英国文学之十四行诗第18首-Sonnet-18Definition of Poetry*distinctivestyleandrhythm;agenreofliterature.*aconcentratedimaginativeawarenessofexperienceinlanguage*aspecialemotionalresponsethroughitsmeaning,sound,andrhythm.Types of Poetry Lyric poetry Narrative poetry Dramatic poetry Lyric poetry Lyricisabriefsubjectivepoemstronglymarkedbyimagination,melody and emotion,and creating asingleunifiedimpression.Narrative poetryNarrativepoetryisonethattellsastoryorpresentsa narrative,whether simple or complex,long orshort.Epics,ballads and metrical romances areamongthemanykindsofnarrativepoems.Dramatic poetryAthirdkindofpoetryisdramaticpoetrywhichiswritten in the form of a speech of an individualcharacter to an imaginary audience;it compressesinto a single vivid scene a narrative sense of thespeakershistoryandpsychologicalinsightintohischaracter.Thiskindofpoetry,asthetermsuggests,employsdramaticformorsomeelementofdramatictechnique.The Language in Poetry The Language inpoetry may differstillfurtherfromthatofprose.SincethefunctionofpoetryistopresentIMAGESconcretely,itistheresponsibilityof the poet to select language that succeeds inmaking those IMAGES concrete and the specialwords rich in connotative value and carryingimplicationsofsound,color,andactionthesearethespecialstockofthegenuinePOET.RhythmPoetry is often considered as the rhythmiccreation of beauty(Edgar Allen Poe).A poem isdivided into stanza or strophe(诗节),which issubdivided into verse or line(行).Each line isdivided into several feet(音步).Foot is arrangedaccordingtothestress,andthisformsthemeter(格律).Inafoot,“-”symbolizesstress,whichiscalled“扬”in Chinese,and“”symbolizes non-stress,whichiscalled“抑”inChinese.Rhythmcomesfromtheregularpatternofthestressand non-stress.According to the rules of thearrangement of the stresses and non-stresses,themost commonly used meter of English poetry isdividedinto:A.Iambicfoot(Iamb)()(/)抑扬格Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?B.Trochaicfoot(Trochee)()(/)扬抑格 Everylittlestreamisbright,C.Anapesticfoot(Anapest)C.Anapesticfoot(Anapest)()()()(/)/)抑抑扬格抑抑扬格Forthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreams.Forthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreams.D.Dactylicfoot(Dacty1)D.Dactylicfoot(Dacty1)()(/)(/)扬抑抑格扬抑抑格Slowlythemistoerthemeadowwascreeping.Slowlythemistoerthemeadowwascreeping.E.Amphibrachfoot(Amphibrach)E.Amphibrachfoot(Amphibrach)：()()(/)F.SpondeeF.Spondee：（）（）（）（）（/）G.PyrrhicG.Pyrrhic：（）Kinds of Verse:Alineconsistsofseveralfeet.Accordingtothenumberoffoot,footisdividedinto:A.Monometer(单音步)：Itrust.B.Dimeter(双音步)：Thewildwindsweep.C.Trimeter(三音步)：Theirsnottomakereply.D.Tetrameter(四音步)：Helivestolearninlifeshardschool.E.Pentameter(五音步)：Thepoetryofearthisneverdead.F.Hexameter.(六音步):G.Peptameter(七音步)H.Octametre(八音步)Kinds of Meters:Verse rhythm Averseconsistsofdifferentkindsoffeet.A.IambicMonometer：AnddieB.TrochaicDimeter:Richthetreasure.C.IambicTrimeter：Theirsnottomakereply.(AnapesticTrimeter：Downtothedepthsofthesea)D.IambicTetrameter：Row,brother,row,thestreamisfast(TrochaicTetrameter：Lifeisreal!Lifeisearnest!)(Amphibrach Tetrameter：A farmer went trottinguponhisgreymare)E.IambicPentameter：Farewell,thetranquilmind,farewell,content!Andswimsorsinks,orwades,orcreeps,orflies.Pleasinthesilentshadewithemptypraise.3.4 Rhyme(Rime):a repetition of the same sound.Alliteration：The initial same sound,normally consonants,especially at the beginning of words,or stressedsyllables,arerepeated.Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms.Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees.A.Tennyson,Princes.Assonance：arepetitionofthesameorsimilarvowelsounds,usuallyclosetogetherquiteinrhyme.e.g.1)ThewavescameoverthebrokenshipTillallhersidesweretorn Consonance：harmony of consonant.The same consonantsfollowdifferentvowelsoundsofwordsclosetoeachother.e.g.1)apalegoldchord.End rhyme：Rhyme scheme.A.Park-dark,make-break,low-foe.(Normalrhyme)B.one-bone,stood-blood.(Eyerhyme)Some stanza formsA.Couplet,usuallyiambictetrameterandiambicpentameter(heroiccouplet)B.Tercet(triplet).C.Quatrain.D.Five-versestanza.E.SextetF.Seven-versestanzaG.Octave(Triple).H.SonnetImagery Imagery refers to the sensory imagesproduced by words.Imagery is the life of agood poem.Imagery is divided into visualimage,auditoryimage,olfactoryimage(嗅觉),tactileimage(触觉),gustatoryimage(味觉)，kinaestheticimage(动觉),abstractimage,etc.Topic 2Introduction to sonnet2.1Definitionofsonnet2.1Definitionofsonnetfourteenlinesusuallyiniambicpentameterfourteenlinesusuallyiniambicpentametersumupinlastlinesofthepoem.sumupinlastlinesofthepoem.Topic 2Introduction to sonnet2.2TypesofSonnetTherearethreedominanttypesofsonnet:Petrarchansonnet(theItaliansonnet):abba,abba,cde,cde DefinitionofPetrarchansonnetThe first 8 lines form an octave,which rhymes abba,abba and the remaining 6 lines form a sestet whichrhymes cde,cde.Spenseriansonnet:abab,bcbc,cdcd,eeShakespeareansonnet(theEnglishsonnetorElizabethansonnet):abab,cdcd,efef,gg.2.3Shakespeareansonnet2.3.1DefinitionofShakespeareansonnetShakespeareansonnetconsistsofthreequatrainswitharhymingschemeababcdcdefefandendswithacoupletrhyming gg.In the three quatrains the theme is putforwardanddeveloped,andinthecoupletthesonnetendswithasurpriseconclusionorshiftofideas.Thequatrainsproduce a sweeping movement while the concludingcoupletoftencomestobeaneffectiveepigramandalsomakesthethemeofthepoemclearer.Topic 2Introduction to sonnet2.3.2Contents:Shakespearessonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoets own feelings.His sonnets numbered 1-126 areaddressed to a handsome young nobleman,Shakespearesbelovedfriendandarivalpoet.Thepoemsexpressesthewritersselflessbutnotentirelyuncriticaldevotiontotheyoung man.The sonnets numbered 127-152 involve amistress of Shakespeare,a mysterious“Dark Lady”.Thesonnetsnumbered153-154areallegoricalandaddressedtoCupid,theGodofloveinGreekmythology.Topic 2Introduction to sonnet2.3.3CharacteristicsofShakespearessonnetsShakespearessonnetsischaracterizedbytheexpressionofstrongfeelingswithanexquisitelycontrolledartisticform.Thethemeofloveandinfidelityisdominantinbothsetsofpoems.The theme is interwoven with motifs of beauty,immorality,and the ravages of time and with lyricalspeculationaboutpoetryspowertomaintainbondsofloveandtoimmortalizethebeloved.2.3.4 Themesdestructiveeffectsoftimethequicknessofphysicaldecaythelossofbeauty,vigor,andlovecelebrationoflife2.3.5 Shakespeares contribution ShakespearesShakespearescontributioncontributiontotoEnglishEnglishliteratureliteraturenotnotonlyonlyliesliesininthethecreationcreationofofmanymanyimmortalimmortalworks,works,butbutalsoalsoininthethe improvementimprovement ofof thethe dramaticdramatic techniquestechniques andand thethecreationcreationofofShakespearianShakespeariansonnetsonnetbybyrevising revising the the Italian Italian sonnet.sonnet.Topic3StudyofSonnet 183.1 The main idea3.1 The main idea TheThesonnetsonnetstartsstartswithwitha aquestionquestionthatthatmightmightleadleadtotoa averyveryordinaryordinaryconceitconceit；insteadinstead itit introducesintroduces a a profoundprofound meditationmeditation onon time,time,changechangeandandbeauty.beauty.Normally,Normally,totocomparecomparethethebelovedbelovedtotothethedaysdaysofofearlyearlysummersummerorortotothethedazzlingdazzlingbeautybeautyofofthethegloriousglorioussunsunwouldwouldbebe consideredconsidered highhigh praise.praise.However,However,thethe poetpoet considersconsiders thethecomparisoncomparisoninadequate,inadequate,forforjustjustlikelikethetheshortnessshortnessofofsummer,summer,mansmansyouthyouthandandbeautybeautywillwillfadefadeaway.away.ThenThenthethepoetpoetexpressesexpressesa averyveryboldboldidea:idea:thatthatbeautifulbeautifulthingsthingscancanrelyrelyononthetheforceforceofofliteratureliteraturetototheirtheir eternity;eternity;andand literatureliterature isis createdcreated byby man,man,thusthus itit declaresdeclaresmanseternity.manseternity.3.2 ThemesKeyKey words:words:PraisingPraising thethe beautybeauty ofof thethe youngyoung man;man;TransienceTransience ofofbeautyinnature;Immortalityofartingeneral(poetryinparticular)beautyinnature;Immortalityofartingeneral(poetryinparticular)InIn thethe poempoem ShakespeareShakespeare hashas a a profoundprofound meditationmeditation onon thethedestructivedestructivepowerpowerofoftimetimeandandthetheeternaleternalbeautybeautybroughtbroughtforthforthbybypoetrypoetry toto thethe oneone hehe loves.loves.AA nicenice summerssummers dayday isis usuallyusuallytransient,transient,butbut thethe beautybeauty inin poetrypoetry cancan lastlast forfor ever.ever.ThusThusShakespeareShakespeare hashas a a faithfaith inin thethe permanencepermanence ofof poetry.poetry.TheThe poetpoeteulogizeseulogizesthethepowerpowerofofartisticartisticcreation.creation.LiteratureLiteraturewillwillbecomebecomepartpartofof time.time.TheThe emphaticemphatic tonetone ofof thethe poempoem showsshows thethe mightymighty self-self-confidenceconfidence ofof thethe newly-arisennewly-arisen commercialcommercial bourgeoisie.bourgeoisie.AndAnd thethevivid,vivid,variablevariableandandrichrichimagesimagesreflectreflectthethelivelylivelyandandadventurousadventurousspiritsspirits ofof thosethose whowho werewere openingopening newnew spacespace andand creatingcreating newnewworld.world.3.3 The four steps in the composition of the poemIntroduction(Opening),Elucidationofthetheme(Developing)Transitiontoanotherviewpoint(Changing)Summingup(Concluding)For exle:Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate：Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And Summers lease hath all too short a date.Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance,or natures changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst,So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long live this,and this gives life to thee.Introduction(起)Elucidation(承)Transition(转)Conclusion(合)3.4Stylisticfeaturesofthesonnet3.4.1 3.4.1 Structure:Structure:TheThe poempoem consistsconsists ofof threethree quatrainsquatrains andand a aconcludingconcluding coupletcouplet ofof iambiciambic pentameter,pentameter,withwith thethe rhymerhyme schemeschemeababcdcdefefgg.ababcdcdefefgg.Meter (with respect to tonal pattern):Meter (with respect to tonal pattern):IambusIambus(抑扬格抑扬格)/IambicFoot()/IambicFoot(抑扬音步抑扬音步)5-footIambus/IambicPentameter5-footIambus/IambicPentameter（五步抑扬格）（五步抑扬格）ShallIShallI comparecompare theetotheeto asumasum mersday?mersday?ThouartThouart morelovemorelove lyandlyand moretemmoretem perateperateRoughwindsRoughwinds doshakedoshake thedarthedar lingbudslingbuds ofMay,ofMay,AndSumAndSum mersleasemerslease hathallhathall tooshorttooshort adate.adate.3.4 Stylistic features of the sonnet Rhyme scheme:Rhyme scheme:ababcdcdefefgg.ababcdcdefefgg.Shall I compare thee to a summers dShall I compare thee to a summers dayay?a a Thou art more lovely and more temper Thou art more lovely and more temperateate：b b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of M Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Mayay,a a And Summers lease hath all too short a d And Summers lease hath all too short a dateate:b b Sometime too hot the eye of heaven sh Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shinesines,c c And often is his gold complexion d And often is his gold complexion dimmedimmed;d d And every fair from fair sometime decl And every fair from fair sometime declinesines,c c By chance,or natures changing course untr By chance,or natures changing course untrimmedimmed;d d But thy eternal summer shall not f But thy eternal summer shall not fadeade,e e Nor lose possession of that fair thou Nor lose possession of that fair thou owstowst,f f Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his sh Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shadeade,e e When in eternal lines to time thou gr When in eternal lines to time thou growstowst,f f So long as men can breathe or eyes can s So long as men can breathe or eyes can seeee,g g So long live this,and this gives life to th So long live this,and this gives life to theeee.g g3.4.2Figuresofspeech Rhetorical Rhetorical question:question:Shall Shall I I compare compare thee thee to to a a summers summers d dayay?Simile:Simile:thee to a summers daythee to a summers day Metaphor:Metaphor:thetheeyeeyeofofheaven:heaven:referringreferringtotothethesun;sun;eternaleternal summer:immortal(ever-lasting)youthfulnesssummer:immortal(ever-lasting)youthfulness Personification:Personification:RoughRough winds;winds;Death:Death:(personification)(personification)thethedestroyeroflifedestroyeroflife Repetition:Repetition:eternal;eternal;so long;can;thisso long;can;this3.4.2Figuresofspeech Alliteration:Alliteration:f fair air f from rom f fair;air;chchance ance or or natures natures chchanging anging coursecourse Contrast:Contrast:natural natural summer summer thy thy summer;summer;short short eternal;eternal;leased leased owst;owst;hot hot temperate;temperate;Rough Rough lovely;lovely;dimmed not fadedimmed not fade Imagery:Imagery:Rough Rough winds;winds;darling darling buds;buds;Hot Hot eye;eye;Gold Gold complexion complexion(The(The poetpoet usesuses imagesimages notnot onlyonly toto createcreatephysicalphysicalexperiencesexperiencesbutbutalsoalsototoestablishestablishmoods,moods,andandmakemakethethememoreconcreteandconcentrated.)thethememoreconcreteandconcentrated.)3.5TextualappreciationLines 1-2 Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate：Paraphrase:HowcanIcompareyoutoasummers day since you are lovelier andgentler than it?/If I compared you to asummersday,Idhavetosayyouaremorebeautifulandserene.Detailedstudy“Shall“ShallI Icomparecomparetheetheetotoa asummerssummersday?”day?”：ItItisisa arhetoricalrhetoricalquestionquestionwithoutwithoutanswer.answer.AndAndhereherehyperbolehyperbole isis employed.employed.Normally,Normally,toto comparecompare thethebelovedbeloved toto thethe daysdays ofof earlyearly summersummer wouldwould bebeconsideredconsideredhighhighpraise,praise,becausebecauseininthetherainyrainyandandfoggyfoggyEngland,England,summersummer isis a a mildmild andand floweringflowering season.season.ThusThus itit introducesintroduces a a profoundprofound meditationmeditation onon time,time,changeandbeauty.changeandbeauty.“Thou“Thou artart moremore lovelylovely andand moremore temperate”temperate”：However,However,thethe poetpoet considersconsiders thethe comparisoncomparison ofof a asummerssummersdaydayisisinadequate,inadequate,forforjustjustlikelikethetheshortnessshortnessofofsummer,summer,mansmansyouthyouthandandbeautybeautywillwillfadefadeaway.away.TheThe wordword“more”“more”suggestssuggests infiniteinfinite tenderness.tenderness.TheThe“lovely”“lovely”impliesimplies thethe beautifulbeautiful complexioncomplexion ofof thethebeloved.beloved.AndAndthethe“temperate”“temperate”impliesimpliesthethenaturenatureofofthethebeloved.beloved.NoteNote thatthat thethe secondsecond lineline actuallyactually servesserves asas thetheadverbialadverbialcausecausetotothethefirstfirstline.line.(Implication:(Implication:YouYouarearemuchbetter,muchmorebeautifulthansummer.)muchbetter,muchmorebeautifulthansummer.)Thefirsttwolinesintroduceasubjectofthepoem.Thefirsttwolinesintroduceasubjectofthepoem.Archaism:Archaism:thee:thee:youyou(thetheobjectobjectformformofofthou);thou);thou:thou:youyou(the(thesubjectsubjectformformofofyou);you);art:art:areare(The(ThesingularofsingularofthethesecondsecondpersonpersonininoldoldEnglish:English:-est,-est,-st,-t,-st,-t,e.g.e.g.artart=are,are,owstowst=owe,owe,wandrest=wander,growst=grow.)wandrest=wander,growst=grow.)a a summerssummers day:day:InIn England,England,summersummer isis notnot hothot butbutcomfortablycomfortably warm.warm.ItIt isis thethe mostmost pleasantpleasant seasonseason ofof thetheyear.“day”:theperiodorseasonofasummer.year.“day”:theperiodorseasonofasummer.temperate:gentle,soft,mild,tender.temperate:gentle,soft,mild,tender.Lines 3-4 Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And Summers lease hath all too short a date.And Summers lease hath all too short a date.Paraphrase:Paraphrase:InInfact,fact,thetheviolentviolentwindswindsdododestroydestroythethelovelylovelybudsbudsofofMay,andsummerlastsforonlyaveryshortperiodoftime.May,andsummerlastsforonlyaveryshortperiodoftime.Detailedstudy rough:rough:violent;violent;terrible.terrible.HereHere personificationpersonification isisemployed.employed.doshake:Theword“do”isusedhereforemphasis.doshake:Theword“do”isusedhereforemphasis.darling:lovely;dear;charming.darling:lovely;dear;charming.lease:lease:period;period;(a(atermtermusedusedininlaw)law)thethelengthlengthofoftimetimeduringduring whichwhich a a legallegal agreementagreement isis toto last.last.HereHere itit isisfigurativelyused,meaning“lifetime”.figurativelyused,meaning“lifetime”.Archaism:Archaism:hath:“has”.hath:“has”.date:periodoftime.date:periodoftime.The main idea of the first quatrain:TheThepoetpoetmakesmakesananintroductionintroductionbybyexplainingexplainingthatthatthoughthough summersummer ofof thethe naturalnatural worldworld isis veryverybeautiful,beautiful,ititisisnonobetterbetterthanthanhishisfriend.friend.ItItmaymayexistexistforforonlyonlya alimitedlimitedperiodperiodofoftimetimesincesinceitithashasa alotlotofofshortcomings.shortcomings.Lines 5-6Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;Paraphrase:Sometimesthesunshinestoohot,and its golden brightness is oftencoveredordarkenedbyclouds.Detailedstudyn nsometime:someoccasionally;nowandthen;fromtimetotimen ntheeyeofheaven:(metaphor)referringtothesunn ngoldcomplexion:thegoldenbrightnessofthesunn ncomplexion:naturalcolorandappearanceoftheskinofthefacen ndimmed:notbright Lines 7-8And every fair from fair sometime declines,And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance,or natures changing course untrimmed;By chance,or natures changing course untrimmed;Paraphrase:Everythingbeautifulmayloseitsbeauty.ThebeautyParaphrase:Everythingbeautifulmayloseitsbeauty.Thebeautymaybedestroyedunexpectedlyorbythelawofchange(thenormalmaybedestroyedunexpectedlyorbythelawofchange(thenormalorderofchange)inthenaturalworld.orderofchange)inthenaturalworld.Detailedstudyeveryfair:everybeautifulobject,oreverybeautifulpersoneveryfair:everybeautifulobject,oreverybeautifulperson(everythingbeautiful)(everythingbeautiful)fair:beauty.Notethatthefirst“fair”referstotheindividual,whilefair:beauty.Notethatthefirst“fair”referstotheindividual,whilethesecond“fair”referstowhole,theconceptofbeauty.thesecond“fair”referstowhole,theconceptofbeauty.decline:fadeaway;movefromabettertoaworseconditiondecline:fadeaway;movefromabettertoaworseconditionchance:someunexpectednaturaldisaster,suchasearthquake,chance:someunexpectednaturaldisaster,suchasearthquake,flood,etc.flood,etc.natureschangingcourse:thelawofchangeinthenaturalworldnatureschangingcourse:thelawofchangeinthenaturalworlduntrimmed:destroyed(bestrippedofbeauty).Alsonotetheuntrimmed:destroyed(bestrippedofbeauty).Alsonotetheinvertedorderhereinvertedorderhere The main idea of the second quatrain:Shakespearesupportshisviewbycitingmore exles of the shortcomings ofsummerandpointingoutthefactthateverythingbeautifulmayfinallyloseitsbeauty and may finally disappearcompletelyfromtheworld.Lines 9-12 But thy eternal summer shall not fade,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst,Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,Nor shall Death brag thou wandrest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growst,When in eternal lines to time thou growst,Paraphrase:Paraphrase:IfIfyouyouarearewrittenwrittenininananeternaleternalpoem,poem,youyouwillwillbecomebecomepartpartofoftime,time,youyouwillwillalwaysalwaysbebeyoungyoungororyouryour youthfulnessyouthfulness willwill bebe everlastingeverlasting(will(will neverneverdisappear),disappear),andandyouyouwillwillneverneverloseloseyouryourbea。