1The Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle of Pragmatics2 The Cooperative Principle(合作原则)CP的提出：by Herbert Paul Grice,1975,“Logic and Conversation”According to Grice,people usually try to reach a common goal by mutual efforts or at least make the conversation develop in the direction of their expectation in conversational exchange.To achieve this,people need to cooperate with each other.3Contents of CP(合作原则的内容)Quantity量量Quality质质Relation相关相关Manner方式方式4 1)Make your contribution as informative as required.2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.QuantityQuantity不多说，不多说，也不少说也不少说5Try to make your contribution one that is true:1)Do not say what you believe to be false.2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.QualityQuality说真话说真话6 Be relevant.RelationRelation说话要说话要相关，贴切相关，贴切7Be perspicuous,and specifically:1)avoid obscurity of expression.避免晦涩 2)avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3)be brief.简单明了 4)be orderly.井井有条 .MannerManner8In shortSub-consciously or even unconsciously,when we speak,we generally have something like the CP in our mind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。
We will try to say things which are true,relevant,as well as informative enough,and in a clear manner.9Violation of Quantity(量的违反)1.A:Would you mind telling me your address?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:Somewhere In the south of Handan.(我住在邯郸的南边)10Violation of Quantity(量的违反)2.A:Where is John?(约翰在哪呢？)B:Hes gone to the library.He said so when he left.(他去图书馆了他走时是这么说的)11Violation of Quantity(量的违反)3.Mei:Who answered the phone?(谁接的?)Yu:A woman.(一个女的)Mei:What?What did she say?(嗯?说什么?)Yu:She said,sorry,you dial telephone temporarily unable to get through.(“对不起，您拨打的暂时无法接通”。
)12Violation of Quality(质的违反)Yu:Mum,my hand was bitten by the insect.Mei:Oh,whats the matter?Was it bitten by mosquito?Come on,let me scratch for you.Yu:Why does the mosquito only bite me instead of Liu Xing?This isn t my home?Mei:Nonsense!Of course this is your home.Here are your dad and mum.Do you know why the mosquitoes only bite you instead of Liu Xing?Yu:Why?Mei:Because your blood is sweet while Liu Xing s is stinking.13Violation of Relation(相关性的违反)1.A:You know?Professor Lis wife is a bald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。
)B:Oh!What a nice day!Isnt it?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？)14Violation of Relation(相关性的违反)2.A:Hows her term paper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Her handwriting is quite beautiful!(她书法不错！)15Violation of Relation(相关性的违反)3.Mei:Are you OK?There must be huge gap in your mind now.Do you have the thought to find a way to escape?Dong Hai:The meeting is quite well.Mei:What did the teacher tell you about Liu Xing?(The grandma coughs,indicating Xia Donghai not to tell the truth)Dong Hai:Err,I take some medicine for grandma.Mei:Quickly,what did the teacher tell you?Dong Hai:Well,he saidnothing.16Violation of Manner(方式的违反)1.the needy(需要者)-the poor(穷人)In difficulties(有困难)-in debt(负债)to die(死)-to pass away(离开了)to go to another world(去了另一个世界)17Violation of Manner(方式的违反)2.Mei:Whydoesntthegorillaevolve?Xing:Givemeareasonforitsevolution.Mei:Whydoesntittalk?Xing:Whatdoyouwantmetosay?Mei:Itliesinitsdefectinlistening.Xing:Myearsarequitegood.Mei:Goaway.Dontbotherme!Xing:Arentyoutalkingaboutme?Mei:Iamtalkingaboutthegorilla.18 The Politeness Principle(礼貌原则)R.Lakoff(1972,1973,1975,1977)在上个世纪七十年代提出礼貌三规则19Two main approaches to politeness before Leech20Positive face:the positive consistent self-image that people have and want to be appreciated and approved of by at least some other people.积极面子是指希望得到别人的赞同和喜爱Negative face:the rights to territories,freedom of action and freedom from imposition;essentially the want that your actions be not impeded by others.消极面子是指不希望别人强加于自己,自己的行为不受别人的干涉或阻碍.212.Leechs approach to politenessPoliteness in communication requires people to adopt strategies of(a)maximizing“polite beliefs”;(b)minimizing“impolite beliefs.”22 23Relationship between PP&CP礼貌原则与合作原则之间的关系十分密切。
合作原则在会话中起着调节双方说话内容的作用,它使对方在乐于合作的前提下能进行交际但礼貌原则具有更高一层的调节作用,是制约语用的关键,为了恪守礼貌原则,人们甚至不得不牺牲合作原则合作原则和礼貌原则之间存在着相互交融、相互制约的关系如果合作原则占优势,即会话双方积极遵守合作原则,那么礼貌原则就只有占劣势,即会话双方只能消极遵守礼貌原则反之亦然如果合作原则占劣势,即会话双方消极遵守合作原则那么礼貌原则就占优势,即会话双方就会积极遵守礼貌原则24THANKS。