2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案202I英语真题答案 2021年考研英语(一)真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health. " But some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter doesshort-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, heart rate and oxygen consumptionBut because hard laughter is difficult to , a goodlaugh is unlikely to have benefits the way, say,walking or jogging does. ,instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently acplishes the , studies dating back to the 第1页共32页 1930* s indicate that laughter, muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help theeffects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types offeedback, that improve an individual' s emotional state.one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted physical reactions. Itwas argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry they aresad but they bee sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also tears, evidence suggests thatemotions can flow muscular responses. In anexperiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz. 1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like 2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce 3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining 4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe 5. [A] measurable 第2页共32页[B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable 6. [A] Inturn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief[7] [A] opposite[8] impossible [C] average [D] expected 8. [A] hardens[9] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes 9. [A] aggravate[10] generate [C] moderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical[8] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal11. [A] Exceptfor [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for12. [A] with[8] on [C] in [D] at13. [A] unless[8] until [C] if [D] because14. [A] exhausts[8] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses15. [A] into[8] from [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fetch[8] bite [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed[8] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent第3页共32页18. [A] adapted[8] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting[8] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly[D] Conversely Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points) Text1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2021. Forthe most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. " Hooray!At last! ” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One 第4页共32页of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is paratively little known. EvenTommasini, who had advocated Gilbert' s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. " As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. AllI have to do is to go to my CD shelf or boot up my puter and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For 第5页共32页 the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must pete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater panies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today' s live performances; moreover, they can be " consumed " at a time and place of the listener' s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert' s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into " a markedly different, more vibrant organization. " But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra' s repertoire will not be enough. If第6页共32页Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America' s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract. 21.We learn from Para. 1 that Gilbert' s appointment has [A] incurred criticism. [B] raised suspicion. [C] received acclaim. [D] aroused curiosity. 22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A] influential. [B] modest.[C] respectable. [D] talented.23. Theauthor believes that the devoted concertgoers[A] ignore the expenses of live performances. [B] reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C] exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D] overestimate the value of live performances. 24.According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B] They are easily accessible to the general public. [C] They 第7页共32页 help improve the quality of music. [D] They have only covered masterpieces. 25.Regarding Gilbert' s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels [A] doubtful. [B] enthusiastic.[C] confident. [D] puzzled.Text2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a pany. " Broadcasting his ambition was"very much my decision, " McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September29. McGeesays leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And 第8页共32页McGee isn' t alone. Inrecent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. Asboards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don' t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has seniormanagers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a . Inthe third quarter; CEO turnover was down23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. Thedecision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For 第9页共32页years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. SaysKorn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: " I can' t think of a single search I' ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. " Those who jumped without a job haven' t always landed in top positions quickly. EllenMarram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Inter based modities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 20xx with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The 第10页共32页 traditional rule was it' s safer to stay where you are, but that' s been fundamentally inverted, “ says one headhunter. "The people who' ve been hurt the worst are those who' ve stayed too long." 26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A] arrogant. [B] frank.[C] self-centered. [D] impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives' quitting may be spurred by [A] their expectation of better financial status. [B] their need to reflect on their private life. [C] their strained relations with the boards. [D] their pursuit of new career goals. 28.The word " poached " (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means [A] approved of. [B] attended to. [C] hunted for. [D] guarded against. 29.第11页共32页It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] top performers used to cling to their posts, [B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C] top performers care more about reputations. [D] it' s safer to stick to the traditional rules. 30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A] CEOs: Where to Go? [B] CEOs: All the Way Up? [C] Top Managers Jump without a [D] The Only Way Out for Top Performers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television mercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, panies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create u owned " media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For 第12页共32页 earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketerT s owned media bee another marketer' s paid media - for instance, when an e-merce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-merce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson&; Johnson, for exIe, has created BabyCenter; a stand-alone media property that promotes plementary and even petitive products. Besides generating ine, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives panies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other panies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all panies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) 第13页共32页 munications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or caign bees hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social works, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target pany at risk. In such a case, the pany' s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for exIe, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response caign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as and the social-news siteDigg. 31. Consumers 第14页共32页 may create “earned“ media when they are [A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products. [D]enthusiastic about remending their favorite products.32. Accordingto Paragraph2, sold media feature [A] a safe business environment. [B] random petition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. Theauthor indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media [A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer petition. [D] deserve all the negative ments about them. 34. 第15页共32页Toyota Motor' s experience is cited as an exIe of [A] responding effectively to hijacked media. [B] persuading customers into boycotting products. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media. 35.Which of the following is the text mainly about ? [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media. [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media. [C] Dominance of hijacked media. [D] Popularity of owned media. Text4 It' s no surprise that Jennifer Senior' s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, " I love My Children, I Hate My Life, " is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a pletely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Ratherthan concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even 第16页共32页 though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment den our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight. " The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. Thereare also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual "Jennifer Aniston is pregnantw news. Practicallyevery week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten killing ? It doesn' t seem quite fair, then, to pare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn' t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery 第17页共32页must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. Ofcourse, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. Accordingto several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their "own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake. It' s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. Butit' s interesting to wonder if the images we seeevery week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren' t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting ” the 第18页共32页Rachelw might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. 36. JenniferSenior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring [A] temporary delight [B] enjoyment in progress [C] happiness in retrospect [D] lasting reward 37. We learn from Paragraph2 that [A] celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip. [B] singlemothers with babies deserve greater attention. [C] news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining. [D] having children is highly valued by the public. 38. It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks [A] are constantly exposed to criticism. [B] are largely ignored by the media. [C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities. [D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life. 39. According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is [A] soothing. [B] ambiguous.[C] pensatory. [D] misleading. 第19页共32页40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B] Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing. PartB Directions: The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. ForQuestions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. Youcan, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But 第20页共32页the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree inthe humanities is nine years. Notsurprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style:22% of American college graduates now major in business pared with only2% in history and 4% in English. However;many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “ general education w should look like. AtHarvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read ” -they form a sort of social glue. [C]Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. Thereare simply too few posts. This 第21页共32页is partly because universities continue to produceever more PhDs. Butfewer students want to study humanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor* s degrees in 1970-71 than they did20 years later. Fewerstudents requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-spe。