Unit 5Section One Tactics for ListeningPart 1 PhoneticsStress, Intonation and AccentScriptListen to Peter talking to Maggie. Is he asking a question or does he justwant her to agree? Tick the right box.1. You’ve been to Canada, haven't you? \2. Oh yes, I remember. You went a couple of years ago, didn't you? /3. Now, let’s see ... It’s er, it’s a mainly agricultural country, isn’t it? \4. Well yes, I know, but there's not much industry once you’ve left the coast, isthere? /5. I see ... Mm, so the North would be the best place to go to, wouldn’t it? \6. Yeah. Mind you, I should think the South is very beautiful, isn’t it? \7. (laughs) Yeah. That's right. Oh and what about transport? It’d be better to hirea car, wouldn't it? /8. Really? That's cheap. It costs that much a day here, doesn't it? \12345678Am I right? —V_11 ―V~11 —■/学习帮手Agree with 顷—— ~V~ ~V~ ~~ ~Jme.Part 2 Listening and Note-TakingReadingScriptA. Listen to some sentences and fill in the blanks with the missing words.1. There is no hard and fast rule, for no two are alike.2. The fact that he or she might later be "bored" when joining a class ofnonreaders at infant school is the teacher’s affair.3. If badly done it could put them off reading for life.4. But the task should be undertaken gently.5. Reading should never be made to look like a chore.B. Listen to a talk about reading. Take notes and complete the followingsummary.When should a child start learning to read and write? This is one of thequestions I am most frequently asked. There is no hard and fast rule, for no two arealike, and it would be wrong to set a time when all should start being taught the insand outs of reading letters to form words.If a three-year-old wants to read (or even a two-year-old for that matter), the学习帮手child deserves to be given every encouragement. The fact that he or she might laterbe "bored" when joining a class of non-readers at infant school is the teacher’s affair.It is up to the teacher to see that such a child is given more advanced readingmaterial.Similarly, the child who still cannot read by the time he goes to junior school atthe age of seven should be given every help by teachers and parents alike. Theyshould make certain that he is not dyslexic*. If he is, specialist help shouldimmediately be sought.Although parents should be careful not to force youngsters aged two to five tolearn to read (if badly done it could put them off reading for life), there is no harmin preparing them for simple recognition of letters by labelling various items in theirroom. For instance, by a nice piece of cardboard tied to their bed with BED writtenin neat-big letters.Should the young child ask his parents to teach him to read, and if the parentsare capable of doing so, such an appeal should not be ignored. But the task shouldbe undertaken gently, with great patience and a sense of humour. Reading shouldnever be made to look like a chore and the child should never be forced to continue,should his interest start to flag*.KeyA. 1. There is no hard and fast rule for notwo are alike .2. The fact that he or she might later be "bored" when joining a class of学习帮手non-readerat infant school is the teacher’s affair.3. If badlydone it could put them off reading for life4. But the task should be undertaken gently5. Reading should never be made to look like a chore.B. ReadingIt would be wrong to set a timewhen a child should start learning to readand write Parents should encourageyoungsters aged two to fiveto read if theyshow interest§n it, but never force them to learn to read. He or she might laterbe "bored" when joining a class of non-readersat infantschool. Then it is uptothe teacher to see that such a child is given more advanced reading material.Similarly, if a child cannot read at the age of seven teachers and parentsshould make certain that he is not dyslexic If he is, specialist help shouldimmediately be sought.Parents should not ignore the young child's appeato be taught to read. Butthe task should be undertaken gently, with great patience and a sense ofhumour Reading should never be made to look like a chore and the childshould never be forced to continue if his interests start to flag.Section Two Listening ComprehensionPart 1 Sentence Identification学习帮手ScriptIdentify each sentence as simple (S), compound (CP), complex (CPL) orcompound-complex (C-C). You will hear each sentence twice. Write thecorresponding letter(s) in the space provided.1. The line down the middle of the road wavered, zigzagged, and then plungedright off the pavement.2. My sister likes classical music, but I prefer the kind she dismisses as “junk."3. Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.4. Babara and Andrew are sitting under the tree by the river.5. She only hoped that the entire incident would be forgotten as soon aspossible.Key1. S 2. C-C 3. CP 4. S 5. CPLPart 2 DialoguesDialogue 1 Digital SoundScriptA. Listen to the dialogue and compare digital sound and analogical sound.[music]Mike: Wow! Nice. CDs have such good sound. Do you ever wonder how theymake CDs?学习帮手Kathy: Well, they get a bunch of musicians together, and they sing and play.Mike: Come on. You know what I mean. Why is the sound quality so good? Imean, why do CDs sound so much clearer than cassette tapes?Kathy: Actually, I do know that.Mike: Really?Kathy: It’s all based on digital sound. CDs are digital. Digital sound is likeseveral photos, all taken one after another. It’s kind of like pictures ofsound. The intensity of the sound —how strong it is —is measuredvery quickly. Then it’s measured again and again. When we hear thesound, it all sounds like one long piece of sound, but it’s really lots ofpieces close together. And each piece is really clear.Mike: So digital is like lots of short "pieces" of sound.Kathy: Exactly. This is different from analog* — that's how they used to record.Analog is more like one wave of sound. It moves up and down withvolume and pitch. Anyway, analog is like a single wave. Digital is like aseries of pieces.Mike: OK, I understand that. But how do they make the CDs?Kathy: I told you, Mike. They get a bunch of musicians together, and they singand play.Mike: Kathy!Kathy: No. What really happens is first they do a digital recording — onvideotape.学习帮手Mike: On videotape?Kathy: Yeah, they use videotape. So then the videotape is played through acomputer.Mike: OK. What does the computer do?Kathy: Well, the computer is used to figure out the "pieces" of sound we weretalking about; how long everything is, how far apart spaces are.Mike: OK. So the computer is figuring out those separate "pieces" of sound.Kathy: Yeah. They need to do that to make the master.Mike: The master?Kathy: The master is the original that all the other CDs are copied from. It’smade of glass. It’s a glass disk that spins around —just like a regular CD.And the glass disk is covered with a chemical. They use a laser to burnthe signal, or the song, into the glass plate. The laser burns through thechemical, but not through the glass.Mike: So the laser cuts the sound into the plate?Kathy: Right. What it’s doing is cutting little holes into the back of the disk.Those holes are called "pits." The laser puts in the pits.Mike: So CDs really have little holes on the back? I didn't know that.Kathy: Yeah. Tiny pits. They're too small to see. Anyway, then they've got themaster, and they make copies from it. Then you buy your copy and putit in the CD player.Mike: Put it in the CD player ... That part I understand.学习帮手Kathy: There's another laser in your CD player. The light of the laser reflects offthe CD. The smooth part of the CD reflects straight back, like a mirror.But the light that bounces off the pits is scattered. Anyway, thecomputer in your CD player reads the light that bounces off the pits.And you get the music.Mike: Reflected light, huh? ... Uh ... you knew what I like? Just relaxing,listening to music, and not really worrying about how it gets on thedisk.Kathy: You want me to explain it again?[music]B. Listen to the dialogue again and complete the following outline.C. Listen to an extract from the dialogue and complete the followingsentences with the missing words.Mike: So the laser cuts the sound into the plate?Kathy: Right. What it’s doing is cutting little holes into the back of the disk.Those holes are called "pits." The laser puts in the pits.KeyA.Quality Recording technique学习帮手Digital soundMuchclearerDigital sound is like several photos all takenone after another. Itzs kind of likepictures ofsound Digital is like a series of piecesAnalogicalsoundAnalog is more like one wave of sound Itmoves up and dowrwith volumeand pitch.Analog is like a single waveB. I. The making of CDsA. Recordinga. First they do a digital recording—on videotapeb. Then the videotape is played through a computerc. The computer figures outthose separate "pieces" of sound to makethemasterB. The making of the mastera. The master is the originathat all the other CDs are copied fromb. It’s made of glass, covered with a chemicalc. They use a laser to burn the signal, or the song, into the glass plate Thelaser burns through the chemical, but not through the glass.d. It cuts little holesinto the back of the disk. Those holes are called "pits.”e. They make copies from it.II. Playing backA. You buy the copy and put it in the CD player.学习帮手B. The light of the laserreflects off the CD.a. The smooth part of the CD reflectsstraight back, like a mirrorb. But the light that bounces off the pitsis scatteredc. The computer in your CD playerreads the light that bounces off thepits.d. You get the music.C. Mike: So the laser cuts the sound into the plate?Kathy: Right. What it’s doings cutting little holes into the back of the disk.Those holes are called "pits." The laser puts in the pits.Dialogue 2 Lost in TranslationScriptA. Listen to the dialogue. What mistake have some companies made whenthey used the same ad in a different country or area? Complete thefollowing chart.Man: Here’s one I wouldn't have thought of. You know those “before andafter" commercials for laundry soap?Woman: The ones with a pile of dirty clothes on one side and then thesame clothes after they've been washed? Sure.Man: There was an American company that had one of those ads. It wasreally successful in North America. In the ad there was a pile of dirty学习帮手clothes on the left, a box of the laundry soap in the middle, and a pileof clean clothes on the right. So, the message was that a box of thisdetergent*would make really dirty clothes clean.Woman: Yeah?Man: So what do you think happened when they used the ad in the MiddleEast?Woman: I don’tknow.Man: Think about it. In the Middle East, languages are written from right toleft. People look at things from right to left.Woman: So it looked like the soap made the clothes dirty?Man: “Our soap will make your clothes dirty!" Not a very smart adcampaign.Woman: They should have changed the order of the pictures. They shouldhave put the picture of the clean clothes on the left side and the dirtyclothes on the right.Man: Really. Oh, here’s another one. Some shirt maker put an ad in aMexican magazine.Woman: And?Man: Well, the ad was supposed to say, “When I wore this shirt, I felt good."But they made a translation mistake.Woman: What did they say?Man: Instead of “When I wore this shirt," the ad said, “Until I wore this shirt,学习帮手I felt good.Woman: “Until I wore this shirt, I felt good"? Gee, changing one little wordgave it the opposite meaning.Man: The article says sometimes it’s not just the advertising slogan that getscompanies into trouble. Sometimes the company name can scare offbusiness.Woman: What do you mean?Man: Well, there was a large oil company in the United States called Enco:E-N-C-O.Woman: Yeah, I remember them.Man: They opened some gas stations in Japan, and they advertised usingtheir American name. Unfortunately, they didn't know what the wordmeans in Japanese.Woman: What does it mean?Man: "Enco" is a short way of saying “Engine stop" in Japanese.Woman: Great. Would you buy gasoline from a company that said your carengine would stop?Man: No, and neither did the Japanese.ProductDescription of theMessageMistake made学习帮手advertisedaddetergentIn the ad there wasa pile of dirtyclothes on the left, abox of the laundrysoap in the middle,and a pile of cleanclothes on the right.This detergentwould make reallydirty clothes clean.In the Middle East,they should havechanged the orderof the pictures.shirtWhen I wore thisshirt, I felt good.They made atranslation mistake,which changed themeaning into "untilwore this shirt, I feltgood/7gasThey advertisedusing theirAmerican name.Unfortunately, it is ashort way of saying"Engine stop" inJapanese.学习帮手Part 3 PassageToothbrushScriptB. Listen to the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questionsyou will hear.Brushing our teeth —such a commonplace activity today, has been around fora long time. Imagine: the ancient Egyptians were already concerned about theirdental hygiene! We know this today because they also had the good habit of beingentombed* with all their treasures ... So we were able to discover that tombs from3,000 years before Christ contained small tree branches whose ends had beenfrayed* into soft fibers. It’s comical to imagine an Egyptian stopping to brush histeeth after a meal, on his break from building a pyramid!The true ancestor of our toothbrush, however, was invented by the Chinese inthe 15th century and brought back to Europe by travellers. This toothbrush wasmade of hairs from the neck of a Siberian wild boar which were fixed to a bambooor bone handle. The people of the Occident*, however, found the wild boar hairs toostiff. At the time, very few people in the Western world brushed their teeth, andthose who did preferred horse hairs, which were softer than those of the wild boar!In Europe, it was more customary after meals to use a goose feather toothpick, orone made of silver or copper.Other animals’ hair was also used for dental care, right up until this century. Butit was the poor Siberian wild boar that took the brunt of it. The animal was imported学习帮手for its neck hairs for a long, long time ... in fact, until nylon was invented, in the 20thcentury!In 1937, in the Du Pont laboratories in Nemours, U.S., nylon was invented byWallace H. Carothers. In 1938, this new material became a symbol of modernismand prosperity through the commercialization of nylon stockings and of Dr. West’smiracle toothbrush with nylon bristles. The wild boars were finally off the hook!At first, even if there were many advantages to using this new brush instead ofthe one made with wild boar hairs (which fell out, wouldn't dry very well orbecamefull of bacteria), the consumers were not entirely satisfied. This is because the nylonbristles were very stiff and hurt the gums. In 1950, Du Pont improved theirtoothbrush by giving it softer bristles.Today the brands, types, and colours of toothbrushes on the market are almostendless. In spite of this, certain African and American populations still use treebranches to care for their teeth!Questions:1. How do we know ancient Egyptians were concerned about their dentalhygiene?2. What is amusing about the Egyptians?3. Who invented the true ancestor of our toothbrush in the 15th century?4. Which of the following is not true about the people in the Occident in the15th century?学习帮手5. What did people begin to use for dental care in the 20th century?6. When were toothbrushes with nylon bristles first made?7. What was the fate of the wild boars when Dr. West’s toothbrush with nylonbristles became popular?8. Why were the consumers not entirely satisfied with nylon bristles at first?C. Listen to the passage again and discuss the following questions.KeyA. Most are made of soft nylon bristles.B. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. DC. 1. In Egypt, tombs from 3,000 years before Christ contained small tree brancheswhose ends had been frayed into soft fibers.2. In the 15th century, Europeans usually use a goose feather toothpick, or onemade of silver or copper to care for their teeth.3. People used animals’ hair for dental care right up until the 20th century whennylon was invented.4. In 1937, in the Du Pont laboratories in Nemours, U.S., nylon was invented byWallace H. Carothers.5. Certain African and American populations still use tree branches to care for学习帮手their teeth.D. 1. Other animals’ hair was also used for dental care, right up until this century.But it was the poor Siberian wild boar thattook the brunt of it2. In 1937, nylon was invented by Wallace H. Carothers. In 1938, this newmaterial became a symbol of modernism and prosperity. The wild boars werefinally off the hookPart 4 NewsNews item 1 Europe's Migrant CrisisScriptA. Listen to the news item and answer the following questions. Then give abrief summary about the news item.As migrants and refugees continue to rush into Europe, European Union (EU)members held an emergency summit in Brussels.They hope to agree on how to deal with this large movement of refugees andmigrants into Europe. The refugees are coming from countries hurt by war andpoverty in the Middle East and Africa.News reports say the EU members pledged* to better control European bordersfrom mass migration.The number of refugees could grow into the millions, not thousands, warnedthe European Union President Donald Tusk.学习帮手Mr. Tusk is hosting the emergency summit. He said it is "critical*" thatEuropeancountries end their disagreement over the migrants. He said they need to agree ona plan, in his words, “in place of the arguments and the chaos we have witnessed."Also at the meeting, the European interior ministers offered new aid to Turkeyand other countries that are hosting refugees.Meanwhile, migrants continue to move through European countries toward apreferred final destination. For many, that is Germany or Austria.B. Listen to the news item again and complete the following sentences.KeyA. 1. Migrants and refugees continue to rush into Europe due to war and povertyin Middle East and Africa.2. EU member states held an emergency summit in Brussels.3. They pledged to better control European borders from mass migration.4. They offered new aid to Turkey because it is one of the countries that ishosting a large number of refugees.5. It is Germany or Austria.This news item is about Migrant crisis in EuropeB. 1. At the emergency summit the EU president said that it is "critica” that学习帮手European countries endtheir disagreement over the migrant crisis.2. Meanwhile, migrants continue to movethrough European countries and thenumber grows intothe millions, which causes a lot of chaosC. Mr. Tusk is hostingthe emergency summit . He said it is "critical" thatEuropeancountries endtheir disagreemenOver the migrants. He said they need to agree ona plan in his words, "in place othe arguments and the chaos we have witnessed.”News item 2 African Nations Seeking Greater Power at UNScriptA. Listen to the news item and decide whether the following statements aretrue (T) or false (F). Then give a brief summary about the news item.The leaders of Zimbabwe and Equatorial Guinea are。