2021年考研英语一真题-答案及详解20年考研英语一答案 详解 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the follog tet.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) The ethal judgments of the Supreme Court justes have bee an important issue recently.The court cannot 1its letimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2justes behave like politians.Yet, in several instances, justes acted in ways that 3the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Juste Antonin Scalia, for ele, eared at polital events.That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justes are not 5by an eths code.At the very least, the court should make itself 6to the code of conduct that 7to the rest of the federal judiary. This and other similar cases 8the question of whether there is still a 9between the court and polits. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10having authority apart from polits.They gave justes permanent positions 11they would be free to 12those in power and have no need to 13polital support.Our legal system was designed to set law apart from polits precisely because they are so closely 14. Constitutional law is polital because it results from choes rooted in fundamental social 15like liberty and property.When the court deals with social poly decisions, the law it 16is inescapably polital-whh is why decisions split along ideologal lines are so easily 17as unjust. The justes must 18doubts about the court’s letimacy by making themselves 19to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from polits and, 20, convincing as law. 1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4.[A]challenged [B]promised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7.[A]resorts [B]stks [C]loads [D]lies 8.[A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9.[A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflt 10.[A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11.[A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12.[A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13.[A]confirm [B]epress [C]cultivate [D]offer 14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16.[A]ecludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18.[A]suppress [B]eploit [C]address [D]ignore 19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20.[A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the follog four tets.Answer the questions below each tet by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Tet 1 e on –Everybody’s doing it.That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual se.But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whh organizations and offials use the power of group dynams to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of ele of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Afra, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe se among their peers. The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pub-health caigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard caign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that publ-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at lying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough eploration of the social and biologal factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mied. There’s no doubt that our peer groups eert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerng body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through works of friends via social munation.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully eperts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tact never really works.And that’s the problem with a social cure enneered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21.According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynams [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors 22.Rosenberg holds that publ advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ eperience [C] stay away from mercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to [A] adequately probe social and biologal factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect 24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our works of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is [A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionable Tet 2 A deal is a deal-ecept, arently ,when Entergy is involved.The pany, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneng on a longstanding mitment to abide by the strt nuclear regulations. Instead, the pany has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.It’s a stunning move. The conflt has been surfacing since 202, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an ang reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state roval for the sale, the pany agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 20.In 206, the state went a step further, requiring that any etension of the plant’s lense be subject to Vermont leslature’s roval.Then, too, the pany went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those mitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would hen .A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the pany made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allog an etension. Now the pany is suddenly claiming that the 202 agreement is invalid because of the 206 leslation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers etend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The pany seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a pobl trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledng to run Pilgrim safely, the pany has lied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory mission (NRC) reviews the pany’s lation, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 26.The phrase “reneng on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to [A] condemning. [B] reaffirming. [C] dishonoring. [D] securing. 27.By entering into the 202 agreement, Entergy intended to [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federal leslature. [C] acquire an etension of its business lense . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant. 28.According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practes. [B] technal innovativeness. [C] financial goals. [D] business vision 29.In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises. [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues . [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues. 30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected. [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied. [C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth lation. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged. Tet 3 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientif method to carry out their work.But in the everyday practe of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and plated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the contet of our unique life eperience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we eperience, what we think our eperiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibility process, through whh the individual researcher’s me, here, now bees the munity’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim bees publ, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the munity takes control of what hens .Within the ple social structure of the scientif munity, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publation process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the publ (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly acpanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the munity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and peting beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the munity’s credible discovery. Two paradoes eist throughout this credibility process.First, scientif work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as inplete or incorrect.Little reward acpanies duplation and confirmation of what is already known and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that ear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modifation or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiolost Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and reciated. In the end, credibility “hens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Ante Baier has described as the mons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and plete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.” 31.According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and pleity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logality and objectivity. [D] systematness and regularity. 32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires [A] strt inspection. [B]shared efforts. [C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation. 33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim bees credible after it [A] has attracted the attention of the general publ. [B]has been eamined by the scientif munity. [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently ted by peer scientists. 34.Albert Szent-Gyrgyi would most likely agree that [A] scientif claims will survive challenges. [B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientif work calls for a crital mind. 35.Whh of the follog would be the best title of the test? [A] Novelty as an Enne of Scientif Development. [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientif Discovery. [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. Tet 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten Ameran government workers belonged to a union; now 36 do.In 2021 the number of unionists in Amera’s publ sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.In Britain, more than half of publ-sector workers but only about 15 of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the publ-sector unions’ thriving.First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of Amera’s publ-sector workers have a university degree.Third, they now dominate left-of-centre polits.Some of their ties go back a long way.Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism.Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from publ-sector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of the Publ Poly Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions.The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rh countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains e in benefits and work practes.Politians have repeatedly “backloaded” publ-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egreously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has bee clearer, politians have begun to cl down.In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republan governor.But many within the publ sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil serves suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only Ameran publ-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States.Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much critism, but a publ-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for Amera. 36.It can be learned from the first paragraph that [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. [B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. [C] unions have enlarged their publ-sector membership. [D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists. 37.Whh of the follog is true of Paragraph 2? [A] Publ-sector unions are prudent in taking actions. [B] Education is required for publ-sector union membership. [C] Labor Party has long been fighting against publ-sector unions. [D]Publ-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions. 38.It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the ine in the state sector is [A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented. [C] ecessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted. 39.The ele of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions [A]often run against the current polital system. [B]can change people’s polital attitudes. [C]may be a barrier to publ-sector reforms. [D]are dominant in the government. 40.John Donahue’s attitude towards the publ-sector system is one of [A]disroval. [B]reciation. [C]tolerance. [D]indifference. Part B Directions: In the follog tet, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two etra choes, whh do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points) Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane dow and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird.Now think of your lap, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand.Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.You are the lucky inheritor of a dream e true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41) The worked puter is an amazing deve, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.The puter is the 21st century＇s culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the puter, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons.First, most people do not realise that there are strong mercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.Second, the majority of people who use worked puters to upload are not even aware of the signifance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload.Beavers build dams and birds make nests.Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous eperiences - mus, literature, relion and philo。