)说明文---说明事实、情况或传送信息(说明和解释)议论文---发表自己的看法、观点(主要体裁),五种常考体裁(2005.6-2011.12),四级作文具体题型,提纲作文–最常见的作文题型(议论文)图表作文–较难对付的作文形式(说明文)情影作文–限定条件最少,发挥最大的作文形式(记叙文)关键词作文–(描写文),高频命题形式(2005.6-2010.6),一.提纲作文(outlinecomposition),1.现象阐释型:分析现象,阐述其因利2.问题对策型:分析问题,找出问题,并提出解决问题的办法3.观点对比型:辨析两种对立的观点4.论说反驳型:支持或驳斥一种观点,二.图表作文(graphcomposition)十年出现过一次,在题目中给出一个或几个统计表格、柱状图或饼状结构图,用文字描述图表客观信息并解释图表中所传递的信息,找出某种规律或趋势并分析其原因或后果。
三.情景作文(situationalcomposition)共出现过7次,1.书信–告知信、建议信、综合信2.综合叙事型3.演讲致辞型综上所述,近十年来,CET4主要以议论文体裁为主,偶现应用文的形式,并且题材与形式越来越向国外的英语考试形式靠近三段十句作文法,总分总的原则120字=10句子*平均每一句12字10=3+4+3/2+5+3/3+5+210句子中基本语法句型要交替出现不同的句子中同义词要交替使用,十句作文具体分配,,第一段——开门见山进入主题=现象句+扩展句+过渡句,,,1.现象句=题目里中文提示语1的翻译内容如:2009.6越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是什么(Nowadays,agrowingnumberofmuseumsareopentothepublicfreeofcharge)2008.6娱乐活动多种多样(Withthedevelopmentoftheeconomyandsociety,thenumberofrecreationalactivitiesgrow.),,2.扩展句=对现象句情况的进一步解释或说明如:2007.12各大学为学生开设了多种多样的选修课(在陈述完现象之后应举例说明选修课的种类与细节Theelectivecoursesvarywidelyfromhistorytoscience,fromliteraturetobusinessadministrationandalmostcovereveryfield.)2006.12许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节联欢晚会(Startinginthe1980s,thespringfestivalgalaonCCTVhasbecomeanindispensablepartofourannualcelebration.MillionsofpeoplewatchitontheeveofthelunarNewYear.),,3.过渡句=对第一段内容进行小结并引出下文要阐述的观点,内容为题目里中文提示话2内容的翻译整合如:2008.12(2)一次性塑料袋造成的问题Formanyyearswehavebeenusingdisposalplasticbagswhenweareshoppingonthemarket,andmostoftenthesebagsareofferedbytheshopsforfree.This,undoubtedly,hasbroughtusgreatconvenienceinourdailylife.However,itsdisadvantagesarealsoveryapparent,andI’lljustventuretoexploretwoaspects.,第一段模板句,Whenitcometo…/Whenaskedabout…/Facedwith…Thereisageneraldiscussiontodayabout…Nowpeopleingrowingnumbersarebeginningtorealizethat…,第二段——直奔主题,合理陈述观点现象,做到有理有据,立驳充分恰当=对于题目里中文提示语(2)的具体解释说明,陈述句一,陈句一=现象或立论/驳论观点的第一个表述句如:2008.6(Somepeoplethinktheserecreationalactivitiesaregreatandnecessary,becausetheycanhelppeoplereleasetheirstrainandstress.)2008.12(Foronething,theplasticbagsaremostlyindecomposableinthenaturalstatesothatwiththeincreasinguseofthesebags,itwillseriouslybringabouttheso-called“whitepollution”totheenvironment),陈述句一模板句,1.Anumberoffactorscanaccountforthephenomenonin…2.Therearemanycausesfor…3.Thephenomenonin…mainlyresultfromthefactthat…4….isresponsiblefortherise/decreasein…,扩展支持句一,扩展支持句一=对陈述句一所阐述现象或观点的进一步举例解释或说明如:2009.6(…,italsocausessomeconcerns.Oneisthatsomemuseumsmayfinditincreasinglydifficulttorunasusualwithoutadmissionfees.)2005.12(Inthisway,peoplewouldbeexposedtodeepcultureandknowledgedepositsoftheinstitution.),支持句一模板句,1.利弊说明TheadvantagesofAoutweighanybenefitwegainfromB.GoodasA,ithasitsowndisadvantages.Foronething,…;foranother,…2.举例论证Numerousexamplescanbegiven,butthiswillsuffice.Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationthanthefollowingone.,陈述句二,陈述句二=更进一步陈述现象或自己所要表述的观点,亦或是与陈述句一相悖的意见与观点如:2007.12(Furthermore,theuseofplasticbagsisnowsomacroaroundtheworldthathavebecomeamajorsourceoflitter…)2006.12(Ontheotherhand,somepeoplespentbythegovernmentnortheattentionfromtheaudiencesothatitshouldbeabandoned.),陈述句二的模板句,转折型Butinthemeantime,whether…hasbecomeahotissue.However,…hassparked/aroused/created/provokedadebate…Yetatthesametime,peoplearedividedoverwhether…Butmeanwhile,whether…isanissueopentodebate,,递进型Moreimportantly,…which,alsoconfirmsthebelief.AnotherpointIwouldliketosupportthefindingis…Thereisanotherevidencesuggestingthat…Moreover,itiswidelyacceptedthat…,扩展支持句二,扩展支持句二=对陈述句二所阐述现象或观点的进一步举例解释或说明如:2005.12(Othersarguethattheacademicatmospheretherewouldbedestroyed.Touristswouldinevitablydisturbthelearningenvironmentoncampusinsteadofofferingbenefits.)2006.6(Moreover,….Inaddition,theteachers’shumorsenseoftenplaysanimportantroleinbeingchosenbystudents.),支持二的模板句,原因说明Itisreasonableduetothefact…Themainreasonforthisviewisobviously…Itisgenerallyarguablethat…举例论证Plentyofevidencehasshownthat…Ourownexperiencehasrevealedthat…Ihavetoemphasizethefactthat…,第三段——对全文中心思想做出的精炼浓缩或是对个人观点的阐述及总结=主题句+扩展句+总结句,主题句,主题句=对第二段所述内容的总结及下一段内容的过渡如:2008.6(Asacollegestudent,Iholdabeliefthatrecreationalactivitiesdogoodforus.)2007.12(AsfarasIconcerned,Iaminclinedtochooseelectivecoursesthattrulysatisfymycuriosityforknowledge.),扩展句,扩展句=对主题句的延申内容或个人观点的基本表述、建议解决问题的措施如:2009.6(Forexample,thegovernmentshouldprovidemorefundstomuseumsandraisepublic’sawarenesstoprotectourvaluableheritagepreservedinthemuseums.),总结句,总结句=全文及个人看法、观点的总结如:2008.12(Therefore,everycitizenshouldsupportthisactionbyreducingtheuseofdisposableplasticbagsinourdailylives.)2008.6(Aslongaswearrangetimebyreason,andtakepartinrecreationalactivitiesproperlywecanmaketheahelpfultoolforourdevelopment.),主题句asaman,Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmind,theyareinawayquitesimilar.,,-多变句型原则文章以简单句为基础,配以适当的并列句和复合句。
简单句包括S+V(主谓句),S+V+O(主谓宾),S+V+O+O(主谓双宾),S+V+O+C(主谓宾宾补),S+V+C(主系表)并列句是前后的句子有先后关系或者并列关系时使用的连词and,or,yet等构成的句子复合句包括主语从句、定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句等句式富于变化可以用强调句、倒装句、疑问句、感叹句,还有非谓语动词结构、独立主格结构等,如Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenthiking.同时还可以用一些修辞如明喻、暗语、排比等过渡性关系词的使用,思想清晰行文流畅有跳跃感表达地道,关系词1,递进1.首先First,firstly,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith,tostartwith,foronething2.其次Second,secondly,inthesecondplace,then,moreover,further,furthermore,besides,foranother3.最后Lastly,finally,lastbutnotleast,moreimportantly,aboveall,additionally,关系词2,让步/转折Inotherwords,despitethat,inspiteof,eventhough,evenif,nevertheless,however,yet,but因果sothat,since,overall,therefore,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,thus,toconclude,inconclusion,consequently,关系词3,举例说明suchas,thatistosay,bythatImean,forinstance,take…forexample,acaseinpointis…,oneillustrationofthisis…总结insummary,tosumup,inthefinalanalysis,basedonalltheargumentsofferedabove,onthebasisoftheabovediscussion,havingconsideredalltheargumentsabove,关系词4,对比while,whilst,whereas,by/incontrast,假设providedthat…,if…,用词是否恰当,准确,形象,关键词是否换用,切勿老用重复词,Good—advisable/sensible/informative/useful/instructive;Good—beneficial,advantageous,helpful;excellent,outstanding;Bad—undesirable/mindless/worthless;Bad—harmful,baneful,detrimental,,Lotsof—ahostof,avastnumberof—(可数名词),agreatdealof,avastamountof–(不可数名词)--substantial;considerable;heapsofImportant—crucial,vital,significant,key;indispensable/integral;,,desire替换wantbearinmindthat替换remember促进/提高/增强/改善giveaboostto/enhance/motivate/better/promote,角色与功能,Playanimportant(active,major,central,crucial,essential,integral,prominent,vital)role—Playabigpart---Takealeadingpart---,允许与阻止,Make…possible—电脑的使用促使人们在家上班:Theuseofcomputersandotherhigh-techofficeequipmenthasmadeitpossibleformorepeopletoworkfromhome.,,非常地exceedingly/extremely/greatly/remarkably/significantly/utterly)在当代Incontemporarysociety,inpresent-daysociety,inthisdayandage;formypart,frommyownperspective替换inmyopinion,,Transform—change(应用:科技改变我们的生产和生活方式,环境变化—教育思路—取消文理分科,通才教育—generalist);Preserve—protect--保护某种资源,naturalresourcesoroldbuildings---demolish—teardown;--英国人尊重历史和文化。
解决:Solve,dealwith,copewith,handle,resolve,address,tackle—(economiccrisis,deterioratedenvironment,shortagesofwater,unemployment,trafficjams….)_;培养::Develop,cultivate,foster,culture—(education—cultivatethespiritofindependence,,认为:maintain,assert,,hold,argue,beconvinced,befirmlyconvinced,消除:Eliminate,clear,remove,clearup,Alleviate—ease;减轻,缓解(就业压力,新能源缓解资源紧张;经济增长方式转变缓解发展压力---Anumberofmeasuresweretakentoalleviatetheproblem.)Worsen—deteriorate;aggravate(环境恶化),四级作文中常见错误分析,词汇错误——判断词汇量大小,找准主客观系数比语法错误——学生基本功的表露,与作文最终分数直接相关内容错误——跑题或文章中有严重攻击性用语,此种情况一般为零分,词汇错误,1.单词拼写(基础词汇的拼写错误导致失分较大,eg.Student,society,interest,children,experience)2.混淆词性(eg.Insocial,withthedevelopmentofeconomic,donotinterestin)3.拼音替代4.及物动词与不及物动词混淆(是否加宾语不清晰)5.情态动词使用错误(mustdoing,candone),语法错误——更重要、更易错,1.第三人称单数&可数不可数名词(peopleis,studentare,)---分数较低2.therebe句型错误(therearealsoexistsopinionagainst)3.双谓语动词现象(Myfatherisoneofthepeopleagreetheparentssendtheirchildrentoartclasses.),语法错语——评分的标准,4.汉语式句子(Notonlythekidslookingforwardtotheirresult,butalsotheirparents.)5.主谓宾不完整(Theysenttheirchildrentostudymany.)6。
动名词作主语(studypianowillhelpyourchildrenwinonbegin.),语法错误——宁正确用简单不错用复杂,7.现在分词独立成句(First,Combiningtheparents’opinionswiththeirkids’willings.)8.从句使用错误9.主动与被动混淆,语言错误小提示,可数名词不能单独使用(前有限定后有复数)英语里动词原形不能作主语被动的动词一定不能忘加ed或d主语很长,一定要检查谓语的单复数情态动词前为动词原形文章为议论文时,不用过去时Adj.+n./adv.+adj./v.两套主谓宾在句首和句中都没有连接词时,肯定为病句Therebe句型后面的名词再加动词时不要用原形,作文提高推荐书,新概念二(语法与词组为重点)十句作文法——蔡基刚历年真题范文四级词汇用书,。