2022-2023年考博英语-北京航空航天大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ）between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.junctionB.paradoxC.premiseD.dilemma【答案】D【解析】名词辨析句意：父母经常面临这样的 ：是做自己认为对孩子发展有利的事情还是坐视孩子毫无纪律的吵闹和破坏junction接合点，会合点；paradox悖论，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假设；dilemma困境，进退两难空格后有“between...and...”，因此这里说的是父母在教育孩子时陷入进退两难的境况，D项dilemma符合句意2. 单选题He is holding a（ ）position in the company and expects to be promoted soon.问题1选项A.subordinateB.succeedingC.successiveD.subsequent【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。
句意:他如今在公司任一个（ ） 职位，他期望能够尽快升职subordinate 下级的，次要的；succeeding 以后的；successive 连续的，接替的；subsequent后来的，随后的根据后半句 “他期望能够尽快升职”推测，A项subordinate次要的符合句意 3. 单选题Please refrain （ ） smoking.问题1选项A.fromB.ofC.atD.against【答案】A【解析】短语辨析句意：请勿吸烟Refrain和 from搭配为固定短语，意为“制止，克制不做某事”，因此正确答案是A选项 4. 单选题Email is a convenient, highly democratic informal medium for conveying messagesthat（ ）well to human needs.问题1选项A.adheresB.conformsC.satisfiesD.reflects【答案】B【解析】动词辨析adheres坚持，黏附；conforms符合；satisfies满足，使满意；reflects反射，考虑句意：电子邮件是方便的、高度大众化的用于传递信息的非正式媒介，它（ ）人们的需求。
从语义上来说，B项和C项都可以,但是satisfy是及物动词，排除conform to意为“符合，遵照，顺应”，因此正确答案是B选项 5. 单选题In general，matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state gov-ernments.问题1选项A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析句意:—般来说，国家边境问题是政府 （ ）关心的问题extinct灭绝的；excluding除…外，不包括;excessive过度的，过分的;exclusive独有的，专一的D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的,特别的” 6. 写作题Do you think people should buy things made in their own country, even when the price is higher than the same things made somewhere else? Write an essay of noless than 200 words based on this topic.【答案】People Should Choose the Products They Would Like to Buy7. 翻译题Bacteria（细菌）, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. 81.Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments（疾病）, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week’s Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces （粪便）of two volunteers. 82.Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes（基因组）of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. 83.So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.84.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probableenzymatic（酶（性）的）processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complexcarbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion ofa superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. 85.This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora.（微生物群落） Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonize the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother’s vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. 【答案】81. 有益菌可以帮助人们治疗多种疾病，受此启发，很多人通过使用酸乳食品和各种补品的办法吸收细菌。
然而，这种人为补充细菌的做法是极其肤浅的82. 由于样本的复杂性，吉尔博士及其研究组人员还不能构建出肠道内细菌的完整基因组，而只能构建出单体基因不过，这也可以使他们对整体数量作出估算83. 因此，研究人员只能将发现的基因和那些功能已经研究清楚的基因的公开数据库进行比较，从而猜测可能得到的研究结果84. 这种比较帮助吉尔博士第一次确定了可能存在的细菌借以帮助人体消化从植物体摄入的复杂碳水化合物的酶催化反应的过程85. 有人认为，这一点对个性化药物的成功开发是至关重要的，因为不同的人具有不同的微生物群落，对不同的药物有不同的反应8. 单选题The ship’s generator broke down，and the pumps had to be operated（ ）in-stead of mechanically.问题1选项A.manuallyB.artificiallyC.automaticallyD.synthetically【答案】A【解析】句意：船的发电机出了故障，所以得（ ）操作泵以代替机械操作A选项manually手工地；B选项artificially人为地；C选项automatically自动地；D选项synthetically 综合地，A选项符合句意。
9. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the（ ）from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer【答案】C【解析】名词辨析句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的 transmission 传递；transformation 变形，转化；transition 转变，过渡时期；transfer 迁移、传递因此，C项符合句意10. 单选题Superficial differences between the special problems and techniques of the physical sciences and those of the biological sciences are sometimes cited as evidence for the（ ）of biology and for the claim that the methods of physics are therefore not adequate to biological inquiry.问题1选项A.autonomyB.vitalityC.purposefulnessD.obsolescence【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。
句意：自然科学和生物科学的特殊问题和技术之间的表面差异有时会被用来证明生物学的（ ），并且用来说明自然科学的方法对生物科学的探究是不够的autonomy自治，自治权；vitality活力，生气，生命力；purposefulness目的性；意志坚强；obsolescence退化，荒废A选项表示将两门学科之间的一些浅显区别用于证明生物学是独立的，符合题意 11. 单选题At the age of 40, he had already（ ）a great fortune through successful financialdealings.问题1选项A.piercedB.assessedC.amassedD.agitated【答案】C【解析】动词辨析句意：在40岁的时候，他已经通过成功的金融交易积累了大量财富因此选C 12. 单选题As one of the youngest professors in the university，Miss King is certainly on the（ ）of a brilliant career.问题1选项A.edgeB.porchC.thresholdD.course【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。
句意：作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，金女士当然是站在事业辉煌的 edge边缘，优势；porch走廊，门槛；threshold门槛，入口；course路线，航线因此，C项threshold符合句意13. 单选题Mr. Smith became very（ ）when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.问题1选项A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant【答案】D【解析】D选项indignant意为“愤慨的”句意：当被指出犯了错误的时候，史密斯先生变得非常（ ），应选DA选项ingenious聪明的；B选项empirical经验主义的；C选项objective客观的；D选项indignant愤慨的D选项indignant符合句意 14. 单选题The（ ）colonialists managed to wipe out the entire population.问题1选项A.aboriginalB.originalC.largeD.regional【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。
句意：（ ）殖民主义者们设法消灭全部人口aboriginal原始的，土著的；original最早的，最初的；large大量的；regional地区的因此，A项aboriginal符合句意 15. 单选题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child’s babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1.The purpose of Frederick I’s experiment was（ ）.2.The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely that（ ）3.What is particularly remarkable about a child is that（ ）.4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?5.If a child starts to speak later than others, he will（ ）in future.问题1选项A.to prove that children are born with ability to speakB.to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speakC.to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD.to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language问题2选项A.they are incapable of learning language rapidlyB.they are exposed to too much language at onceC.their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD.their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them问题3选项A.he is born with the capacity to speakB.he has a brain more complex than an animal’sC.he can produce his own sentencesD.he owes his speech ability to good nursing问题4选项A.The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B.The child’s brain is highly selective.C.Most children learn their language in definite stages.D.All the above问题5选项A.have a high IQB.be less intelligentC.be insensitive to verbal signalsD.not necessarily be backward【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Frederick I’s experiment”定位至第一段：it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent （他让护士们保持沉默，这也许是为了发现如果没有听到母语，孩子会说什么语言）。
因此，B选项正确2.根据题干关键词“children are backward in speaking”定位至第三段：most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant （最常见的原因是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感因此C选项正确3.第四段指出：even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways（更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分）因此C选项“他可以组成自己的句子”正确4.文章第四段第三句指出：at four his language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak，可知孩子的语言能力一部分是天生的；从第四段最后一句可知年轻的大脑能够从周围声音的混合中挑出语言的顺序，以新的方式分析、组合和重组语言的各个部分，可知婴儿的大脑是具有选择性的，文章第四段第一句指出：experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age，可知人类的语言阶段往往是在特定的年纪完成的，由此可知，A、B和C选项均正确，故选D。
5.根据题干关键词“child starts to speak later”定位至第四段：there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ （有的孩子掌握语言能力的时期较晚，但最后却变成了高智商的人），但是并不是每一个孩子都这样，因此排除A选项，B、C选项在文章中没有提及，由此可知D选项为正确答案16. 单选题The damage of his car was（ ）； therefore, he could repair it himself.问题1选项A.appreciableB.negligibleC.considerableD.invisible【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析句意：他的车损坏是 ；因此，他自己能够修好appreciable可感知的，可预见的；negligible可忽略的，微不足道的；considerable相当大的；invisible看不见的，无形的根据后半句“他能自己修好”推测说明车子损坏不严重，故B项正确17. 单选题He found his new acquaintance to be（ ）: trying to understand her personality was likepeering into an unknown dimension.问题1选项A.cosmopolitanB.imperturbableC.inscrutableD.puerile【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。
句意：他发现他新结识的朋友 ，尝试了解她的性格就如同窥探未知的领域cosmopolitan世界性的；世界主义的，四海一家的；imperturbable冷静的；泰然自若的；inscrutable神秘的；不可理解的；不能预测的；不可思议的；puerile幼稚的；孩子气的；未成熟的；天真的因此，C项符合句意18. 单选题If any man here does not agree with me, he should（ ）his own plan for improvingthe living conditions of these people.问题1选项A.put onB.put outC.put inD.put forward【答案】D【解析】短语辨析句意：如果这里有人不同意我的意见，他应该提出自己的计划来改善这些人的生活条件 19. 单选题This restaurant is frequently（ ）by tourists because of its famous cooking.问题1选项A.patronizedB.servicedC.attendedD.utilized【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。
句意：旅客经常 这家餐馆，因为这里的烹饪很有名patronized 光顾；serviced 为……服务；attended 参加，出席；utilized 利用20. 单选题I found it difficult to（ ） my career ambitions with the need to bring up mychildren.问题1选项A.intensifyB.amendC.reconcileD.consolidate【答案】C【解析】动词辨析intensify使增加，加剧；amend修改；reconcile使顺从，和解；consolidate合并，巩固，加强句意：我发现很难让我的事业抱负（ ）抚养孩子的需求reconcile with意为“使一致，和好，调解”，因此C选项符合句意 。