2021 年考研英语(一)真题及答案2021 年考研英语( 一) 真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Readthe follog tet.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“ a bodily eercise precious tohealth. ” But some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physal filness Laughter does short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,heart rate and oygen consumption But because hard laughter is diffult to , a good laugh is unlikely to havebenefits the way, say, walking or jogng does., instead of straining muscles to build them, as eercise does, laughter arently acplishes the , studies dating back to the 1930’ s indate that laughter.muscles, Suchbodily reaction might conceivably helpthe effects of psychologal stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of feedback,that improve an individual ’ s emotional state.one classal theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rootedphysal reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry they are sad but they bee sad when te tears ben to flow.Although sadness alsotears,evidence suggests that emotions can flowmuscular responses.In an eperiment published in 1988,socialpsycholost Fritz.1 ． [A]among [B]ecept [C]despite [D]like 2． [A]reflect[B]demand [C]indate [D]produce 3． [A]stabilizing [B]boosting[C]impairing [D]determining 4． [A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate[D]observe 5 ． [A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6． [A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7． [A]opposite[B]impossible [C]average [D]epected 8． [A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens[D]relaes 9 ． [A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10． [A]physal [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11． [A]Ecept for[B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12． [A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13． [A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14． [A]ehausts [B]follows[C]precedes [D]suppresses 15． [A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16． [A]fetch [B]bite [C]pk [D]hold 17． [A]disointed [B]ecited [C]joyful[D]indifferent 18． [A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19． [A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20． [A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the follog four tets.Answer the questions below each tet by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Tet 1 The decision of the New York Philharmon to hire Alan lbert as its mus director has been the talk ofthe classal-mus world ever since the sudden announcement of his ointment in 2021.For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least.“ Hooray! At last! ” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober -sidedclassal-mus crit.One of the reasons why the ointment came as such a surprise, however, is that lbert is paratively little known.EvenTommasini, who had advocated lbert ’ s ointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musian with no air of the formidable conductor abouthim. ” As a description of the mus director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether lbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit AveryFisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral mus.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my puter and download still more recorded mus from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving publ, classal instrumentalists must pete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater panies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classal musians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artist quality than today ’ s live performances; moreover, they can be“ consumed” at a timeand place of the listener ’ s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classal concert.One possible response is for classal performers to program attractive new mus that is not yet available on record.lbert ’ s own interest in new mus has been widely noted: Ale Ross, a classal-mus crit, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmon into“ a markedly different, more vibrant organization.But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely epanding the orchestra ’ s repertoire will not be enough.If lbert and the Philharmon are to succeed, they must first change th e relationship between Amera ’ oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that lbert ’ s ointment has [A]incurred critism.[B]raised suspion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards lbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A]ignore the epenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]eaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of liveperformances.24.According to the tet, whh of the follog is true of recordings? [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general publ.[C]They help improve the quality of mus.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding lbert ’ s role in revitalizing the Philharmon, the author feels [A]doubtful.[B]enthusiast.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Tet 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of Amera in August, his eplanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his eit in the usual vague ecuses, he came right out and said he was leaving“ topursue my goal of running a pany. ” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision, ” McGee says.Within two weeks, he was talking f or the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Serves Group, whh named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn ’ t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 eecutives at Avon and Ameran Epress quit with the eplanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pre ssure, eecutives who don ’ t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery ben to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a .In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23 from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research.As the economy pks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years eecutives and headhunters have adhered to thearey: ” I can ’ t think ofrule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Ca single search Iat sitting CEOs first.ve done where a board has not instructed me to lookThose who jumped without a job haven ’ t alwayslanded in positions qukly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Inter-based modities echange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 205 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“Thetraditional rule was it’ s safer to stay where you are, but that’ s beenfundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “ The people who ’ ve beenhurt the worst are those who ’ ve stayed too long. ” 26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According toParagraph 2, senior eecutives ’ quitt ing may be spurred by [A]their epectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]theirpursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means [A]roved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A]performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of performers is getting out- dated.[C] performers care more about reputations.[D]it’ ssafer to stk to the traditional rules.30.Whh of the follog is the best title for the tet? [A]CEOs: Where to Go? [B]CEOs: All the Way Up? [C] Managers Jump without a [D]The Only Way Out for Performers Tet 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paidfor.No longer.While traditional“paid” media — such as televisionmercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, panies today can eploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may cre ate “ owned” media by sending e -mail alerts about products and sales to customers restered with its Web site.The way consumers now roach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users ’ responses.But in some cases, one marketer ’ s owned media bee another marketer ' s paid media - for instance, when an e-merce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traff is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-merce ennes within that environment.This trend ,whh we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson Johnson, for ele, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes plementary and even petitive products.Besides generating ine, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, ves panies opportunities to learn valuable information about the eal of other panies ’ marketing, and may help epand user traff for all panies concerned.The same dramat technologal changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) munations choes have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voe their opinions in quker, more visible, and much more damang ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or caign bees hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social works, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to lypressure on the businesses that orinally created them.If that hens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target pany at risk.In such a case, the pany’ s response may not be suffiently quk or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor, for ele, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quk and well-orchestrated social-media response caign, whh included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as and thesocial- news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are [A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites. [B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. [C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiast about remendingtheir favorite products. 32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random petition. [C] strong user traff. [D] fleibility in organization. 33.The author indates inParagraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflts with passionate consumers. [B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. [C] may be responsible for fiercer petition.[D] deserve all the negative ments about them.34.Toyota Motor ’ s eperience is cited as an ele of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Whh of the follog is the tet mainly about ? [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflt between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Tet 4 It ’ s no surprise that Jennifer Senior ’ s insightful, provocative magazine cover story,“ Ilove My Children, I Hate My Life, “ is arousing much chatter — nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anythingless than a pletely fulfilling, life-enrhing eperience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either hy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine hiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being hy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day eperience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment den our moods can later besources of intense gratifation and delight.” The magazine cover shog anattractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and- child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news.Practally every week features atleast one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten- killing ? It doesn ’ t seem quite fair, then, to pare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn ’ t have had kids, b ut unhy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealist, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less hy than childless couples, single parents are the least hy of all.No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their“ own” (read: with round -the-clock help) is apiece of cake.It ’ s hard to imane that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’ sinteresting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, hiness- enhancing parenthood aren ’ t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual eperience, inthe same way that a small part of us hoped getting“ the Rachel ” mightmake us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Seniorsuggests in her artle that raising a child can bring [A]temporarydelight [B]enjoyment in progress [C]hiness in retrospect [D]lastingreward 37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that [A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities isentertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the publ.38.It issuggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A]are constantly eposedto critism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill theirsocial responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with theirlife.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebritymagazines is [A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]pensatory.[D]misleading.40.Whhof the follog can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A]Havingchildren contributes little to the glamour of celebritymoms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the hiness from child rearing.Part B Directions: The follog paragraph are ven in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent tet by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numberedboes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medal doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22 of Ameran college graduates now major in business pared with only 2 in history and 4 in English.However, many leading Ameran universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the bas canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it diffult to agree on what a “general education ” should look like.At Harvard, Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read ” -theyform a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for whh they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor ’ s degrees in 1970 - 71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for whh they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by Ameran universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.Many students eperience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualifation.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, Ameran universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in publ money for academ research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academ career: as late as 1969a third of Ameran professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a partular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplinesacquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key toreforming higher education, concludes Mr M。