英语语法--非谓语动词非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义1）不定式时态\语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done2）动名词时态\语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3）现在分词时态\语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done4)分词 dogo主动被动现在分词doingbeing donegoing过去分词/donegone完成式having donehaving been done/1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作； 而不定式作主语表示具体动作Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）To see is to believe.百闻不如一见To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮注)动名词作表语与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的.动名词做表语说明主语的性质或情况.People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方.一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”，而是“使激动”,“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”.所以,凡表示“令人…的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到…”都用-ed形式.换句话说，若人对…感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin开始 expect期望omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装ask问dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love爱swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力offer提供beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望promise承诺，允许start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议seek找，寻觅 try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤command命令 inten想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨finish完成,结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago我很感激两年前给我出国学习机会(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6) mean to do打算，有意要…mean doing意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词.例如:I should like to see him tomorrow．10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法已讲过)I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情This illness will mean (your) going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院4．不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语如：tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊He is always the first to come and the last to leave．他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去2)分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要见那位正在办公室写病历的医生吗？（3）动名词作定语表示物体的用途和属性，而现在分词作定语表示物体正在进行的动作和状态A sleeping car一辆轿车 a sleeping baby一个正在睡觉的婴儿5．不定式和分词作状语的区别（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件.动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因.Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现一些从前不知道的东西(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。
条件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架结果)We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义b：做结果状语的不定式只出现在句子末尾,常见的不定式动词find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构 （1)疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。
如：When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定主语)I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书双重宾语）（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to.这类词有:feel觉得 observe注意到,看到 overhear听到watch注视listen to听 perceive察觉,感知notice注意see看见look at看hear听eg: On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。
如：Let him do it.让他做吧I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了 (注)：①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：He was seen to come．The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语例如：It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词例如：Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦7．非谓语动词中的有关句型1）Doing...+ v. Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术Seeing is believing.眼见为实2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用It is no good objecting.反对也没有用It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费8.非谓语动词练习 综合练习：1. In the past, people used__that the moon was too far away___.But now it is possible for man __there by spaceship. A. to think, not to reach, to get B. to think, to reach, to get C. to thinking, to reach, will get D. thought, to reach, to get to2. Her son promised __________ in the bedroom until the baby stopped __________. A. staying, to cry B. to stay, crying C. for staying, to cry D. to stay, to cry3. I hadn’t expected Robert __________ but I had hoped __________. A. to apologize, that he could call B. apologize, that he would call C. to apologize, him to call me D. apologize, him to call me4. I wondered whether the film was __________ worth __________. A. very, to see B. well, seeing C. very, begin seen D. well, to be seen5. The man managed to make himself __________ with his __________ French. A. understood, breaking B. understand, broken C. understand, breaking D. understood, broken6. I forbid __________ here. Who has permitted you _________ here? A. smoking, to smoke B. smoke, smoking C. smoking, smoking D. to smoke, smoking7. Mrs Smith warned her daughter __________ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive8. A person __________ a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language __________ all his own. A.learning, forgetting B. who learns, to forget C. to learn, to forget D. using, but9. ________from the moon, our earth, with water________ seven percent of its surface, appear as a “blue ball”. A. Seen, covered B. Seeing, covering C. Seen, covering D. To see, to cover10. As she is looking forward to __________ from me, please remember __________ this letter on your way to school.A. hear, post B. hearing, to post C. be heard, posting D. be hearing, to posting11. The sentence needs __________. A. to improve B. improve C. improving D. improved12. He is _______ honest a man _______ a lie. A. so, to tell B. too, to tell C. very, to tell D. such, that tell13. The lecture began by ________ us where the island was, and went on _______ about its history. A. telling, talking B. to tell, to talk C. telling, to talk D. he told, talking14. After seeing the movie, ___________. A. the book was read by him B. the book made him want to read it C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him15. He is said __________ for five years. A. to have died B. to have been dead C. to die D. dead16. I don’t think it advisable __________. A. your studying maths B. you to study maths C. for you to study maths D. of you to study maths17. ---“Did you have any difficulty in today’s homework?” ---“No, in fact I found __________.” A. it very easy to do B. it very easy done C. very easy for doing D. very easy to do it18. It is better to lose one’s life than __________. A. if you lose your spirit B. losing his spirit C. to lose one’s spirit D. your spirit getting lost19. ---“Why doesn’t he make notes?” ---“He has no pen __________. He seems __________ it.” A. to write, to forget bringing B. to write with, to forget to bring C. to use with, to have forgotten bring D. to write with, to have forgotten to bring20. It is foolish _________ such a mistake. A. for me to make B. for me making C. of me to make D. of me making21. ---“Shall we go skating or stay at home?”---“Which __________ do yourself?” A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather22. They knew her very well. They had seen her __________ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow23. Last summer I took a course on _________. A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made24. Tom kept quiet about the accident __________ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to30. She reached the top of the hill and stopped ______ on a big rock by the side of the path.. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest31. What’s the language __________ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak32. ---“I usually go there by train.”---“Why not __________ by boat for a change?” A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going33. The next morning she found the man _________ in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying34. Most of the people __________ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invited C. being invited D. inviting35. __________ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. having not received36. ---“Good morning. Can I help you?”---“I’d like to have this package __________, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed37. There was a terrible noise __________ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed38. __________ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given39. __________, I went to the railway station to see my friend off. A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinner C. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner40. The murderer was brought in, with his hands __________ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied41. The secretary worked late into the night, __________ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing42. I can hardly imagine Peter __________ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed43. ---“The light in the office is still on.” ---“Oh, I forgot __________.” A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off44. John was made __________ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing45. Mother __________ us stories when we were young. A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling。