一、语法专题-形容词和副词的比较级（一）形容词的比较等级(1)—用法讲解大多数的形容词都有三个级别：原级、比较级、最高级其中比较级表示“更……”，用于两者之间的比较，用来说明“前者比后者更……”，比较级前面一般用much, even, a little修饰，其中even, much 只能修饰比较级最高级表示“最……”，用于三者及三者以上之间的比较，用来说明“某人或某物在某个范围内最……”① 形容词的比较级(-er)和最高级(-est)的构成a. 规则变化之口诀：直接加；去e加；双写加；变着加 b. 不规则变化原级比较级最高级good / wellbetterbestbad / illworseworstmany / muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther, furtherfarther, furtheroldolder, elderoldest, eldest② 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成及用法③ 比较级前的修饰语still, even, any, quite(a bit), almost, nearly, just, rather；a little, a bit；much, a lot, far, many；twice, ten times, one fourth, two pounds, three years【小试牛刀】1. I cant run any ____________(far). Shall we stop for a while? 2. It is not so (hot) today as it was yesterday, 3. ______________ (hard) you study, ____________ (good) you will be at English.4.--Which do you like ____________ (well), English, Maths or Chinese? --English is my favorite subject.5. Our country is becoming _______________ and ________________ (beautiful).（二）形容词的比较等级(2)—常见句型① A=B A+ V + as + adj./adv. + as + B （与。
一样）He is as tall as I/me. 他和我一样高He is as good a teacher as his father.他和他的父亲一样是个好教师② A≠ B A + V + not + as/so + adj./adv. + as + B （与不一样）They didn’t do as/so much work as you did. 他们干得事没有你多I’ve never seen as/so old a car as this.我从来没有见过像这样旧的车③ A > B 或A < B A + V + 比较级 + than + B （比Tom is two years older than his brother. 汤姆比他的弟弟大两岁Our classroom is bigger than theirs. 我们的教室比他们的大④ 表示倍数A + V + twice/four times/… + as + adj./adv. + as + B（A是B的两倍/四倍/…）This room is twice as large as that one. 整个房间是那房间的两倍大。
The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.地球是月球的49倍大⑤ 表示程度的递增主语 + V + 比较级+ and+比较级 (…越来越…) 主语 + V + more and more+ +adj./adv. (…越来越…) The days are getting shorter and shorter.白天变得越来越长了Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的国家变得越来越美了⑥ 表示两种情况同时变化The+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + …，the+ 比较级+ 主语+ V + …(…越…越…) The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.=If we get together more, we’ll be happier.我们聚得越多，我们就会越高兴The harder you study, the better you’ll be at English.= If you study harder, you’ll be better at English.你学习越努力，你的英语成绩越好。
⑦ 主语+ be +one of the+ 最高级 + n.(pl.) + in/of… (…是最…之一) Beijing is one of the oldest cities in China.北京是中国最古老的城市之一⑧ 主语+ V the+ 最高级 + in/of… (…最…) Ann studies hardest of all the girls in our class.安妮是我们班学习最用功的学生之一⑨ 主语+ V the+ 比较级 + of the two… (…<两者中>较…的) Lily is the taller of the twins.莉莉是这两个双胞胎中较高的那个⑩ 主语+ V 比较级 + than + any other +n. (单数) + in… (…比任何其他的更…) 主语+ V 比较级 + than + any of the other +n. (复数) + in…(…比任何其他的更…)He is taller than any other student in his class.他比他班级中其他的任何学生高。
He is taller than any of the other students in his class.= He is the tallest students in his class.【小试牛刀】1. It is not so______________ (beautiful) as the one back home. 2. Li Lin is not as______________ (active)as he used to be. 3. The air pollution is much______________ (serious)in our city than in theirs. 4. This is one of the______________(delicious)dishes in this restaurant. 5. Judy got the______________(many)new ideas of all the students here.三、祈使句（一）祈使句用法讲解祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子其主语you常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号，读降调。
1. 肯定的祈使句（1）动词原形+其他 Stand up, please. = Please stand up. 请起立2）Be + n./adj. Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! Be careful! = Look out! = Take care! 小心 / 当心！（3）Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分 Let me help you. 让我来帮你 Let’s go to school together. 咱们一起上学去吧2. 否定的祈使句(1) Dont + 动词原形 Dont stand up. 别站起来 Dont be careless. 别粗心 Dont let them play with fire. 别让他们玩火2) Let型的否定式有两种:“Dont + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分” Dont let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走 Let them not play with fire. 别让他们玩火。
3) no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句 No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!3. 祈使句的强调形式，通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do 例如：Do shut up! 快住口！ 4. 祈使句的回答 祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用 will或won’t 在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点： 1) 形式一致(即Yes与will保持一致；No与won’t保持一致) 2) 意思相反(即Yes是 “不”的意思；No是 “是”的意思) 在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件如：--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside. 请不要出去外面雨下得很大 ---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport. 不行，我得去机场接我弟弟 （二）易错点讲解1、放句首时，要注意Don’t后面要用动词原形；2、当人称后面有标点符号时，要注意是用祈使句还是用三单如：Lucy, don’t be late again. Lucy, a 17-year-old girl, is not late again.3、祈使句与or的搭配， 如：Hands up, or we’ll shoot. 【趁热打铁】1. _______ late again, Bill! A. Dont to be B. Dont be C. Not be D. Be not2. _______ cross the road until the traffic lights turn green. A. Not B. Wont C. Doesnt D. Dont3. Kate, _______ your homework here tomorrow. A. bring B. brings C. to bring D. bringing4. ________ me the truth, or Ill be angry. A. Telling B. To tell C. Told D. Tell5 .Her doctor said: “________ work so hard” A Stop B Don’t C Can’t D No 6. Sindy, ________ to be here at 8 o’clock A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure 7.________ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D To be careful 8. ________ in bed. It’s bad for your eyes. A Not to read B Don’t read C Don’t to read D Not read 9 ______ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never 四、should和had better（一）should用法讲解1. 用于第一人称疑问句，表征询意见。
如：Should I open the window? 我可以开窗户吗？2. should表义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来如：You should do what your parents tell you.你应该照你父母的话去做事He should do some work, but he doesn’t want to.他应该做些工作，但是他不想做也可指现在如：You shouldn’t be sitting in the sun.你不应该坐在阳光下3. should表推测，暗含很大的可能如：It’s 4:30. They should be in New York by now. 现在是四点半，他们应该到达纽约了二）had better用法讲解1. had better的基本用法特点其意为“最好”、“应该”，后接动词原形，与情态动词should用法相似，其中的had通常缩略为 ‘d如：You’d better get some sleep．你最好去睡一会儿We had better go before it rains. 我们最好在下雨前就去2. had better如何构成否定式和疑问式构成否定式时，通常将not置于had better之后(而不是had之后)；而构成疑问式时，则通常将had(而不是had better)置于主语之前。
如：I’d better not disturb him．我最好别去打扰他What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办? 【注】在否定疑问句或反意疑问句中可将not与had连用如：Hadn’t we better go now? 我们是不是现在就去呢? 3. had better后接进行式有时后接动词的进行式，表示最好马上做某事如：I think I’d better be going．我想我最好还是马上走You’d better be getting your clothes ready. 你最好马上把衣服准备好趁热打铁】句式转换：You should go to school on time.(否定句)__________________________________________________________You had better get here early.(否定句)____________________________________________________________You should dress neatly.(同义句) _____________________________________________________________ We’d better put the rubbish in the bin.(划线提问)___________________________________________________________单选( )1. This dictionary belongs to Rita. You ____________ it home without letting her know. A. had better not to take B. shouldn’t take C. needn’t take D. shouldn’t be taking( )2. This is a very important project，so you _______ plan it very carefully. A. should B. will C. dare D. need( )3. You had better ________ football near the street，it’s very dangerous. A. not to play B. don’t play C. not play D. to not play( )4. Our money is very limited， so you ___________ so much money on so dear a skirt. A. shouldn’t spent B. shouldn’t be spending C. needn’t spent D. won’t spend动词不定式1、动词不定式作宾语一些动词，如want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare,等，常接动词不定式作宾语。
当动词不定式作宾语时，如果后接宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后应注意有些动词后面可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但所表达的意义不同常见的有：（1）stop to do sth.停止正在做的事，去做另一件事；stop doing sth. .停止正在做的事（2）go on to do sth. 做完一件事后，继续做另一件事；go on doing sth.继续做同一件事（3）remember/forget to do sth.记住／忘记去做某事；remember/forget doing sth. 记得／忘记做过某事有一些动词后面后面是省略to的情况，如see, watch, look at, hear, make, let, help等常考词组：expect to do 期望做 refuse to do 拒绝做 plan to do计划做 decide to do 决定做agree to do 同意做 learn to do 学会做 hope to do 希望做 prepare to do 准备做 want to do 想做 choose to do 选择做。
wait to do 等待做wish to do 希望做2、动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语主要用来修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因为了强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order或so as常用结构有too + adj./adv. + to dosth.等趁热打铁】1. It took half an hour _______(get) to the World Park from Kitty’s school.2. It was interesting _______(see) so many places of interest from all over the world.3. They want _______(save) time by using shorter words and phrases. 4. Kitty’s classmate Daniel taught himself how _______(make) a home page.5. He put his photos on it for everyone _______(look) at.6. Help him _______(put) the photos in the correct order. 7. He made the girl _______(cry) yesterday.8. It’s time for class. Please stop _______(talk). 9. I’d like _______(go) to the Temple of Heaven.英语的简单句有五种基本句型：掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
主＋谓； 主＋谓＋宾；主＋系＋表； 主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾；主＋谓＋直宾＋宾补过去进行时用法 1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while例如： （1）We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视 （2）What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示如： What was she doing at nine oclock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点) When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。
(when从句表示时间点)1) 掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下：was/were(+not)ing formIwas(+not)dancing.You/We/Theywere(+not)He/She/Itwas(+not)Was Idancing?Wereyou/we/theyWashe/she/itYes,Iwas.you/we/theywere.he/she/itwas.No,Iwas not/wasn’t.you/we/theywere not/weren’t.he/she/itwas not/wasn’t.while, when,aswhen 和 as 既可以指某一点时间，也可以指某一段时间，其从句谓语动词表示的动作既可以是瞬间性的，也可以是延续性的；while指一段时间，从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的即：指一段时间时，when、while和as 都可用；指一点时间时，只能用when 或as，不能用while试比较： When / As he woke up, it was eight o’clock. (/) While he woke up, it was eight o’clock. (X) When/ While/As I was waiting for a bus, I met her. (/) when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as引导的从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
When he finished his homework, he played the computer games for a while. 当他完成作业后，他玩了会儿电脑游戏finished先发生） When I got to the museum, the door was closed. 当我赶到博物馆时，大门已经关上了got to 后发生） While/ As I was sleeping, the telephone rang. 当我睡觉时，响了was sleeping 和rang同时发生）当主句、从句动作同时发生且从句动作为延续性动词时，when 、while和as 都可使用 When/ While/ As she was making a phone call, I was writing an email. 当她在打时，我正在写一封电子邮件make为延续性动词） When/while/As we were reading, a stranger came in. 当我们正在看书时，一位陌生人走了进来。
read为延续性动词）强调两个动作同时进行，常用“过去进行时+while+过去进行时“结构如：They were rowing boats while we were climbing the hill. 当我们在爬山时，他们在划船强调某个动作发生的时候，另一个动作正在进行，常用“一般过去时+while+ 过去进行时“结构如： It began to rain heavily while we were having dinner. 我们在吃晚饭时，开始下起大雨例题巩固： (1). We were swimming in the lake _____ the rain started yesterday. A. when B. while C. until D. before (2).We are going to the post office. ____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If (3). Babies sleep l6 to l8 hours in every 24 hours, and they sleep less __ they grow older. A. while B. as C. when D. after但是若强调某个动作正在进行中时，又发生了别的动作，用when从句。
when从句必用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时表示在when从句正进行期间又发生了主句的动作) 此时, when= while，表时间段 如:n 当学生们正在读书时，老师走进了教室 When/While the students were reading, the teacher came into the classroom.n 昨晚当爸爸和妈妈正在看电视时，我到家了While my parents were watching TV last night, I went home.若主、 从句两个延续动作同时进行，用while, 则主与从句都用进行时, 此时，while译为“而”“一边,一边”, 如:1. 他正在读书而我正在学习 He was reading the newspaper while I was studying.2.贝贝正在唱歌, 而萍萍正在跳舞 Beibei was singing while Pingping was dancing.3. 她一边听歌一边做作业 She was doing her homework while she was listening to music.4.当玻璃或砖块落下来时人们疯狂的跑了出来。
People were running wildly while pieces of glass and bricks were falling down.5. Suzy 正在堆雪人而Kitty 在她旁边站着看 Suzy was making a snowman while Kitty was standing beside her.Exercise 11. What ______ your brother ________ (do) at nine o’clock last night?2. They ______________ (listen) to music at that time.3. When I saw him, he _____________ (search) the Internet.4. They ______________ (discuss) a problem in the meeting room at this time yesterday.5. ______ Amy ________ (visit) the Science Museum from 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. yesterday?Exercise 21. My wallet dropped on the ground _______ I was running.2. __________ I was falling asleep, there was a loud knock on the door.3. __________ he was reading, an earthquake started.4. Were the students listening to the teacher carefully _________ the teacher was giving a lesson?5. _________ the telephone rang, I became nervous. 掌握while 和 when在过去进行时中的用法：表示两个持续性的动作在过去同时发生用while，when后接一个短暂性的动作。
持续性的动作用过去进行时，短暂性的动作用一般过去时e.g.： I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV..The bell rang while he was reading books. When the bell rang, he was reading books. (以上这两句主从句前后可以互换)1、“主短从长”型：即主句是一个短暂性动作，而从句是一个持续性动作，此时三者都可用如： Jimhurthisarmwhile［when，as］hewasplayingtennis.吉姆打网球时把手臂扭伤了As［When，While］shewaswaitingforthetrain，shebecameveryimpatient.她在等火车时，变得很不耐烦2、“主长从长”型：即主句和从句为两个同时进行的动作或存在的状态，且强调主句动作或状态延续到从句所指的整个时间，此时通常要用whileIalwayslistentotheradiowhileI’mdriving.我总是一边开车一边听收音机Hedidn’taskmein;hekeptmestandingatthedoorwhilehereadthemessage.他没有让我进去，他只顾看那张条子，让我站在门口等着。
但是，若主句和从句所表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意时，则习惯上要用as如：Heswunghisarmsashewalked.他走路时摆动着手臂3、“主长从短”型：即主句是一个持续性动作，而从句是一个短暂性动作，此时可以用as或when，但不能用while如：Itwasraininghardwhen[as]wearrived.我们到达时正下着大雨When[As]hecamein,Iwaslisteningtotheradio.他进来时，我在听收音机【趁热打铁】1. I ______ a meal when you _____ me.a. cooked, were ringing b. was cooking, rangc. was cooking, were ringing d. cooked, rang2. He said he _____ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.a. tries b. tried c. was trying d. will try3. While she ______ TV, she ______ a sound outside the room.a. was watching, was hearing b. watched, was hearing c. watched, heard d. was watching, heard4. They _____ a football game from 7 to 9 last night.a. were watching b. watch c. watched d. are watching5. What book ____ you ______ when I ____ you at four yesterday afternoon?a. did, read, was seeing b. did, read, saw c. were, reading, saw d. were, reading, was seeing6. It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _____ ready to fly to England.a. are getting b. get c. were getting d. got7. Lei Feng _____ always _____ of others when he ______ in the army.a. is, thinking, was b. was, thinking, is c. did, think, is d. was, thinking, was8. A girl ______ my pen fall off the table when she _____ me.a. saw, passed b. was seeing, passed c. was seeing, passed d. was seeing, was passing9. We ____ for tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us ______.a. were waiting, waiting b. were waiting, wait c. waited, waiting d. waited, wait10. He ____ his father on the farm the whole afternoon last Saturday.a. helps b. would help c. was helping d. is helping反身代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimself/herself/itselfthemselves（1）作动词或介词的宾语：经常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。
通常表示反身代词与句中的主语是同一人它在句中作宾语，不能省略，否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句如：He is teaching herself English.她在自学英语She was talking to herself.她自言自语He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下2）作主语或宾语的同位语：主要起加强语气的作用，译作“亲自，本身，本人”如：Did you make the cake yourself?这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗?(yourself作主语you的同位语)The work itself is easy.这工作本身很容易itself作主语the work的同位语)Did you see Mr. Wang himself?你见过王先生本人吗？(himself作宾语Mr. Wang的同位语)（3）作表语：在be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常如：I’m not myself today.今天我感觉不舒服I am feeling myself again.我觉得健康如昔 )1.—Help＿＿＿to some fruits. —Thank you. A. yourself B. your C. You( ) 2. —Will you take part in the English speech competition tomorrow? —Sure. I see it as a chance to prove_ .A. myself B. me C. yourself D. you ( ) 3. Welcome to my new house, Ann and John! Help to some fruit.A. myself B. yourself C. yourselves ( ) 4. — I could look after ____ when I was five. — Really? I can’t believe it. A. myself B. herself C. himself D. yourself( ) 5. --- Help ________ to some cakes, Jim. --- Thanks a lot. A. you B. yourself C. yourselves( ) 6. —Yesterday I lost my pencil sharpener. I couldn’t find_______. —Oh, it’s a pity. You’d better buy _____ this afternoon. A. it; it B. it; one C. one; it D. one; one( ) 7. —Who is the man over there? —He is an old friend of _________ . A.I B. my C. mine D. me.( ) 8. I don’t want to read this book. There is _______ in it.A. something interesting B. nothing interesting C. interesting nothing( ) 9. I like houses near the seaside, but I don’t have enough money to buy ________.A. it B. this C. that D. one( ) 10. Now Old Henry is very sad, so he doesn’t want to do _________. A. something B. nothing C. anything D. everything( ) 11.—Mom, I am thirsty. Where is ______ cup? —Is this______? —Yes, thank you.A. mine; yours B. my; your C. mine; your D. my; yours( ) 12. --- It was a heavy snow last night. Are we all here now? --- Yes, and _____ of us was late for school. A. all B. either C. neither D. none( ) 13. ---Is this computer ______, Mike? ---- No, it’s not mine. I think it’s _____. A. your; Lily’s B. yours; Lily C. yours; Lily’s D. your; Lily ( ) 14. --- Does Jim often chat with his friends on the telephone or cell phone? --- ____. He likes using . A. Either B. None C. Neither D. All ( ) 15. We didn’t learn _____ in this lesson. A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything ( ) 16.--- Congratulations！Among the best pictures in the competition, I found . When did you draw it ? ----During the trip to the Yellow Mountain May.A. yours; in B. yours; on C. you; in D. you; on( ) 17. Parents care about children’s education more than anything else. A. their B. them C. theirs( ) 18. Its your life, not . Dont always depend on me. A. me B. you C. mine D. yourself( ) 19. —Which one do you want to buy, an ipod touch 4, an ipad 3 or an iphone 5? —____. They are too expensive.A. All B. Both C. None D. Neither( ) 20.I dont like _____of the sweaters. Please show me a third one. A. both B. either C. one D. all( ) 21. I think _____ necessary for students to take an inter est in all subjects. A. that B. this C. it D. one( ) 22. All the students were tired, but ________ of them stopped to have a rest. A. both B. neither C. none( ) 23. Daniel taught _____ how to make a home page. A. 。