第1页 共 12 页三 峡 大 学2014年研究生入学考试试题(A卷)考试科目代码： 791 科目名称：综合英语 考试时间：3小时 卷面总分：150分 （答案必须写在答题纸上）Ⅰ. Choose the right one from A. B. C. D for each blank:(20分)请按顺序把答案写在答题纸上标明题号!1. _____ mean “getting worse”. The root is grave, in the sense of “serious”.A. Accurate B. Adolescent C. Aggravating D. Affirmative2. China’s Shenzhou 10 briefly fired its rockets to ____ its orbit early Friday as the spacecraft began its third day of a mission.A. achieve B. adjust C. adopt D. admit3. “We _____ the mercy of God, not that He may leave us at peace in our vice, but that He may deliver us from them.” A. illuminate B. illustrate C. imply D. implore4. Grants ______ housing opportunities, ten non-profit receive more than $250,000 for low-income housing.A. allow into B. allow of C. allow for D. allow to5. Drug induced ______ of great bodily harm.A. indigestion B. inflation C. influence D. infliction6. The ceiling is the most important place to ____ because of up to 45 percent of the heat loss from there.A. inspect B. inspire C. install D. insulate7. When we pursue a thing for love, we are free to ____ and make mistakings.A. fluttering B. fumble C. frustrate D. fuse8. Mary has ____ her blue dress she bought last year.A. grown up B grown out of C. grown into D. grown away from9. I will create a coherent plan to strengthen communities and local economies, and allow home-town business to _____.A. thrive B. thumb C. thrust D. thrill10. There was no _____ intended in what she said.A. malice B. malady C. malaria D. marsh第2页共12 页11. My boss promised me the but only paid the minimum wage.A. benefit B. check C. moon D. sum 12. The manager is very to deal with. You really have to walk on .A. toes B. air C. heels D. eggs13. Eight people are in connection with the illegal online release of the final Star Wars film.A. blamed B. charged C. condemned D. accused14. His kept him from stealing even in his hardest time.A. conscience B. conscious C. conscientious D. consciousness15. Those books are helping to prepare men and women for a career as a flight .A. attendant B. attendance C. attending D. attendees16. World ______ 10 years by Bush’s New World Order, Says Blair Aide.A. set back B. stand back C. take back D. turn back17. The policemen ______ that the speeding car had crashed into the truck.A. certified B. testified C. proved D. confirmed18. A lot of students are suffering from the ______ of being near-sighted.A. drawback B. handicap C. blunder D. limitation19. The party didn’t ______ until midnight.A. break down B. break out C. break through D. break up20. The only thing ______ is wrong with this _____ a friend of mine said to me the other day.A. which, what B. what, that C. that, what D. that , whichⅡ. Choose the right word from the list given below for each blank:( 10分) 请按顺序把答案写在答题纸上。
标明题号!speak respective extended units proceed exchange ways transition sense resulting taken heart It is widely supposed that the primary analytic focus of Conversation Analysis (hereafter CA) is turntaking — the(1) _____in which taking turns is organised in conversation; the ways that speakers allocate next turns; how others know when it is their turn to speech; the orderly (2) _____ from one turn to the next; how turns at talk are (4) _____ through incremental continuations; how turns collide, (3) _____in overlapping talk between participants; how turns are constructed through (5) _____, enabling next speakers to begin their turn at the ‘right moment’. All these and more are aspects of how turns are (6) _____, constructed and transferred in conversation, in such a way that turn-taking is managed in an orderly fashion, and in such a way as to enable the business of talk-in-interaction to(7) _____ . The practices and mechanisms 第3页共 12 页for managing turn-taking and turn transitions are at the (8) _____of how the ‘work’ of interaction gets done. And so it is perhaps unsurprising that CA should be regarded as being ‘about’ turn-taking. Indeed, turn-taking must in some(9) _____ be constitutive of interaction，since inter-action requires something happening between participants; one says something and the other responds，and each does so in their (10) _____turns at talk; they must in some fashion take and exchange turns at talk. Turn-taking is thus fundamental to and constitutive of interaction．Ⅲ. Read the following texts carefully and then make a correct choice to answer the questions after each text:(40分)请按顺序把答案写在答题纸上。
标明题号!TEXT AIt is generally well known that in number of particularly dangerous parts of the world, for example the Middle East and the Indian/Pakistan border region, there are countries which either possess, or have the technology to produce, nuclear weapons. It is also worth remembering, however, that the United States is the only power ever to have used nuclear weapons against people. Nuclear weapons were first developed in the United States during the Second World War, to be used against Germany. However, by the time the first bombs were ready for use, the war with Germany had ended and, as a result, the decision was made to use the weapons against Japan instead. Hiroshima and Nagasaki have suffered the consequences of this decision to the present day. The real reason why bombs were dropped on two heavily populated cities are not altogether clear. A number of people in 1994 and early 1945 argued that the use of nuclear weapons would be unnecessary, since American Intelligence was aware that some of the most powerful and influential people in Japan had already realized that the war was lost, and wanted to negotiate a Japanese surrender. It was also argued that, since Japan has few natural resources, a blockade by the American navy would force it to surrender within a few weeks, and the use of nuclear weapons would thus prove unnecessary. If a demonstration of force was required to end the war, a bomb could be dropped over an unpopulated area like a desert, in front of Japanese observers, or over an area of low population inside Japan, such as a forest. Opting for this course of action might minimize the loss of further lives on all sides, while the power of nuclear weapons would still be adequately demonstrated.All of these arguments were rejected, however, and the general consensus was that the quickest way to end the fighting would be to use nuclear weapons against centers of population inside Japan. In fact, two of the more likely reasons why this decision 第4页共12 页was reached seem quite shocking to us now. Since the beginning of the Second World War both Germany and Japan had adopted a policy of genocide (i.e. killing as many people as possible, including civilians). Later on, even the U.S. and Britain had used the strategy of fire bombing cities (Dresden and Tokyo, for example) in order to kill, injure and intimidate as many civilians as possible. Certainly, the general public in the West had become used to hearing about the deaths of large numbers of people, so the deaths of another few thousand Japanese, who were the enemy in any case, would not seem particularly unacceptable---a bit of “justifiable” revenge for the Allies’ own losses, perhaps. The second reason is not much easier to comprehend. Some of the leading in the world had collaborated to develop nuclear weapons, and this development had resulted in a number of major advances in technology and scientific knowledge. As a result, a lot of normal, intelligent people wanted to see nuclear weapons used; they wanted to see just how destructive this new invention could be. It no doubt turned out to be even more “effective” than they had imagined.Questions 1-51. In Paragraph 1, the writer is suggesting that ________ is more likely to use nuclear weapons again. A. the U.S. B. the India/Pakistan Border region C. Middle East D. both B and C2. According to the author, a “blockade” would have been successful because________. A. the Americans could defeat Japan’s navy since it was short of resources B. an attack would probably destroy Japanese resources within a few weeks C. America would be resourceful enough to beat a blockade D. most of Japan’s natural resources depended on import3. The author refers to “normal, intelligent” people in Paragraph 6 because________. A. the author wants to emphasize the fact that they were among the cleverest scientists B. the author feels the decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan was correct C. the author believes this makes the decision to use nuclear weapons seem more shocking D. the author wants to show how many people wanted to observe the bombs being dropped4. Which one of the following statements is true? A. People in the west had got used to hearing the sounds of people dying. B. It would probably not be wise to inform people in the West of the deaths. 第5页共12 页 C. Scientists thought only a few thousand people would die if the bombs were used. D. People in the West would accept that some people had to die to end the war.5. In the last sentence of Paragraph 6, the writer implies that ________. A. he/she agrees with the decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan B. he/she thinks the decision to drop nuclear bombs on Japanese cities was wrong C. nuclear weapons worked much better than the scientists probably expected D. the weapons proved to be effective because Japan surrendered soon afterTEXT B Divorce is one of those creations, like fast food and little rock, that have more people willing to indulge in it than people willing to defend it. Back in th1960s, easier divorce was hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships. But familiarity has bred contempt. In recent years, the divorce revolution has been blamed for worsening all sorts of problems without bringing happiness to people in unhappy marriages. There’s a lot of evidence that martial breakup does more social harm than good. In their 2000 book, “The Case for Marriage”, Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher document that adults who are married do better than singles in wealth, health and personal satisfaction. Children living with a divorced or unwed single parent are more likely to fall into poverty, sickness and crime than other kids. Marriage is a good thing, most people agree, while divorce is, at least, a necessary evil. So the laws that accompanied the divorce revolution have come under fire for destroying families and weakening safeguards for spouses who keep their vows. Waite and Gallagher argue that loose divorce laws harm even intact households by fostering chronic uncertainty. Louisiana, in line with this criticism, has gone so far as to provide a “covenant marriage” option for couples who want the protection of stricter divorce rules. It may seem obvious that easier divorce laws make for more divorces and more insecurity. But what is obvious is not necessarily true. What two scholars have found is that when you make divorce easier to get, you may actually produce better marriages.In the old days, anyone who wanted to escape from the trials of wedlock had to get his or her spouse to agree to a split, or else go to court to prove the partner had done something terribly wrong (such as committing adultery). The ’60s and ’70s brought “no-fault” divorce, which is also known as “unilateral divorce”, since either party can bring it about without the consent of the other. 第6页共 12 页 The first surprise is that looser divorces laws have actually had little effect on the number of marriages that fall apart. Economic Research, found that when California passed a no-fault divorce law in 1970, the divorce rate jumped, then fell back to its old level---and then fell some more. That was also the pattern in other states that loosened their laws. Over time, he estimates the chance that a first marriage would break up rose by just one-fourth of 1 percentage point, which is next to nothing. In short, nothing bad happened. But in another NBER paper, Wolfers and fellow economist Betsey Stevenson, who will soon be associated with the University of Pennsylvania, report that in states that relaxed their divorce laws, some very good things happened: Fewer women committed suicide, and fewer were murdered by husbands or other “intimate” parents. In addition, both men and women suffered less domestic violence, compared to states that didn’t change their laws. We’re not talking about tiny improvements here. Wolfers and Stevenson say that in no-fault dates, there was a 10 percent drop in a woman’s chance of being killed by her spouse or boyfriend. The rate of female suicide in new no-fault states fell by about 20 percent. The effect was more dramatic still for domestic violence which “declined by somewhere between a quarter and a half between 1976 and 1985 in those states that reformed their divorce laws”, according to Stevenson and Wolfers. What could account for these surprising benefits? Something simple: A change in divorce laws alters the balance of power in a marriage, giving more leverage to the weaker or more vulnerable spouse. If either partner can demand a divorce, each has a great incentive to keep the other content. If an abused spouse has an open exit, some abusers--- and potential abusers--- will find it possible to behave themselves. By assuring both people in a marriage that they can get out if things go badly, the looser laws can foster the sort of behavior needed to make sure things go well. Just as a driver in a small car will drive more cautiously than someone in an oversized sport-utility vehicle, couples faced with loose divorce laws may handle their family obligations with greater care. No-fault divorce once looked like a remedy for bad marriages, in the same way that amputation is a remedy for a gangrenous limb. The good news is that it may prevent the disease in the first place.Questions 6-106. The “divorce revolution” (Para.1) refers to ________. A. defending divorce B. practicing divorce C. facilitating divorce D. indulging in divorce7. According to Waite and Gallagher's book, divorce is responsible for its harmful effects on all the following EXCEPT________. A. social recognition B. physical health第7页共12 页C. financial success D. children’s development8. The reason why the author takes it as a first surprise (Para.7) that looser divorce laws having little effects on the divorce rate is that ________. A. there was no such “no-fault” divorce in the old days B. easier laws seem to make for more divorces C. easier laws harm intact households D. couples want the protection of stricter divorce rules9. Which of the following is NOT true of looser divorce laws? A. They seemed to be effective in reducing domestic violence. B. They may have prevented some murders. C. They may have led to a decline in female suicide. D. They brought about a decrease in the divorce rate.10. It can be inferred form this passage that the author holds a (n) ________ attitude towards the divorce revolution.A. ambiguous B. positive C. negative D. radical. TEXT CBritain is throwing out more than 1 million tonnes of electronic “e-waste” such as broken computer monitors and discarded mobile phones every year, and new government figures show that more than ever is going abroad, mostly to China, west Africa. Pakistan and India. In one case, the documents on a container waiting to be shipped from Felixstowe to Pakistan declared that its contents were innocuous plastic packaging. But when customs officers opened it up they found tons of broken computer monitors and other electronic waste collected by a south Wales company which was sending it to Lahore to be dismantled by hand for its lead and other valuable toxic contents. The illegal shipment of hazardous waste was blocked and returned. The government’s pollution watchdog, the Environment Agency, says the e-waste exports are worth hundreds of millions of pounds. Last year such waste involved tens of thousands of old computers, 500,000 television sets, 3 million refrigerators,160,000 tonnes of electrical equipment and millions of discarded mobile phones, all sent to the poorest countries in the world.But the agency admits it has no idea how much of the waste is being deliberately dumped on poor countries by companies trying to avoid paying increasingly high disposal costs in the UK, and how much is only technically illegal because companies have filled in the forms incorrectly. “It is not necessarily all illegal,” said an agency spokesman. “There is a legitimate international trade in goods with an第8页共12 页 overseas market for usable equipment such as computers and TVs. Further work will help us to find out how much it is illegal. Our investigations suggest some exporters are not seeking the appropriate legal authorization.” However, two reports not released by the Environment Agency but seen by the Guardian suggest the problem is far greater than the government wants to admit. One, by the Industry Council for Electronic Equipment Recycling (Icer), is based on confidential interviews with businesses and concludes that most computer exports are certainly waste because the goods are neither tested nor repaired before export. Another, by Impel, a grouping of six European countries’ environment agencies including Britain’s, says that, exporters are finding new ways of bypassing the rules and that governments have neither the resources nor the will to give any priority to checking what leaves the country.Impel’s ongoing study of six major European ports, including Felixstowe, has found that 22% of all the waste exports checked for more than a year were illegal. Enforcement agencies in the Netherlands, Germany, Britain, Poland and elsewhere found large quantities of computer equipment, electrical cable, cathode ray tubes, single-use cameras, old tyres, and oil and contaminated motor parts being exported. In many cases the authorities had to let the shipment go because they could not tell what equipment was reusable or what was obsolete.Many of the containers inspected showed misleading information about their contents and origin, and the report suggested scrap exporters were trying to confuse the authorities. One tactic, it noted, was to “port hop”---send waste from one European destination to another, leaving a trail of documents which are impossible to check. A shipment of British single-use cameras complete with batteries was sent to Germany, where it was twice repacked before being shipped to China for “recycling”. China and India, thought to be the target of most e-waste exports, have urged Britain and other rich countries through the UN and other international forums to stop exporting hazardous waste because they do not have the facilities to inspect all the traffic being sent. The scale of the trade and the damage it is doing is becoming clear. A major investigation by an international coalition of environmental groups earlier this year found huge quantities of e-waste being exported to China, Pakistan and India, where it was being reprocessed in operations extremely harmful to both human health and the environment.“We 。