语法语态的讲解与训练语态【知识要点】英语语态用来表示主语和谓语之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者就用主动语态，反之，如果主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，则用被动语态另外非谓语动词也有主动和被动形式1） 动词的主动语态（在时态部分中已全部涉及）2） 动词的被动语态：常用时态的被动语态的构成如下：1） 一般现在时 am/is/are asked例如：I am asked to answer the question. 我被要求回答那个问题2）过去进行时 was/were being asked例如：I was being asked to answer a question by a teacher when he saw me.当他看见我时，我正在被老师要求回答问题3）一般过去时 was/were asked例如：Yesterday, Mike was scolded by his father because of his making a mistake.昨天，迈克因为犯错受到他爸爸的责备4）现在完成时 have/has been asked例如：This work has been finished (by me).这项工作已被我完成了。
5）一般将来时 shall/will be asked例如：This work will be finished tomorrow.这项工作明天将被完成6）过去完成时 had been asked例如：Before 10 o’clock yesterday’s morning, this work had all been finished.昨天十点以前，这项工作已被全部完成7）过去将来时 should/would be asked例如：He said the natural resources would be used up next centuries.他说那些自然资源下个世纪将被用尽8）将来完成时 will/would have been asked例如：The natural resources will have been used up by the end of next centuries.那些自然资源在下个世纪末将被用尽9）现在进行时 am/is/are being asked例如：The trees are been cutting down by the villagers. 村民们正在砍伐树木。
10）含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked例如：This task must be finished at once.这项任务应该被立即完成疑难突破】 1.被动语态的主要用法 ①当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语如：The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.昨天，教室的前窗被打破了不知谁打破的) They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低没必要指出工资是谁付的) ②突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语如：The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了要突出的是“时间”) These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的强调的是“”这些书) ③为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人④出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子如：It is generally considered impolite to ask one’s age, salary, marriage, etc. . 问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对因those的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散) 2.主动形式表示被动意义的几种主要形式 ①某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act，break，catch，cut，clean， drive，draw， let，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash，wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。
另外，像 owe，beat，cook，bake，print，build，make等，有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义如： This kind of radio doesn't sell well．这种收音机不太畅销 The shop opens at eight o'clock．这个商店八点开门 The pipe does not draw well．这烟斗不太通畅 These plays act wonderfully．这些剧演得好 注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响如： The door won't lock．门锁不上指门本身有毛病） The door won't be locked．门不会被锁上指不会有人来锁门） His novels sell easily．他的小说销路好指小说本身内容好） His novels are sold easily．他的小说容易销售主要强调外界对小说的需求量大） ②某些动名词的主动形式表被动含义 a.在need，want，require，deserve和bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动含义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
如： The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理 My clothes need washing（to be washed）．我的衣服需要洗了 b.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式如： The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）这本画册很值得一读 Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worth helping．（＝Such a man as Mr．Smith is not worthy to be helped．）像史密斯先生那样的人不值得帮助 This plan is not worth considering．（＝This plan is not worthy to be considered．）这个计划不值得考虑 c.某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 ●当nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult， important，impossible，pleasant， interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。
如： Japanese is not difficult to learn．日语并不难学指日语被学） The water is unfit to drink．这水不适合喝指水被喝） The piece of music is pleasant to hear．这首音乐听起来很悦耳指音乐被听） This book is easy to read．这本书读起来很容易指书被读） ●当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义如： I have a lot of work to do today．我今天有很多工作要做work to do指被做的工作） He has three children to look after．他有三个孩子要照看children to look after指孩子被照看） 注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，其含义有所区别如： I have some clothes to be washed．我有些要洗的衣服衣服不是自己洗） ●在there be．．．句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义没有什么区别。
如： There is a lot of homework to do（to be done）．有很多家庭作业要做 There are some clothes to wash（to be washed）．有些衣服要洗 ④由介词for，on，above，under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义如： His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon．＝His paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon．他的油画作品明天下午展出 ⑤表示感官意义的连系动词如smell，feel，taste，look，sound等在句子中常表达被动含义如： How nice the music sounds！这音乐听起来多悦耳！ Good medicine tastes bitter．良药苦口 Our school looks more beautiful than before．我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了3.常用被动语态的句型1)被动语态单宾语结构： Sth/sb +系动词+动词过去分词（+by+动作的执行者）如：A tape-recorder is often used (by our English teacher) in teaching English.录音机经常用来教英语。
2)被动语态双宾语结构：Sth/sb +系动词+动词过去分词（+by+动作的执行者）如： 3)被动语态复合宾语结构： 在主动语态中， 有些使役动词和感观动词后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语 但在被动语态中，要改为带to的不定式作主语补足语如：see/hear/make sb. do sth. Sb. be seen/heard/made to do sth. 4)含情态动词的被动结构. 情态动词+ be+ 过去分词 5)短语动词结构相当于及物动词的短语动词也可以有被动语态 如：look after, give up, take care of, pay attention to, make use of, put off, wake up, put out 等 特别警士： 1. 只有及物动词和及物动词短语才可以有被动语态 不及物动词，不及物动词短语或系动词没有被动语态 如：happen, go on, take place, belong to, sound, feel等 2. 2. 有些动词常用主动形式表示被动的意思， 如：act, cook, keep, look, open, write, read, sell, wash等。
3. 3. 在一些固定句型中常用被动语态 如： It is said that … It is reported that… It is hoped that … It is well known that … It is believed that … It must be admitted that … It must be pointed out that 被动语态与系表结构： 被动语态表示动作，句子主语是该动作的承受者，过去分词表示动作；而系表结构表示状态，说明主语的特点或所处的状态 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态 例如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。
例如：1. It is believed that… 人们相信…… 2. It is generally considered that…人们认为…… 3. It is said that…据说…… 4. It is well known that…众所周知…… 5．It must be pointed out that…应该指出…… 6. It is supposed that…理应……7. It is reported that…据报道……8. It must be admitted that… 应该允许……10. It is hoped that…人们希望…… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义例如：1. The bike wants/needs/requires repairing. 自行车需要修理 2. The novel is worth reading twice.这小说值得读两遍3. The door won’t shut. 这门关不了/ The play won’t act. 这出戏演不了 4. The clothes washes well. 这衣服经洗。
/ The book sells well.这书畅销5. The chicken tastes delicious.这鸡肉尝起来味道好 / Water feels very cold.这水感觉很凉 下面词或短语(不及物)没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等即学即练1. More patients ______ in hospital this year than last year. A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated2. More patients ___________ in hospital this year than last year. A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated3. I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio.A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught4. —What’s that noise?—Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine ______. A. was tested B. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested5. In recent years many football clubs ______as business to make a profit.（2008上海卷）A. have run B. have been run C had been run D. will run6. —The window is dirty.—I know. It ____ for weeks. A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned7. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider8. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2009. A. has been completed B. has completed C. will have been completed D. will have completed9. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945 and their power ______ increased enormously ever since. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been 10. ―George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding―No, I . Did they have a big wedding.A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite直击高考1.（2014·大纲卷22） Unless extra money____, the theatre will close. A. was found B. finds C. is found D. found 2.（2014·大纲卷22)Unless extra money____, the theatre will close. A. was found B. finds C. is found D. found 3（2014·大纲卷32）The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ______ them since. A. sees B. saw C. has seen D. had seen 4（2014·天津卷11） We won’t start the work until all the preparations __________. A. are being made B. will be made C. have been made D. had been made5.（2013·北京卷23）Shakespeare’s play Hamlet ______ into at least ten different films over the past years. A. had been made . B. was made C. has been made D. would be made6. （2013·北京卷32） --- So what is the procedure?--- All the applicants ______ before a final decision is made by the authority. A. interview B. are interviewingC. are interviewed D. are being interviewed7.（ 2013·福建卷23）The famous musician, as well as his students, ____ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited8. (2013·湖南卷26)If nothing ________， the oceans will turn into fish deserts. A．does B．had been done C．will do D．is done9.（2013·江苏卷25） —Could I use your car tomorrow morning?—Sure. I ______ a report at home.A. will be writing B. will have writtenC. have written D. have been writing10.（ 2013·上海卷29）The school board is made up of parents who ______ to make decisions about school affairs.A. had been elected B. had electedC. have been elected D. have elected11. （2013·重庆卷33）A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened语态 即学即练1.D。
语境侧重表示被动意义和现在的状况本题考时态语态，句中treat与patient连用，应是“治疗”的意思，故全句意为：今年到医院就医的病人比去年多病人应被治疗，故需被动语态，且是今年（现在）的事，故选D，现在完成时的被动语态本题考查动词时态和语态选项D用现在完成时，表示某一动作从过去到现在一直进行或反复发生题干中前半部动词like用的是现在时，表示与现在有关的动作，后半部分的时间状语many times表示某个动作反复发生，因此，该空应用现在完成时说话时机器正在被检测5.B．从In recent years理解是用现在完成时，从句意理解使用被动语态；故答案选Bfor weeks暗示用现在完成时态；结合语境应用被动形式后半句说明“考虑返校”这个动作一直在进行，并没有结束结合语境，应用被动形式；by 2009说明该动作现在尚未结束ever since暗示应用现在完成进行时态10.C语境强调被动意义和“过去的过去”直击高考1.C本题考察的是时态句意：除非找到另外的投资，否则这个电影院就监视被关闭本句中Unless引导的是一个条件状语从句，使用一般现在时代替将来时，后面的主句使用将来时根据句义可知mony和find构成被动关系，所以也要使用被动语态。
故C正确句意：除非找到另外的投资，否则这个电影院就监视被关闭本句中Unless引导的是一个条件状语从句，使用一般现在时代替将来时，后面的主句使用将来时根据句义可知mony和find构成被动关系，所以也要使用被动语态故C正确句意：这些报告在2012年就不见了，从那以后没有人看见过它们本句的关键词是since自从那时根据句义可知是指自从2012年这些文件不见是开始，到现在为止没有人看见Since经常和现在完成时连用的故C正确通常说来, 在时间状语从句中使用一般现在时代替将来时，前面的主句中使用将来时在高中英语中也使用现在完成时代替将来时，表示到将来某个时间已经完成的事情句意：直到所有的准备工作都做好以后，我们才开始工作故C正确5. C本题考查动词的时态句意：在过去的几年中，莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》已经被制作成至少十部不同的电影本题的解题关键是后面的时间状语over the past years，这种时间状态，通常都是跟现在完成时态连用的，因此锁定答案6. C本题考查动词的时态语态句意：—程序如何？ — 权威部门做出最终决定之前，所有的申请者都要接受面试从语态看，申请者是被面试，排除选项A，B；从时态看，既然是程序，那就应该用一般现在时来表达，排除选项D。
7.B本题考查时态及主谓一致主语是单数，尽管后面跟有介词或介词词组作附属修饰语，谓语动词仍用单数形式排除A和C；2012 Taipei Flower Expo是一个过去的时间，动作已经发生，和现在没有关系，没必要用现在完成时，排除D句意】这个著名的音乐家和他的学生被邀请在2012年的台北花展上演出8. D考查动词时态语态——一般现在时的被动语态句意：如果不采取措施，海洋将成为鱼类的沙漠（海洋鱼类资源面临枯竭）解题思路：根据”主将从现”原则, if引导的条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，排除B、C；nothing做主语，和do构成动宾关系，排除A，选择D9. A本题考查动词时态句意：——明天上午我可以用你的汽车吗？——当然可以那时候，我将在家写报告呢解题关键：对话双方谈论同一话题，自然时间一致，时态也相互关联本题中关键时间状语为tomorrow morning，所以回答时用将来进行时，表示“明天上午我将在家写报告”，用将来进行时所以选A10.C解析：题干的意思是：“这个学校董事会是由已经当选，并为学校事务做决定的父母组成的”父母是被选上，用被动语态，排除选项B，D再根据关键信息is made up of用的是现在时，可知选举一事对现在有影响，所以用现在完成时。
11. B本题考查动词的时态语态句意：《仲夏夜之梦》将于六月十九号在皇家剧院公演，然后在苏格兰各地巡回演出表示按照计划或时间表要发生的动作，用一般现在时表将来，排除选项C，D；open做公开演出讲时，是不及物动词，没有被动语态，排除选项B。