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组织间植入治疗是将放射性核素直接植入到肿瘤靶区通过放射性核

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欢迎阅读本文档,希望本文档能够对您有所帮助!08中国放射性粒子组织间近距离治疗肿瘤专家共识(讨论稿) 2008·厦门推荐单位 中国抗癌协会肿瘤微创治疗专业委员会粒子治疗分会主要起草单位北京大学第三医院中国医学科学院肿瘤医院北京大学第一医院北京大学口腔医院北京中日友好医院天津医科大学第二医院中山大学肿瘤医院郑州大学第一附属医院中国人民解放军空军总医院陕西省肿瘤医院参与起草专家:吴沛宏、申文江、张红志、张建国、李挺、王振豫、王俊杰、李玉、张汝森、周正、朱京丽、洛小林、吴锦昌、李立军、黄学全、官泳松、王大伟、吕志武、胡晓晔、钱国军、李伟明、周志刚、李任非、向华、俞炎平、曹秀峰、束永前、周海中、姚波、卢彦达、陈建伦、付改发、雷光焰、叶鑫、钱林学、 孙峰、柯明耀、柴树德、冉维强、黄毅、修典荣、袁慧书、柯明耀、刘明、柳立军、林延朋、刘宝瑞、崔亚丽、张大析、赵恒军、王娟、邹德环、李振家、张阳、金风、陈高峰、牛立志、程红岩、李玉亮 、李玉宝、 胡效坤、林明华、 陈汉威、 汤日杰、马旺扣 、王中和、张青海、 周大庆、 柳伟、 张一心、 蒋晓东、 丁忠旗、卢彦达 、阿不力 · 外力、胡江、 张杰、顾建文、 李明峰。

放射性粒子组织间永久植入治疗肿瘤是指通过影像学引导技术(超声、CT/MRI)将具有放射性的核素直接植入到肿瘤靶体积内或肿瘤周围,通过放射性核素持续释放射线对肿瘤细胞进行杀伤,达到治疗肿瘤的目的一、永久性放射性粒子植入近距离治疗原则1、适应证(1)经病理诊断的恶性实体肿瘤;(2)直径7cm以下的实体病灶;(3)局部进展期肿瘤用粒子植入需结合外照射等综合治疗措施;(4)局部进展难以用局部治疗方法控制,或有远位转移晚期肿瘤,但因局部病灶引起严重症状者,为达到姑息治疗目的,也可行粒子植入治疗;(5)术中肉眼或镜下残留;目前国内粒子植入治疗应用较多的恶性肿瘤包括:前列腺癌、脑肿瘤、肺癌、头颈部肿瘤、胰腺癌、肝癌、肾及肾上腺肿瘤以及眶内肿瘤(恶性黑色素瘤、视网膜母细胞瘤等)、软组织肿瘤等禁忌证(1) 恶液质,一般情况差,不能耐受粒子治疗者;(2) 空腔脏器慎用;(3) 淋巴引流区不做预防性植入;(4) 严重糖尿病;2、操作程序(1)术前计划植入前,用影像学方法(CT、MRI、彩色超声等) 或术中确定靶区(术中确定靶区?意思不清楚),在治疗计划系统上制定治疗前计划,确定植入导针数、导针位置、粒子数及位置、选择粒子种类及单个粒子活度,计算靶区总活度,预期靶区剂量,包括肿瘤及正常组织的剂量分布。

2)植入方法①在模板、彩色超声和CT等引导下进行粒子植入,根据术前或实时计划的剂量分布要求,选用均匀分布或周缘密集、中心稀疏布源方法进行粒子植入操作②建议将粒子植入导针一次性插植完成,以减少粒子植入时靶区结构和位置的改变,并且缩短粒子植入时间,减少术者受照剂量③推荐使用笔式植入器,从靶区的后缘起始,按计划要求的间距(一般为1~1.5cm)顺序后退式植入粒子3)术中计划植入粒子时,用TPS进行剂量优化,优化剂量要求: ①正确勾画实际肿瘤靶区;②计算植入针及粒子数;③计算靶区放射性总活度;④调整粒子位置,纠正不均匀度,保护靶区相邻的重要器官4)术后验证和质量评估粒子植入后,必须进行术后验证和质量评估,包括2项内容:粒子位置和剂量重建①粒子植入术后,要尽快拍摄靶区正、侧位X线片,确认植入的粒子数目经皮穿刺引导下粒子植入术后可以即刻验证必须要记录植入术与质量评估间隔的时间前列腺癌植入后30天内行CT检查(建议层厚:头部3mm,胸、腹、盆部5mm)②依据CT检查的影像资料,用TPS计算靶区及相邻正常组织的剂量分布,根据评价结果,必要时做补充治疗③评估参数处方剂量的靶体积(V)百分比,常用V200、V150、V100,V80和V50等;靶区达到处方剂量的百分数(D),常用D100、D90和D80;靶体积比(TVR),理想的TVR=1。

④评估方法等剂量曲线:最主要的是90%、100%、150%处方剂量线;剂量-体积直方图(DVH);粒子植入的数量及位置;重要器官的剂量分布⑤评估参考指标靶区剂量D90>匹配周缘剂量(MPD,即PD),提示植入质量很好平均外周剂量(mean peripheral dose, MPD)应为PD适形指数(Conformation index)PD的靶体积与全部把体积之比;植入粒子剂量的不均匀度<PD20%;显示DVH测量相邻结构正常组织的剂量⑥根据质量评估结果,必要时补充其他治疗三、永久性放射性粒子植入近距离治疗各论一、头颈部肿瘤1、适应证:(1)头颈部肿瘤术后复发2)头颈部肿瘤放疗后复发3)头颈部淋巴结转移癌,数目<3个4)肿瘤表面无破溃、直径<7cm5)因外科禁忌证无法实施再手术者;(6)无法实施外照射者,或外照射难以达到根治剂量者2、推荐粒子治疗剂量:(1)单纯粒子治疗:MPD为90Gy~120Gy2)既往有外照射史:MPD为80Gy~90Gy3、粒子治疗活度:125I粒子为0.5mCi~0.7mCi4、注意事项:(1)粒子植入治疗需要借助彩色超声或CT引导2)粒子植入治疗的进针点应远离肿瘤边界至少1cm~1.5cm以上。

3)粒子植入肿瘤内应距离皮肤1cm以上4)既往外照射100Gy以上者慎用5)推荐实施术后质量验证6)应根据肿瘤的病理学类型、分期和患者身体一般状况决定是否联合外照射或化疗7)局部浸润麻醉参考文献1 Vikram B, Mishra S. Permanent iodine-125 boost implants after external radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1994, 28:699-7012 .Harrison LB, Weissberg JB . A technique for interstitial nasopharyngeal brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1987, 13:451-4533 .Wei WL, Facs FD, Jonathan ST, et al. Split-palate approach for gold grain implantation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 1990, 116:578-5824 .蔡德江,李平,郑志坚,等.放射性金粒子软腭种植治疗残留及复发鼻咽癌71例临床报道.中华放射肿瘤学杂志,1997,6:80-835 .Martinez A, Goffinet DR, Fee W, et al . Iodine-125 implants as an adjuvant to surgery and external beam radiotherapy in the management of locally advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer,1983,51:973-9796 .Crook J, Mazeron J, Marinello G, Martin M, et al. Combined external irradiation and interstitial implantation for T1 and T2 epidermoid carcinomas of base of tongue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1988,15:105-1147 .Esche BA, Haie CM, Gerbault AP, et al . Interstitial and external radiotherapy in carcinoma of the soft palate and uvula. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1988,15:619-6258 .Putawala AA, Syed AM, Eads DL, et al . Limited external beam and interstitial Iridium-192 irradiation in the treatment of carcinoma of the base of the tongue: A ten year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1988, 14;839-848 9 .Horiuchi J, Takeda M, Shibuya H, et al . Usefulness of 198Au grain implants in the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Radiother Oncol,1991, 21:29-3810 .Park RI, Liberman FZ, Lee DJ, et al. Iodine-125 seed implantation as an adjuvant to surgery in advanced recurrent squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Laryngoscope, 1991,101:405-41011 .Harrison LB. Application of brachytherapy in head and neck cancer. Seminars Surgical Oncology,1997,13:177-18412 .Matsumoto S, Takeda M, Shibuya H, et al. T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinomas of the floor of the mouth: results of brachytherapy mainly using 198Au grains. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1996, 34:833-841二、胸部肿瘤1、 适应证:(1)非小细胞肺癌:①非手术适应证患者;②直径<7cm。

2)小细胞肺癌:对放化疗不明敏感的小细胞肺癌或放化疗后复发的可试用3)肺转移癌:①单侧肺病灶数目<3个;②如为双侧病灶,每侧病灶数目<3个,且应分次治疗2、粒子活度:125I粒子0.5~0.7mCi3、推荐粒子剂量:(1)单纯粒子治疗MPD:90Gy~110Gy;(2)联合外照射酌情减量4、治疗原则: (1) CT扫描探测肿瘤大小,确定进针方向2) CT引导下插植粒子植入导针,间距1cm~1.5cm,靶区边界以影像学肿瘤边界外放0.5cm~1cm粒子植入导针一次性插植完成建议使用模板,确保粒子治疗精度3) 粒子植入后即刻验证4) 必要时补充外照射5) 根据肿瘤分期决定是否联合化疗5、注意事项:(1)经皮穿刺粒子植入治疗需要借助CT引导,术中可以采用彩色超声引导2)粒子植入治疗的进针肿瘤边界至少0.5cm~1cm3)粒子距离血管、大气管1cm以上4)既往有外照射史者慎用5)推荐实施术后质量验证6)应根据肿瘤的病理学类型、分期和患者身体一般状况决定是否联合外照射或化疗参考文献1. Imamura F, Chatani M, Nakayama T, et al. Percutaneous brachytherapy for small-sized non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 1999; 24:169-1742. Lee W, Daly B, Dipetrillo T, et al.Limited resection for non-small cell lung cancer: observed local control with implantation of I-125 brachytherapy seeds.Ann Thorac Surg, 2003; 75:237-2433. Rafael Mart. Percutaneous CT-guided 103Pd implantation for the medically inoperable patient with T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer: A case report. Brachytherapy,2004;3(3):179-1814. Santos R, Colonias A, Parda D, et al. Comparison between sublobar resection and 125Iodine brachytherapy after sublobar resection in high-risk patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Surgery, 2003; 134:691–6975. Rafael Martínez-Mongea. CT-guided permanent brachytherapy for patients with medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .Lung Cancer, 2008 6. Nag S, Kelly JF, Horton JL, et al. Brachytherapy for carcinoma of the lung. Recommendations from the American Brachytherapy Society.Oncology,2001;15:371-381.7. Alex chen. Intraoperative 125I brachytherapy for high-risk stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma. Int J Radiat oncol Biol Phys, 1999;44:1057–10638. Williamson JF, Coursey BM, Dewerd la, et al. On the use of apparent activity (AAPP) for treatment planning of 125i and 103Pd interstitial brachytherapy sources: recommendations of the American Association of Physicists in medicine radiation therapy subcommittee on low-energy brachytherapy source dosimetry. Med phys 1999;26:2529–2530.9. Voynov1 G, Heron1 D E, Lin CJ. Intraoperative 125I Vicryl mesh brachytherapy after sublobar resection for high-risk stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Brachytherapy, 2005;4:278–28510. Uematsu M, Shioda A, Suda A, et al. Computed tomography–guided frameless stereotactic radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: A 5-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Bio Phys ,2001;51:666–670.11. Rafael Martý´nez-Monge1, Cristina Garra´n1, Isabel Vivas, et al. Percutaneous CT-guided 103Pd implantation for the medically inoperable patient with T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer: A case report. Brachytherapy, 2004;179–181.12. Nori D, Li X, Pugkhem T. Intraoperative brachytherapy using Gelfoam radioactive plaque implants for resected stage III non-small cell lung cancer with positive margin: A pilot study. J Surg Oncol, 1995;60:257–26113. Thomas J. Birdas, Richard PM, et al. Sublobar resection with brachytherapy versus lobectomy for stage Ⅰb non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg, 2006;81:434-43914. Winnie Lee, Benedict DT, Daly TA, et al. Limited resection for non–small cell lung cancer: observed local control with implantation of I-125 brachytherapy seeds. Ann Thorac Surg, 2003;75:237–24315. Nag S, Kelly JF, Nori D. Brachytherapy for carcinoma of the lung. Oncology (Huntington),2001;15:371-38116. D’Amato TA, Galloway M, Szydlowaki G, et al. Intraoperative brachytherapy following thoracoscopic wedge resection of stage I lung cancer. Chest, 1998;114:1112-111517. Julianna P, Scott J, Belsley. Placement of 125I implants with the da vinci robotic system after video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection: a feasibility study Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys, 2004;60: 928–93218. Trejos AL, Lin AW, Pytel MP, et al. Robot-assisted minimally invasive lung brachytherapy. Int J Med Robot,2007;3:41-51.19. Johnson M, Colonias A, Parda D, et al. Dosimetric and technical aspects of intraoperative I-125 brachytherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Phys Med Biol. 2007; 52:1237-124520. Mark G, Trombetta, Athanasios C, et al. Tolerance of the aorta using intraoperative iodine-125 interstitial brachytherapy in cancer of the lung. Brachytherapy, 2008;7: 50-54三、腹部肿瘤1、胰腺癌(1)适应证:①局部晚期无法手术切除者;②肿瘤直径<7cm;③肿瘤没有浸润大的血管和器官。

2)粒子活度:0.4mCi~0.5mCi(3)推荐粒子剂量:90Gy~110Gy;外放疗剂量:45Gy~50Gy;重要脏器剂量应与外照射合并计算4)治疗原则:①开腹暴露肿瘤因经皮穿刺可能造成腹腔感染、肠瘘、胰瘘等严重并发症,不推荐B超或CT引导下经皮穿刺植入②术中明确病理;③术中彩色超声探查肿瘤大小与血管关系;④超声指导插植粒子植入导针,间距1cm,距边界0.5cm~1cm;⑤检查穿刺针是否误入血管或胰管;⑥粒子植入后即刻超声探查,粒子分布不均匀时在“冷点”区补充粒子;⑦术后联合外照射+化疗;⑧与十二指肠、胃、受侵血管及腔静脉应距离0.5cm~1.0cm以上2、肝门胆管癌(1)适应证:①局部晚期无法手术切除者;②肿瘤直径<7cm;③没有侵犯大血管;(2)粒子活度:0.5 mC~0.7mCi;推荐粒子剂量:90Gy~110Gy3)治疗原则:①开腹暴露肿瘤;②术中明确病理;③术中彩色超声探查肿瘤大小、与血管关系,指导插植粒子植入导针;④距离周围重要器官1cm以上;⑤粒子植入后即刻探查,粒子分布不均匀时在“冷点”区补充粒子;⑥术后联合外照射+化疗3、肝癌(1)适应证:①局部晚期无法手术切除者;②肿瘤直径<7cm;③没有侵犯大血管;④术中残留;⑤介入治疗后控制不佳者。

2)粒子活度:0.5 mCi~0.7mCi(3)推荐粒子剂量:90Gy~120Gy(4)治疗原则:①术中用彩色超声探查肿瘤大小、与血管关系,指导插植粒子植入导针,可采用经肝、经皮穿刺的方法,植入粒子②距离周围重要器官 >1cm;③粒子植入后即刻探查,粒子分布不均匀时在“冷点”区补充粒子;④术后联合外照射+化疗4、肝转移癌(1)适应证:①肿瘤数目<3个;②单个病灶直径<5cm;③没有肝外转移;④术中肉眼或镜下残存;(2)粒子活度:0.5mCi~0.7mCi,推荐粒子剂量:90Gy~110Gy3)治疗原则:①CT或彩色超声引导下进行;②边界以影像学边界为准;③间距1cm~1.5cm;④术中有肿瘤残留时可采用平面插植技术参考文献1. Nag S, Ellis RJ, Martin EW et al. Feasibility study of radioimmunoguided iodine –125 brachytherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Radiat Oncol Invest, 1995, 2: 230-2362. Nath R, Anderson LL, Luxton G, et al. Dosimetry of interstitial brachytherapy sources: Recommendation of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No 43.Med Phys, 1995, 22:209-2343. Kumar PP, Good RR, Jones EO ,et al. Retreatment of recurrent pelvic tumors with iodine-125.Radiat Med, 1989,7:150-1594. Holm A, Bradley E, Aldrete J. Hepatic resection of metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg, 1988, 209:428-4345. Armstrong JG, Anderson LL, Harrison LB, et al. Treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer with radioactive implants. Cancer, 1994, 73:1800-18046. Anderson LL. A spacing nomograph for interstitial implants of 125I seeds. Med Phys, 1976, 3:48-517. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation for incomplete observation. J Am Stat Assoc, 1958, 4:57-818. Thomas DS, Dritschilo A. Interstitial high-dose irradiation for hepatic tumors.In: Nag S, ed. High dose rate brachytherapy: a textbook. Armonk, NY: futura Publishing Company Inc, 1994, 339-3469. Martinez MR, Nag S, Nieroda C, et al. Iodine-125 brachytherapy in the treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver. Cancer, 1999, 85:1218-1122510. Dritschilo A, Harter K, Thomas D, et al. Intra-operative radiation therapy of hepatic metastases: technical aspects and report of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1988, 14:1007-101111. Hoskins B, Gunderson LL, Dosoretz D, et al. Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid.Cancer,1985,55:61-7112. Dobrowsky W, Schmid AP. Radiotherapy of presacral recurrence following radical surgery for rectal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum,1985, 28:917-91913. Nag S. Principle of brachytherapy. In: Nag S, ed. Principle and practice of brachytherapy. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Co., 1997:3-1114. Handley SW. Pancreatic cancer and the treatment by implanted radium. Ann Surg,1934,100:215-22215. Henschke UK. Permanent interstitial infusion of inoperable tumors of the thorax and abdomen. Minerva Med, 1973, 58:4531-4536.16. Peretz T, Nori D, Hilaris B,et al. Treatment of primary unresectable carcinoma of the pancreas with I-125 implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Bio Phys,1989,17:931-93517. Shipley WU, Nardi GL, Cohen AM, et al. Iodine-125 implant and external beam irradiation in patients with localized pancreatic carcinoma. A comparative study to surgical resection. Cancer,1980,45:709-71418. Syed AM, Puthawala AA, Neblett DL. Interstitial iodine-125 implant in the management of unresectable pancreatic carcinoma.Cancer,1983,52:808-813.19. Joyce F, Burcharth F, Sci M, et al. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous implantation of iodine-125 seeds in pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1990,19:1050-105220. Crane CH, Abbruzzese JL, Evens DB, et al. Is the therapeutic index better with gemcitabine-based chemoradiation than with 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2002,52:1293-1302.21. Keene KS, Rich TA, Penberthy DR, et al. Clinical experience with chronomodulated infusional 5-fluorouracil chemoradiotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2005,62:97-103四、盆腔复发肿瘤1、宫颈癌术后或放疗后复发(1)适应证:①盆腔肿瘤术后复发;②直径<7cm;③因手术禁忌证无法实施再次手术;④外照射后复发。

2)推荐粒子治疗剂量①单纯粒子治疗:125I 粒子剂量为110Gy~130Gy②既往有放射治疗史:125I 粒子剂量为90Gy~110Gy(3)粒子活度:125I粒子为0.5mCi~0.7mCi(4)注意事项①粒子植入治疗需要借助CT或术中彩色超声引导;②粒子植入治疗的边界为肿瘤影像学边界外放1.5cm,术后最好加外照射;③既往外照射100Gy以上者慎重;④推荐术后即刻质量验证;⑤硬膜外麻醉;⑥术中开腹利用超声引导植入2、直肠癌术后复发(1)适应证:①盆腔肿瘤术后复发;②直径<7cm;③因手术禁忌症无法实施再次手术;或患者拒绝手术④外照射后复发2)推荐粒子治疗剂量①既往有放射治疗史:125I粒子剂量为90Gy~110Gy;②单纯粒子治疗:125I粒子剂量<120Gy3)粒子治疗活度:125I粒子为0.5mCi~0.7mCi(4)注意事项:①粒子植入治疗需要借助CT或术中超声引导;②粒子植入治疗的边界为肿瘤影像学边界外放1.5cm;③既往外照射100Gy以上者慎重;④推荐术后即刻质量验证;⑤硬膜外麻醉参考文献Kumar PP, Good RR, Jones EO ,et al. Retreatment of recurrent pelvic tumors with iodine-125.Radiat Med, 1989;7(3):150-159五、椎旁或椎体转移癌1、适应证:(1)术后复发;(2)因手术禁忌证无法实施再次手术;(3)外照射后复发。

2、推荐粒子治疗剂量:(1)既往有放射治疗史:125I 粒子剂量为90Gy~110Gy;(2)单纯粒子治疗:125I 粒子剂量为110Gy~120Gy3、粒子治疗活度:125I粒子为0.5mCi~0.7mCi4、注意事项:(1)粒子植入治疗需要在CT引导下实施;(2)原发肿瘤粒子植入治疗的边界为肿瘤影像学边界外放1.5cm;(3)转移肿瘤边界以影像学边界为准;(4)既往有外照射史者慎重,对术后复发者,建议粒子植入后加外照射;(5)推荐术后即刻质量验证;(6)局部浸润麻醉 (7)与脊髓距离保持1 cm以上参考文献Rogers L,Theodore N,Dickman C,et al.Surgery and permanent I-125 seed paraspinal brachytherapy for malignant tumors with spinal cord compression.Int J Radiat Oncol Phys Biol,2001;51:suppl1,62六、前列腺癌适应证:1、单纯粒子治疗:(1)T1~T2a;  (2)Gleason分级2~6; (3)PSA≤10ng/ml。

2、粒子治疗加外照射:(1)T2b~T2c;(2)Gleason分级7~10;(3)PSA >10ng/ml;(4)周围神经受侵;(5)多点活检阳性;(6)双侧活检阳性;(7)MRI提示前列腺包膜外侵 多数学者建议先行外照射再行近距离治疗以减少放疗并发症3、Gleason分级为7或PSA 10~20ng/ml者,根据具体情况决定是否加外照射4、近距离治疗联合外放疗的适应证:前列腺体积>60ml,可行新辅助内分泌治疗或外放疗使前列腺体积缩小禁忌证:1、绝对禁忌证:(1)预计生存期<5年;(2)TURP后缺陷严重或预后不佳;(3)一般状况差;(4)有远处转移2、相对禁忌证:(1)腺体>60ml;(2)中叶突出;(3)既往有TURP史;(4)严重糖尿病;(5)恶液质;(6)多次盆腔放疗和手术史操作方法及程序1、仪器和设备:(1)前列腺固定架、模板、步进器;(2)超声或CT;(3)治疗计划系统,可实现术前及术中图像实时传送;(4)植入器和粒子植入针2、术前准备:(1)根据超声或CT影像制定预计划,扫描层厚要求3mm~5mm,根据计划订购粒子2)匹配周边剂量:单纯粒子植入治疗,125I粒子为145Gy;103Pd为110Gy。

配合外放疗时,125I粒子为115Gy;103Pd为90Gy;外照射40Gy~45Gy3) 每颗粒子活度:125I 粒子0.3mCi~0.4mCi为宜;103Pd粒子1.2mCi~1.8mCi3、患者准备:(1)术前患者或家属签署放射性粒子永久植入治疗知情同意书;(2)术前肠道准备4、手术操作方法及程序:(1)体位固定和留置导尿管;患者体位为截石位;(2)安装固定架,模板和步行器;(3)将直肠探头与超声或CT连接,获取前列腺由顶到底部的图像,层厚5mm;(4)做术中适时治疗计划;(5)固定前列腺:先在前列腺的4个对称角插植粒子植入导针,使前列腺固定;(6)插植粒子植入导针:根据治疗计划要求的位置和数目插植粒子植入导针;(7)植入粒子:根据计划设计后退式植入粒子;(8)术后探测是否有粒子丢失;(9)清点手术器械,结束手术;(10)术后30天内行盆腔平片或CT扫描进行质量评估5、注意事项(1)术前全面检查,与相关科室共同讨论,决定治疗方案;(2)治疗时,物理师负责治疗计划设计及辐射安全与防护,放射肿瘤医师负责计划认定,泌尿外科科医师负责手术;(3)必须做充分的术前肠道准备;(4)全身麻醉或硬膜外麻醉;(5)准确摆放患者体位;(6)术后验证。

7)术后15天内注意观察尿液,确认是否有粒子排出;(8)术后15天内应避免性事;(9)术后2个月内不要与孕妇或儿童紧密接触7、并发症(1)会阴部肿胀;(2)泌尿系症状:排尿困难、尿急、尿频、血尿和尿储留等;(3)直肠症状:排便疼痛、直肠出血和里急后重等;(4)性功能障碍;(5)粒子迁移到其它器官可能引起的并发症参考文献1. Parker SL, Tong T, Bolden S, et al. Cancer statistics,1997.Cancer J Clin,1997;47:5-272. Pasteau O, Degrais P. The radium treatment of cancer of the prostate. Arch Roentgen Ray, 1914; 28:396-4103. Flocks RH, Kerr HD, Elkins HB, et al. Treatment of carcinoma of the prostate by interstitial radiation with radioactive gold (Au-198): a preliminary report.J Urol, 1952; 68:510-5224. Whitmore WF Jr, Hilaris B, Grabstald H. Retropublic implantation of iodine-125 in the treatment of prostate cancer.J Urol, 1972; 108:918-9205. Fuks Z, Leibel SA, Wallner KE, et al. The effect of local on metastatic dissemination in carcinoma of the prostate: long-term results in patients treated with 125-iodine implantation.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1991; 21:537-5476. Charyulu KK. Transperineal interstitial implantation of prostate cancer: a new method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1980; 6:1261-12667. Holm HH, Juul N, Pedersen JF,et al. Transperineal 125-iodine seed implantation in prostate cancer guided by transrectal ultrasonography. J Urol,1983;130:283-2868. Terris MK, Stamey TA. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J urol, 1991; 145:984-9879. Stock RG, Stone NN, Wesson MF, et al. A modified technique allowing interactive ultrasound-guided three-dimensional transperineal prostate implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1995; 32:219-22510. Grimm PD, Blasko JC, Ragde H. Ultrasound-guided brachytherapy for transperineal implantation of iodine-125 and palladium-103 for treatment of early stage prostate cancer. Atlas Urol Clin North Am, 1992; 2:113-12511. Osian AD, Nori D. Conformal brachytherapy of Carcinoma of the prostate. Endocuriether/Hypertherm Oncol, 1994; 10:15-2412. Wallner K. Iodine-125 brachytherapy for early stage prostate cancer: new techniques may achieve better results.Oncology, 1991; 5:115-12213. Wallner Kroc J, Harrison L. Tumor control and morbidity following transperineal iodine 125 implantation for stage T1/T2 prostatic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 1996; 14:449-45314. Blasko JC, Wallner K, Grimm PD, et al. Prostate specific antigen based disease control following ultrasound guided 125-iodine implantation for stage T1/T2 prostatic carcinoma.J Urol,1995;154:1096-109915. Yu Y, Waterman FW, Suntharalingam N, et al. Limitations of the minimum peripheral dose as a parameter for dose specification in permanent 125I prostate implants. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1996;34:717-72516. Wallner K, Roy J, Harrison L, et al. Dosimetry guidelines to minimize urethral and rectal morbidity following transperineal I-125 brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1995; 32:465-47117. Mortin JD, Peschel RE. Iodine-125 implants versus external beam therapy for stages A-2,B and C prostate cancer.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1988;14:1153-115718. Dattoli M, Wallner K, Sorace R, et al. 103-Pd brachytherapy and external beamirradiation for clinically localized, high-risk prostatic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1996;35:875-879附录1永久性放射性粒子植入近距离治疗专业术语1、关于放射性粒子治疗专业术语粒子植入,seed implantation。

永久植入:permanent implantation粒子:seed碘-125:125I2、近距离治疗专业术语近距离治疗:brachytherapy低剂量率:Low dose rate(LDR)高剂量率:High dose rate(HDR)组织间:interstitial3、放射性核素活度单位居里:Ci,(旧单位制)毫居:mCi(1Ci=100mCi)贝克勒尔:Bq(标准单位制)4、粒子治疗剂量单位戈瑞(吸收剂量单位):Gary(Gy),1Gy=100cGy 平均外周剂量:mean peripheral dose最小周边剂量:minimum peripheral dose(mPD)处方剂量:prescribed dose(PD)匹配周边剂量:matched peripheral dose(MPD)5、肿瘤靶区的描述靶区:target肿瘤靶体积:gross tumor volume(GTV)临床靶体积:clinical target volume(CTV)计划靶体积:planning target volume(PTV)6、治疗计划实时计划:real time plan(指术中粒子植入同时进行的剂量学计算,并指导治疗)。

术前计划:Preplan(术前根据影像学资料进行的治疗计划)术后计划:postplan(术后根据影像学资料进行的计划评估,可用于指导补充治疗)7、评估参数靶体积比:target volume ratio(TVR)D90和D100:覆盖90%和100%靶体积的剂量V200、V150、V100,V90、V80和V50:被200%、150%、100%、90%、80%和50%处方剂量覆盖的靶体积百分比剂量-体积直方图:dose-volume histogram(DVH)。

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