The Complex Sentences in Junior English:初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause(宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause(状语从句)和 The Attributive Clause(定语从句)其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等方式的复合句虽然在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点调查范围The Object Clause(宾语从句)宾语从句是主从复合句的一种宾语从句是英语中用来充任宾语的句子带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句宾语从句普通由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它构成，其语序是陈说句语序重点和难点重点和难点 1 1、由不同引导词引导的宾语从句、由不同引导词引导的宾语从句 2 2、直接引语和间接引语、直接引语和间接引语 3 3、宾语从句中时态的变化、宾语从句中时态的变化由从属连词由从属连词thatthat引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 由衔接代词由衔接代词 Who,whom,whose,which，what 和衔接副词和衔接副词 where,how,why,when 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句由从属连词由从属连词 whether,if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句 A)Introduced by that主句的谓语动词是主句的谓语动词是say,think,tell,know,hear,see,feel,mean,hope,wish,remember,forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由描画词等时，或主句的谓语动词是由描画词afraid,glad,sure,sorry等作表语的系表构造时，后面常接等作表语的系表构造时，后面常接that引导的宾语引导的宾语从句。
从句e.g.He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.Im sorry(that)he isnt here right now.Note:1.that 的省略：的省略：that 引导的宾语从句用来陈说现实，引导的宾语从句用来陈说现实，that本身无词义，在从句本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中经常可被省略中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中经常可被省略e.g.I guess(that)somebody else has borrowed it.Im afraid(that)youll have to wait.2.宾语从句的否认转移：宾语从句的否认转移：主句是主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否认等时，从句中的否认习惯上要转移到主句中如：我以为鸡不会游泳习惯上要转移到主句中如：我以为鸡不会游泳误：误：I think chickens can not swim.正：正：I dont think chickens can swim.此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，假设主句的主语不是第一人称，那么附加疑问句要看主句。
假设主句的主语不是第一人称，那么附加疑问句要看主句试比较：试比较：I think he is wrong,isnt he?He thinks he is right,doesnt he?e.g.I hear(that)_.一小时后他会回来He said(that)_.他非常想念我们The teacher told us(that)_.地球围着太阳转 he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sunBackBackC)Introduced by relative pronouns and adverbs衔接代词和衔接代词和衔接副词衔接副词一、构成：一、构成：1.1.宾语从句可由衔接代词宾语从句可由衔接代词what,who,whom,which等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不它们在宾语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略Do you know who will come this afternoon?(作主语作主语)Did you hear what he said?作宾语作宾语 I dont know whose that is.作表语作表语 Could you tell me which gate we have to go to?作作gate的的定语定语 2.宾语从句可由衔接副词宾语从句可由衔接副词when,where,how,why等引导，等引导，它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略。
它们在宾语从句中作状语，不可省略We didnt know when she would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?No one knows why she is late again.由衔接代词what,whom,whose,which,what及衔接副词 when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句1.He asked _.(谁能回答这个问题2.Do you know_.他们在等谁3.He asked _.谁的书法是班上最好的5.Do you know _.地球和月亮，哪一个比较小6.Please tell me _.我们什么时候开会7.Can you tell me _.他在哪儿8.Could you tell me _.我该怎样去车站9.Would you tell me _为什么火车迟到了 who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the classWhich is smaller,the earth or the moon?When we will have the meeting where h ishow I can get to the stationwhy the train is lateBackBackB)Introduced by if/whether if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为为“能否，在普通情况下可以互换。
能否，在普通情况下可以互换if 多用于口语和非正式文体中，多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether那么那么多用于比较正式的文体中如：多用于比较正式的文体中如：e.g.She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English.I dont know if/whether it is going to rain.BackNote:只用只用whether的五种情况：的五种情况：1.在介词后在介词后Im thinking of whether we should go fishing.2.与与or not连用时连用时I dont know whether they will come to help usor not.3.在动词在动词discuss或者其他介词后面的宾语从句中或者其他介词后面的宾语从句中We discussed whether we would have a sports meeting next week.4.宾语从句提早时只能用宾语从句提早时只能用whetherWhether this is true or not,I cant say.5.whether后可以接动词不定式后可以接动词不定式We dont know whether to go there tomorrow.由从属连词由从属连词whether,if 引导的宾语从句引导的宾语从句e.g.1.I want to know _.他能否跟我们一同去公园2.Ask him _.他能否能来3.I dont know _.能否要下雨 if(whether)he will go to the park with us whether(if)he can come whether it is going to rain or notBack直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系陈说句变为引导的宾语从句e.g.1.He said,“You are younger than I.2.He says,“Tom is a good student.He said that I was younger than him.He says that Tom is a good student.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系普通疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句e.g.She said,“Do you often come here to read newspaper?“Will they go to visit the Great Wall?he asked.She asked if(whether)I often came here to read newspaper.He asked if(whether)they would go visit the Great Wall.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系特殊疑问句变为特殊疑问句变为who,what,when等引导的宾语从句等引导的宾语从句e.g.1.He asked,“Where do you live?2.“How can we get to the post-office?he asked.He asked where I lived.He asked how they could get to the post-office.直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系 1、当主句的谓语动词是普通如今时或普通未来时，宾语、当主句的谓语动词是普通如今时或普通未来时，宾语 从句的谓语动词可以用所需求的任何一种时态。
从句的谓语动词可以用所需求的任何一种时态2、当主句的谓语动词是普经过去时，宾语从句的谓语、当主句的谓语动词是普经过去时，宾语从句的谓语 动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句表达的内容动词要用相应的过去时态，但当宾语从句表达的内容 为客观真理时，依然用普通如今时为客观真理时，依然用普通如今时e.g.The teacher said that the moon moves around the sun.注注 意：意：Back四、宾语从句的时态四、宾语从句的时态主句中谓语动词是普通如今时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受主句中谓语动词是普通如今时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据详细情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一限制，可根据详细情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必需求用某种过去时态，以坚持时态的般过去时，从句中也必需求用某种过去时态，以坚持时态的前后呼应特别要留意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、前后呼应特别要留意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然景象、名言时，那么用普通如今时，不受主句科学原理、自然景象、名言时，那么用普通如今时，不受主句时态的限制试比较：时态的限制。
试比较：He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.Tom says that he is mending his car.Tom said that he was mending his car.The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.二、难点：二、难点：1.防止反复出现衔接代词或衔接副词；防止反复出现衔接代词或衔接副词；e.g.*I cant see that what is over there.应去掉应去掉that 2.从句中的语序为陈说语序；从句中的语序为陈说语序；e.g.*Do you know how old is she?(应改为：应改为：how old she is)3.从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应e.g.*She didnt tell me when she will come.(应改为：应改为：when she would come)三、转换：三、转换：1)由衔接代词和衔接副词引导的宾语从句由衔接代词和衔接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词动词不定式替代，进可用疑问代词和疑问副词动词不定式替代，进展句型上的转换。
展句型上的转换Ive no idea what were going to do next.=Ive no idea what to do next.Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?=Could you tell me how to get to the post office?三、转换：三、转换：1find,think 等动词后面的宾等动词后面的宾语从句也可以用复合宾语即宾语语从句也可以用复合宾语即宾语+宾语补足语来替代宾语补足语来替代He found that it was difficult to fall asleep because of the noise upstairs.=He found it difficult to fall asleep because of the noise upstairs.The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow.(be)The headmaster hopes everything _ well.(go)Tom says that they _(play)basketball at six oclock yesterday evening.I hear they _(return)it already.He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948.(be)He asked what they _ at eight last night.(do)The teacher told his class that light _ faster than sound.(travel)I think you _ about the relay race now.(talk)I didnt know whom the letters _ from.(be)will be goes were playing has returned had been travels are talking were were doing10.I didnt know what time he _ the letter.(write)11.Miss Wang told me that the earth _(move)round the earth.12.Could you tell me who _ away the book already?(take)13.Ling Feng told me he _ to several times.(be)14.Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east.(rise)15.Can you tell me what they _ yesterday?(do)wrote moves has taken has been risesdid将以下句子合并为一句将以下句子合并为一句:1.Where do they stop on the way?I asked.1.Where do they stop on the way?I asked.2.What will you speak at the meeting?Could 2.What will you speak at the meeting?Could you tell me?you tell me?3.Do they like to make friends with us?He 3.Do they like to make friends with us?He asked.asked.4.4.“I am doing my homework.I am doing my homework.He said.He said.5.5.“I will come back.I will come back.Tom said.Tom said.6.6.“Is he doing his homework?Is he doing his homework?Jim asked.Jim asked.I asked where they stopped on the way.Could you tell me what you will speak at the meeting?He asked if they liked to make friends with them.He said that he was doing his homework.Tom said that he would come back.Jim asked if he was doing his homework.7.“When will he come back?Tom asked.8.“How can I get to the station?Could you tell me?9.“Why is the train late?Would you tell me?10.“Where is Tom?They asked.Tom asked when he would come back.Could you tell me how I can get to the station?Would you tell me why the train is late?They asked where Tom was.The Attributive Clause(定语从句定语从句)在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词定语从句必需放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用This is Tom.Tom gave us a talk yesterday.-This is Tom who(that)gave us a talk yesterday.先行词 定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why 一一、who,whom,whose引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 1.who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必需是人e.g.This is the doctor who came her yesterday.2.whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必需是人，可以省略e.g.The man(whom)you saw last week has left the town.留意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词普通可放在留意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词普通可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上在含有介词的固定动词之前，也可放在原来的位置上在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。
词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上e.g.a)The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei.=The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.(前句中的前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的不可省略，后句中的whom可省略可省略)b)The girl whom he is taking care of is ill.(take care of是固定词组是固定词组)3.whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物e.g.I know the woman whose husband is a doctor.He lives in the house whose window faces south.二、二、that,which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物物,通常情况下，它们可以互换通常情况下，它们可以互换1.that,which在从句中作主语，不可省略在从句中作主语，不可省略。
e.g.Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.2.that,which在从句中作宾语，可以省略在从句中作宾语，可以省略e.g.Is this the film(that/which)you talked about last week?留意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用留意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略且不能省略e.g.The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room.=The house(which)he once lived in is a meeting-room.知识拓展：知识拓展：引导定语从句的关系代词引导定语从句的关系代词that和和which，在普通情况下，虽然，在普通情况下，虽然可以互换运用，但在以下情况下，只能用可以互换运用，但在以下情况下，只能用that，而不用，而不用which：1.先行词是复合不定代词everything,anything,nothing等时e.g.She didnt forget anything(that)her mother had told her to buy.2.先行词被序数词或先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。
修饰时e.g.This is the first textbook(that)I studied in the primary school.He is in the last row that is next to the window.3.先行词被描画词最高级修饰时先行词被描画词最高级修饰时e.g.That is the highest building(that)I have ever seen.4.先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the same等修饰时等修饰时e.g.This is the very novel(that)you want to borrow.5.先行词是或被all,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时，e.g.Ive written down all(that)the teacher doesnt allow us to do.They havent got any dictionaries(that)we need.6.先行词既包含人又包含物时先行词既包含人又包含物时e.g.He told us many interesting things and persons(that)we had never heard.7.主句是以主句是以who,which引导的特殊疑问句时。
引导的特殊疑问句时e.g.Who is the man(that)you spoke to just now?Which is the book that was stolen by him?8.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语 时e.g.China is no longer the country(that)it used to be.三、关系副词三、关系副词where,when,why引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 在从句中作状语在从句中作状语1.where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词e.g.This is the village where he was born.c.f.This is the village(that/which)he visited last year.2.when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词e.g.Ill never forget the day when I joined the League.c.f.Ill never forget the day(that/which)we spent together.3.why表示缘由，它引导的定语从句修饰表缘由的先行词。
表示缘由，它引导的定语从句修饰表缘由的先行词e.g.The reason why he didnt come yesterday is quite clear.定语从句专练：定语从句专练：()1.The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250,000.A.which B.who C.whom D./()2.This is the most beautiful part I have visited.A.which;ever B.that;never C.which;yet D.that;ever()3.My necklace is not the only thing is missing.A.that B.which C.what D./()4.Were talking about Tonny,you met yesterday.A.with who B.whom C.which D.that()5.Is this the very museum some Japanese visitors visited last Wednesday?A.one B.where C.that D.which()6.The book cover is red is Toms.A.which B.that C./D.whose ()7.The place I grew up is a beautiful town.A.which B.that C.where D.from which()8.I dont think the number of people this happens is very large.A.who B.to which C.that D.to whom()9.Do you still remember one evening a week ago I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary?A.before B.which C.when D.as()10.Is that the novel about they talked in class yesterday?A.which B.that C.who D./。