2014理工A完形填空第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities A new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents." Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ． The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services. Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities. 1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back 2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban 3．A reduce B increase C study D measure4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant5 5．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify 6．A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major 7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits 8．A threats B interests C functions D differences 9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildlyl0．A provide B improve C lack D update11．A without B with C in D on12．A moreover B therefore C however D though13．A other than B more than C less than D rather than14．A train B automobile C bus D bike15．A idle B smart C busy D secure答案与题解：1. C 本题的答案是carried out（执行；完成）。
A new examination of urban policies has beencarried out” 意思上配得上carried along（携带）、carried away（运走）和carried back（运回）与下文的意思搭配不上2.D通篇文章讨论的是气候变化对城市的影响及其应对措施，并没有涉及economic （经济的）、industrial （工业的）和rural （农村的）的话题所以，这三个选项不可能是答案，urban才是答案3.A前面一句谈到，发展中国家的飞速成长的城市备受气候变化的折磨本句紧接上一句的意思，大多数城市没有做到减少二氧化碳的排放量四个选项中，要选reduce4. B 减少的不仅是二氧化碳，还有greenhouse gases （温室气体）gases 是答案5. C 城市应该采取有效的措施应对气候变化采取措施的目的当然是为了保护城市居民可是Lankao 发现这样做的城市太少了本题选protect 最合适6.D前面说到大多数城市没有做到减少或控制二氧化碳的排放量这说明“Cities are majorsources of greenhouse gases”（城市是温室气体的主要来源），不会是doubtful sources （不能确定的来源）, possible sources（可能的来源），更不会是repeatable sources（不断重复的来源）。
7.D城市居民最易受气候变化的伤害，所以 Lankao 建议地方政府要进行政策介入以降低居民因气候变化受到的伤害，而这会带来立即的和长期的益处因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除benefits（益处）才是答案8.A 由climate change 引发的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 给城市居民造成伤害interests 、functions 和differences 这三个词与storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 造成的伤害挂不上号，不会是答案storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 对城市居民会构成威胁因此threats 才是答案9. B 为什么prolonged hot weather 对城市居民造成的伤害超过对其周边地区居民造成的伤害？因为城市道路是大量铺设沥青的道路heavily 是答案其他三个选项不符合上述意思10.C 贫穷社区更易受到伤害，句子给出有关基础设施的各个方面贫穷社区的基础设施一定是不尽如人意的所以要选lack11.A贫穷国家许多人住在不符合标准的房子里。
下面提到reliable thinking water、roads 和basic services 这些基础设施，从上下文判断，贫穷居民不会享有这些基础设施所以选without 比较合理12.B 本题的答案是therefore上文说的是气候变化给城镇居民带来的种种问题下文说的是地方政府应该采取相应的对策以保护城镇居民两部分的叙述是一种因果关系，所以要选therefore13.D rhetoric responses （言辞反应，即用言语予以搪塞的反应）和meaningful responses （有意义的反应）是两种截然不同的反应地方政府的反应是前者还是后者？随后的句子，特别是a hands-off approach，说明地方政府作出的是rhetoric responses，而不是meaningfulresponses 所以本题要选rather than（而不是）14.B 句中的“…emphasize mass transit”提示，要减少的运输工具不会是大众交通工具，因此选项中的train 和bus便可排除bike 是人力驱动，不会释放二氧化碳，也可排除答案是automobile 私人汽车排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。
15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， Lankao 敦促地方政府改变的一定是他们无所作为（ idle) 的政策idle 是正确的选择第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a newstudy． Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake． Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal． 1．A change B charge C chain D chance 2．A trust B decide C suggest D calculate 3．A number B amount C volume D product 4．A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk 5．A severe B enough C weak D active 6．A buying B preparing C eating D cooking 7．A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful 8．A examination B suffering C determination D possibility 9．A degree B dimension C angle D range 10．A use B hate C reject D like 11．A transported B provided C preserved D convened 12．A cook B patient C customer D visitor 1 3．A measures B care C advantages D turns 14．A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing 1 5．A increasing B finding C lowering D taking答案与题解：1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。
statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”选择charge 是对的2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思所以suggest 是个不二的选择3.B 与降低unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risklower frequency（降低频率）、lowertreatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险所以本题的答案是enough6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buyingcheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。
所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就……而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”possibility 是答案9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”所以，like 是答案其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。
provided 是答案12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的takemeasure的意思是“采取措施”其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，takeadvantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”buying a seatbelt,cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险所以，lowering（降低）是答案第十四篇 Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s Waters It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1. They are thought to 1 people frequently. But these fish2 perform a 2 service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their 3 Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 4 Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 5 their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, 6 people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 7 a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the 8 when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack. A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and 9 produced by animals. These powerful 10 help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any 11 sharks, and plants that live in the ocean. Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark’s body defense, and immune 12 against disease. Researchers know that sharks 13 quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease. Sharks are important for the world’s 14 . They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 15 . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.1. A attack B meet C love D visit 2. A terrible B eatable C valuable D possible 3. A source B existence C friends D fish 4. A Space B Sky C Land D Earth 5. A because B since C because of D by reason that 6. A whose B which C that D where 7. A to B for C like D with 8. A times B places C seas D oceans 9. A sciences B mathematics C chemicals D physics 10. A feelings B senses C touches D tastes 11. A those B these C another D other 12. A systems B processes C ideas D circles 13. A recover B reform C return D rely 14. A rivers B oceans C forests D mountains 15. A weak B little C few D great答案与题解： 1．A 本题应选择 attack，因为第一句说到：人们认为鲨鱼是 a deadly enemy，也就是说鲨鱼会对人类造成伤害。
第二句是对 deadly enemy的具体说明其他的三个选项 meet，love，visit都不合适， love与上下文意思相反， meet和 visit与上下文意思不符 2．C 空格 2所在的句子由 but连接，所以该句子表达的意思一定与第二句相反第二句对鲨鱼的评价是负面的，填入空格 2的词应该是正面的四个选项中只有 valuable符合这一条件，所以是答案 3．B 第三句说到鲨鱼有益于 “waters and human beings”，第五句又说到鲨鱼濒临灭绝的危险根据上下文的意思，threatening（威胁）到它们的应该是 existence（生存）其他的三个选项 source，friends，fish都不合适，与上下文意思没有联系 4．D 如果鲨鱼消失，从什么地方消失呢 ?当然从 earth（地球）上消失从 space（宇宙空间）、 sky（天空）中消失，或从 land（陆地）上消失，都有悖常理 5．C 四个选项的意思都是 “因为“，但是从用法上分析， because、since和 by reason that之后要接句子， because of之后接名词或名词短语 their warm waters是名词短语，所以要选用 because of。
6．D “… people also swim”明显是定语从句，其先行词是表示地点的名词 area，所以要选关系副词 where 7．B 从上下文判断，本句的意思是：鲨鱼将人错认为是海洋动物而“将……错认为是 ”的英语表达是 mistake … for，所以本题的答案是选项 B 8．A 本段的意思是：鲨鱼并非故意袭击人类人们认为，由于鲨鱼将人错认为是海狮等海洋动物，在饥饿时才袭击人类日出和日落时，正是鲨鱼饥肠辘辘的时候，人们不应该出海游泳空格 8填入的词应该与时间有关，所以 times是答案，而与地点有关的选项（ places seas和 oceans）与上下文意思脱节 9．C 本段第一、二句是说，鲨鱼的嗅觉特别灵敏，能嗅到海水中存在的极为微量的气味作者举了三个物质：血、体液和化学品空格 9要填入表示物质的名词四个选项中惟一表达物质的词是 chemicals（化学品）所以 chemicals是答案，而其它三个选项与学科有关，脱离了上下文的意思，不是本题的答案 10．B 在第一、二句意思的基础上，作者进一步说明，灵敏的嗅觉有助于鲨鱼找到食物所以本题的答案是选项 D的 senses，因为 feelings，touches和 tastes都与 smells无关。
11．D 本句的中心词是复数的 sharks，another所修饰的名词一般是单数，所以不会是答案 these和 those是表特指的代词，指代前面出现过的名词由于前面没有先行词，所以也不可能是答案剩下的 other是答案， any other sharks的说法也合乎英语的用法 12．A 从上下文判断，医学研究人员想要更多了解的是 “身体抗病 system（系统） ”，不会是 “身体抗病 idea（思想）”、“身体抗病工作（ work）”或“身体抗病 circle（周期） ” 13．A 本段昀后一句的意思是：医学研究人员研究鲨鱼的目的是为了找到一种人类抗病的方法所以空格 l3所在句子的意思应该是 recover（quickly from injuries）科学家想要探索的应该是有关受伤鲨鱼 recover quickly from injuries的秘密，而 reform（改造）、 return（回归）和 rely（依靠）只是与答案 recover词形上有点相似而已，其意思与上下文的意思风马牛不相及 14．B 从上下文判断，鲨鱼的存在能使 oceans得益鲨鱼不生活在 rivers、forests或 mountains中，所以，这三个选项不会是答案。
15．D 本段的其余三句都是说明为什么鲨鱼有益于海洋它们吃海洋动物，结果使得海洋中的动物数量不会过多 weak、little、few都与上面表达的意思相反，所以，只有 great是答案第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows."We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8."With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9."There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.1.A．internal B. different C. difficult D. widespread2.A．volume B. length C. extent D. width3.A．function B. repair C. build D. remove4.A．durability B. strength C. ability D. property5.A．ascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover6.A．shorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger7.A．when B. what C. how D. which8.A．occasionally B. frequently C. specially D. recently9.A．development B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition10.A．unless B. until C. after D. before 11.A．findings B. locations C. events D. sources12.A．delivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached13.A．near B. from C. inside D. over 14.A．prevent B. accelerate C. predict D. detect15.A．styles B. sites C. costs D. standards答案与题解：1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significant level。
根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上2.C 本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to…”中，"these communities need to...”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。
选function是对的其他选项都不合适4.B 浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）5.C 浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)collapse是答案若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上6.A 地震持续的时间一般为数十秒这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短7.C 从意思上看，选how是正确的when structures、what structures或which structures意思明显不通8.D 第三段第二句出现“particularly recent sediment…"recent sediment浸水后就失去了强度这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的9.B 分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soil development（土壤发展）、soilformation（土壤形成）soil composition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。
若选phenomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项1O.D 选unless、until或after都不合逻辑本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料before是答案11.C 本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险四个选项中只有events合适similar events指的是“类似的地震事件”若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或sources（来源），句子的意思就不对12.B 本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义句中的those指代sedimentsquot;young" sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sedimentsdeposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案13.A 上一段说，younger soils是非常脆弱的。
本句的anything指的是soils哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的正确的选择应该是near，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区因此near是答案14.A 加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌选项prevent是答案15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑。