2022年考博英语-同济大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题 Tom was accused of __________ against black persons, that is to say, he looks down upon them.问题1选项A.discriminatingB.distinguishingC.distressingD.disguising【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析discriminating “歧视”；distinguishing “辨别，区分”; distressing “使痛苦，迫使”；disguising “掩饰，伪装”句意：汤姆被指控歧视黑人，也就是说，他瞧不起他们选项A符合题意 2. 单选题We have to ________ the routine expenditure，otherwise it will be impossible for us to afford a car.问题1选项A.declineB.condenseC.curtailD.dwindle【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析decline “下降，衰落”；condense “使浓缩”；curtail“缩减，剪短”；dwindle“使缩小，减小”。
句意：我们必须缩减日常开支，否则我们不可能买得起一辆车选项C符合题意 3. 单选题Mutual respect for territorial ______ is one of the bases upon which our two countries develop relationships.问题1选项A.unityB.integrityC.entirelyD.reliability【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析unity“统一”；integrity “完整，正直”; entirely “完全地”；reliability“可靠性”句意：对领土完整的相互尊重是两国关系发展的基础之一选项B符合题意 4. 单选题Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when, in retrospect ,we see how truly strange they are.When I was a psychiatric resident, we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy office: stacks of papers and old journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the floor. One day, as I walked past the open office door with one of my supervisors, he murmured mildly, “Odd duck.” And that was as far as anyone seemed to reflect on this peculiar state of affairs within an institution staffed by psychiatrists. Eventually, the faculty member had to be given another office in which to see patients.Not surprisingly, the psychiatric diagnostic manual does not list “messy room” in the index. But it does mention a tantalizing symptom: inability “to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value,” It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder.I was barely aware of the diagnosis. Every era has mental disorders that for cultural or scientific reasons become popular. In Freud’s day it was hysteria. Currently, depression has moved to center stage. But other ailments go relatively ignored, and this disorder was one.It came with a list of additional symptoms that appeared to be peculiar; anxiety about spending money, excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities, rigidity about following rules, perfectionism in doing tasks—at times to the point of interfering with finishing them.In moderation, the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism may even be assets in rule-and detail-oriented professions like accounting or law.But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive, they become crippling. Beneath the seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability. People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions. They lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task, eyen one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase. In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision, if at all.The need to come up with the “correct” answer, the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision. It can even lead to complete paralysis. For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent pre-made decisions. Open-ended assignments, like writing papers, are nightmares.For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation. The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background. But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.1.Which of the following best describes people’s attitude towards the faculty member?2.The popular mental disorder of current time, according to the author, is ______.3.The reason why symptoms of the “obsessive-compulsive disorder” go unnoticed is that _________.4.Rules are godsend to persons with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder because ____________.5.From the last paragraph we can see that the author’s view is that _________.问题1选项A.They disliked him, and that’s why he got his separate room to see patients.B.They thought he is a little strange, but didn’t pay much attention to his behavior.C.They were interested in his behavior, as they were all psychiatrists.D.They thought he had some mental retardness.问题2选项A.hysteriaB.depressionC.messinessD.obsessive-compulsive disorder问题3选项A.they are highly thought of in according to lawB.some of the mild symptoms fit in with a workaholic cultureC.they have a low profileD.they take a long time to become intense or pervasive问题4选项A.they do not involve decision makingB.they are open-ended assignmentsC.they lead to complete paralysisD.they are made by other问题5选项A.a messy room is just a messy roomB.a messy room is an indication of the obsessive-compulsive personality disorderC.psychiatrists should pay attention to a messy roomD.psychiatrists should see patterns of seemingly disorganized behaviors, but shouldn’t be too reductionistic【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。
根据文章第一段， “Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisible—even when, in retrospect ,we see how truly strange they are.”，可知，即使回过头来看一些行为的确非常奇怪，但是对于那些我们不能理解的行为，我们经常会保持忽视的态度紧接着第二段用一位同事的例子来说明这个观点，选项B符合题意 2.细节理解题根据文章第四段第四句，“Currently, depression has moved to center stage.”，可知目前，抑郁症已经成为人们关注的焦点选项B符合题意 3.细节理解题根据文章第六段第一句，“the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism…”，因为强迫症人格障碍的症状刚好符合工作狂的文化精神，不懈努力的工作定位和完美主义在工作中甚至会成为优点，因此强迫症在诊断过程中经常被忽视。
选项B符合题意 4.推断题根据文章第七段，“People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions.”，可知患有强迫症的人在做决定方面有巨大的困难根据文章第八段，“For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsend—they represent pre-made decisions.”，可知对于这些人来说，规则是最大的恩赐，因为代表着预先做好的决定所以可推断，规则的制定使他们不用自己作决定选项A符合题意 5.作者态度题根据文章最后一段，“For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation.”，可知对于这方面的病人或者精神病医生，理解诊断症状是有必要的But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.”，可知有时我们可以把事情看得更简单一些，有些情形并没有什么，有时凌乱的房间仅仅是凌乱而已。
所以可推断出，作者认为医生必须要理解一些诊断性的症状，能看到一些杂乱无章的行为并且熟悉病症，以便于给病人看病，但是有时候凌乱确实只是一种简单的现象，并不是病症，医生也不能多虑选项D符合题意5. 翻译题Online newspapers are a look into the future and just pondering it raises the question of whether it isn’t nicer getting your daily news curled up in your favorite chair with your ballpoint pen handy to circle items of interest, or scissors ready to snip out articles you want to save. The Gazette Company is betting its subscribers want both electronic and paper options，and so far it seems to be right.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world，the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U. N. Secretary General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to lap into the income-enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams’s one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what’s ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.At Microsoft, Bill Gates predicts that by 2018 major newspapers will “publish their last paper editions and move solely to electronic distribution,” and that by 2020 dictionaries will redefine books as “eBook titles read on screen”.Translate the following passage into Chinese【答案】网上报纸是对未来的一种展望，仅仅思考一下就会提出问题，蜷缩在你最喜爱的椅子上，用圆珠笔把你每天感兴趣的新闻圈出来，或者用剪刀剪下你想要保存的新闻，这样会不会更好呢？葛泽特公司打赌说他的订阅者想要电子和纸质报纸两种选择，现在看来似乎是正确的。
世界其他地区比美国更慢地进入电子信息化空间，在发展中国家，互联网根本没有渗透进来联合国秘书长科菲•安南决心联合联合国信息技术服务来改变这一现状这个组织将训练大量人员开发互联网的增收潜力安南还建议建立一个互联网健康网络，这个网络将给一些贫困国家提供10000家诊所和医院最先进的医疗知识飞速发展的网络时代赋予了我们新的力量，正如一位名叫朱迪•威廉姆斯的女士所说，她创办的妇女组织用邮件倡导全球禁用地雷然而，这在那些沉浸在这种伟大而加速的变革中的人的头脑中，只是对未来的一瞥微软公司的比尔•盖茨预测，到2018年，主要新闻报纸将“出版他们最后一版纸质报纸，然后完全转为电子版”，并且到2020年，词典将重新将书定义为“在屏幕上阅读的电子书”6. 单选题For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been stated that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise. Therefore，in addition to having their own experts, MNCs rely on heavily on local tax experts and legal counsel.Taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisions. Taxes will determine the financial structure of subsidiary，and they will influence pricing decisions. They may also lead to the formation of holding companies. An MNC may decide to establish a branch rather than a subsidiary because of a given tax situation. The absence of a tax treaty between the country of a would-be investor and the nation where a foreign investment is to take place might lead to cancellation of investment plans. An unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out. This unit will deal with the different tax systems in the world and their impact on an MNC’s global strategy.Basically, any tax system can be divided into direct and indirect taxes. Corporate and individual income taxes are direct，value-added taxes，sales taxes，and import duties are indirect taxes. Corporate income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations. France, the United States, Holland, Canada, and Germany have rates of around 50 percent; Italy，the United Kingdom and Japan have rates of between 36 and 40 percent.Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment. Thus, Brazil has a rate of 30 percent, and Indonesia has a 40 percent tax rate. A corporate tax is levied on taxable earnings. Taxable earnings are more significant than the tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible. Countries differ greatly in determining taxable earnings. Some allow accelerated depreciation, whereby the asset (usually the plant or equipment) is written off at a substantially higher rate during the first years than in the later years. This allows for smaller taxable earnings in the early years. Other countries allow tax-free investment reserves. These are used at a later stage for investment in undeveloped areas of countries or are sent when countries are in a recession.A recent type of tax that has won recognition in the European Common Market is value-added tax (VAT). This is a national sales tax levied at each stage of production or at the sale of consumer goods. The tax is assessed in proportion to the value added during that stage. Generally, manufacturing goods, such as plant and equipment, have been exempted from this tax. In most cases, food items also have been exempted.Here is an example of how VAT works. A tree owner who sells part of a tree to a lumber mill for $ 1 must set aside ten cents VAT to pay to the government. The lumber mill processes the tree into building material and sells the wood for $ 3 to a lumber wholesaler. The mill adds $ 2 in value，and thus sets aside 10 percent of the added value, or twenty cents, to pay to the government. And so the VAT continues until the final sale.The VAT system offers advantages, such as rebates on exports. Profitable and unprofitable firms are taxed alike, as there is no possibility of tax deductions to determine taxable income. A badly run company is, therefore, forced to improve or go out of business. Further, VAT is easy to calculate and collect. But VAT is often accused of having contributed to serious inflation in countries where it was introduced, notably in Western Europe.1.Tax systems can be divided into________.2.One arrives at taxable earnings when________.3.The reason no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise is that___________.4.Which of the following is not an advantage of a VAT system?5.Why did the less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates?问题1选项A.income taxes and direct taxesB.indirect taxes and direct taxesC.value-added taxes and sales taxesD.import duties and sales taxes问题2选项A.all tax-deductible items have been subtractedB.accelerated depreciation is allowed forC.tax-free investment reserves are allowed forD.assets are written off问题3选项A.an MNC is not allowed to learn ultimate tax expertiseB.taxes have a very important impact on foreign direct investment decisionC.there are too many countries and regions involved and their tax systems are complicatedD.an unfavorable depreciation allowance may keep the foreign investor out问题4选项A.Rebates on exports.B.Profitable or unprofitable firms are taxed alike.C.Easy to calculate and collect.D.Contributions to serious inflation.问题5选项A.They want to invest more money on other projects.B.The less developed countries want to attract more foreign investment.C.Extra money should be spent on foreign investment.D.Corporate tax rates are less important to the development of the less developed countries.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。
根据文章第三段第一句，“Basically, any tax system can be divided into direct and indirect taxes.”，可知任何税收系统都可分为直接和间接两种选项B符合题意 2.推断题根据第四段，“Taxable earnings are more significant than the tax rate itself. They determine what can be deducted before the tax is computed; in other words, these items are tax deductible.”，可知应纳税收入比税率重要，计算出税收前，它们决定应该扣除哪些，换句话说，这些项目是可以减免税收的可推断出扣除了所有可扣除项目后，剩下的就是应纳税的收入选项A符合题意3.推断题根据文章开头，“For multinational corporations, tax planning has become extremely complex affairs. It has been stated that no multinational corporation possesses the ultimate tax expertise.”，可知对于跨国公司来说，因为税收计划是非常复杂的事情，所以没有哪个跨国公司拥有终极的税收技术。
根据文章第三段，“Corporate income taxes (taxes levied on earning) vary among the industrialized nations.”，可知企业所得税在工业化国家各不相同，下文也提到了不同国家有不同的税率可推断出因为各国的税率不同，所以税收体系相当复杂选项C符合题意 4.细节理解题根据文章最后一段最后一句，“But VAT is often accused of having contributed to serious inflation in countries where it was introduced, notably in Western Europe.”，可知在引入增值税的国家，增值税经常被指控为可导致严重的通货膨胀，特别是在欧洲国家导致通货膨胀是增值税的缺点，选项D符合题意5.细节理解题根据第四段第一句，“Less developed countries usually have lower corporate tax rates in order to attract foreign investment.”，可知为了吸引外资，欠发达国家通常规定较低的税率。
选项B符合题意7. 单选题After the disaster of flood，people all over the village made _________ effort to rebuild their home.问题1选项A.superfluousB.tenuousC.strenuousD.fatuous【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析superfluous “多余的，不必要的”；tenuous “无关紧要的”；strenuous “费力的，紧张的”；fatuous “愚笨的，昏庸的”句意：洪灾过后，全村的人们都努力重建家园选项C符合题意8. 单选题The heavy snow _________ travel, so he had to stay here for more days.问题1选项A.impeachedB.impelledC.impededD.imparted【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析impeached “归咎，弹劾”；impelled “推进，促使”；impeded “阻碍”；imparted “给予，传授，告知”句意：大雪阻碍了旅行，所以他必须在这儿多待几天。
选项C符合题意 9. 单选题The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was characterized less by political divisiveness than by social reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World WarⅡ，however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly termed a “sociological establishment” or a highly respected academic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems.Today，what does the academic sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who study and teach about societies，social institutions，and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline，sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields: the study of groups; institutions analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, the content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society，with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups. In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganization, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology are the changing nature of family life，institutional life, sexual attitudes, crime and violence，religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed，many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively familiar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The basic hypotheses of the discipline—that social life (both group and individual behavior) is patterned； that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects，what others consider us to be—are ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines.During these last decades of the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be confronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become，to a much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by government, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies devoted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to ________.2.Which of the following statements about sociology would the author be most likely to disagree with?3.It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology_________.4.Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?5.The word “empirical。