2022-2023年考博英语-西北工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Mr. Jenkins drove along at his usual high speed（ ）for police cars in his mirror from time to time to make sure he was safe.问题1选项A.pulling outB.running throughC.going aheadD.watching out【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析pull out “离开；撤离；拔出”；run through “跑着穿过；浏览；挥霍”；go ahead “前进；进行”；watch out “小心；提防”句意：詹金森先生以自己平时的高速开车，时不时从后视镜提防警察，确保自己是安全的选项D符合题意2. 单选题Research should continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proved practical.问题1选项A.focusedB.concentratedC.agreedD.based【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。
句意：我们应该继续核聚变研究，但是不能把能量项目建立在它存在的......，除非证明它的可行性focus “集中，聚焦”；concentrate “集中（注意力）”；agree “同意”； base “以……为基础”根据后文的“on its existence”可推测出划线单词premise的意思是“以……为前提”，选项D符合题意3. 单选题The young man has（ ）some ingenious schemes to make good profits for the company.问题1选项A.come outB.come up withC.come up toD.come up【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析come out “出现，出版”；come up with “提出，想出”；come up to “达到，等于”；come up “走进，发生”句意：这个年轻人想出了一些有创意的计划来使公司获利选项B符合题意4. 单选题Though the subway system of the city has been well-planned for years, its funding is still in the air.问题1选项A.widely spreadingB.totally uncertainC.hysterically unconstraineD.already broadcast【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。
句意：虽然这个城市的地铁系统多年来已经做好规划，但是资金问题一直……widely spreading “广泛传播”；totally uncertain “完全不确定”；hysterically unconstrained “完全不受约束”；already broadcast “已经播出”根据句子前后逻辑可知资金问题一直没有解决，因此划线词组的意思是“悬而未决的”，选项B符合题意5. 单选题Manfred（ ）with sure that nine out of ten gentlemen who danced with this charming young lady would fall in love with her.问题1选项A.alludeB.adduceC.averredD.advert【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析allude “暗指”；adduce “举出；引证”；aver “断言；主张”；advert “引起注意，提及”句意：曼弗雷德断言跟这位充满魅力的女士跳舞的男士中，十分之九爱上了她选项C符合题意6. 单选题Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive” and “negative” symptoms.Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physic implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positive—it does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurers—but it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schools—nominalist and essentialist or reductionist-have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality.It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960s to be an example of which of the following?3.According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school' would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?4.Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?5.It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?问题1选项A.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemB.describing a way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaC.assessing the success of a new taxonomical methodD.predicting a change in future taxonomy问题2选项A.A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classification.B.A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classification.C.A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional method.D.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method.问题3选项A.She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.B.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.C.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.D.She would describe the patient’s symptoms, compare them to patients whohave had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.问题4选项A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.问题5选项A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolated.B.A patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments.C.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified.D.A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。
文章第一二段提到在确诊疾病的依据时，有两个不同的派别：唯名论者（nominalist）和本质主义者（essentialist），前者用疾病名称来标记症状（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name），后者认为每一种疾病都有病理病因（While essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology）；文章在最后一段提出在确诊时，临床症状和基因都应该考虑（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），选项B“提出一种解决疾病分类进退两难处境的方法”符合题意第2题:推理判断题文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“对精神分裂症的定义从20世纪60年代的精神疾病演变成一种疑似遗传病因的疾病，尽管这种病因还不确定”（The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain），由此可知选项D“一种满足传统分类方法的疾病，但是科学家更愿意通过现代方法来分类”符合题意。
第3题:推理判断题文章第二段提到“唯名论者用疾病名称来标记各类症状，例如精神分裂症，并且没有对潜在的病因作任何解释”（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology），选项D“她会描述患者的症状，跟那些有同样症状的病人比较，然后将他们定义为患同一种疾病”符合题意第4题:推理判断题文章最后一段提到“但是在确诊一种疾病时，临床症状和基因异常都应该被考虑在内”（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），由此可知选项C“提出综合两种正在使用的病理分类方法”符合题意第5题:推理判断题文章第二段的最后提到“然后本质主义者认为每种疾病都有一个病理学上的病因，而且现在认为决定病情最本质的病变是基因异常”（while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality），选项A“一名明显是由病毒感染而引起发烧的病人”符合题意。
7. 单选题The government is seeking to（ ）itself from the latest financial crisis.问题1选项A.detachB.extractC.deriveD.ease【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析detach “使摆脱；派遣；使超然”；extract"提取；提炼；摘录”；derive “源于；得自；获得”；ease “减轻；使安心”句意：政府正在寻求方法摆脱最近的金融危机选项A符合题意8. 单选题Being both spoiled and lazy, the boy（ ）everyone else for his lack of success.问题1选项A.criticizedB.blamedC.chargedD.accused【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配criticize “批评”；blame “责备，归咎于”；charge “控诉，告诫”；accuse “控告，谴责”blame 常与for 连用；charge 后跟for；accuse 后接of根据“for his lack of success”可知选项B符合题意。
9. 单选题130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute（ ）to the Revolution of Paris Commune in 1873.问题1选项A.testimonyB.memoryC.tributeD.evidence【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析testimony “证词；证据”; memory“记忆；内存”；tribute “致敬；悼念”；evidence “证据；证明”句意：130年后，这面墙仍然站在那里默默见证1873年的巴黎公社革命选项A符合题意10. 单选题After the demonstration the protestors（ ）quietly.问题1选项A.dismissedB.diffusedC.dispatchedD.dispersed【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析dismiss “解散；解雇”；diffuse “扩散；传播”；dispatch “派遣；分派”；disperse “分散；传播”句意：游行结束后抗议者悄悄解散了选项A符合题意11. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English科学实验的重要性现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰·培根的时代。
罗杰·培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家他出生于1214年，死于1292年他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人，他自己也有许多卓越的发现然而，生活在三百多年之后的伽利略（1564-1642），却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个，这些人在意大利、法国、德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快，因为亚里士多德是这样说的可是伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端，让两个体积不相等的铁球同时落地，从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明，亚里士多德错了正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神，导致了现代科学的伟大发现答案】The Importance of Scientific ExperimentsThe rise of modern science may perhaps date back to the time of Roger Bacon, the outstanding monk and philosopher of Oxford, who was born on 1241, and died on 1292. He was probably the man who firstly proposed that we must study science by observing and experimenting on the surrounding things, and made many remarkable discoveries himself. However, Galileo, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men. They showed people how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation in Italy, France, Germany, or England. Before the time of Galileo, scholars believed that large objects fall to the ground faster than small ones, because Aristotle said so. Going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Galileo let fall two unequal iron balls at the same time, and proved to those whom he had brought there to see his experiment that Aristotle was wrong. It was Galileo’s spirit of going direct to Nature, and proving our opinions and theories through experiments, that led to the great discoveries of modern society. 12. 单选题The future of this company is（ ）: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.问题1选项A.at oddsB.in troubleC.in vainD.at stake【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。
at odds “有分歧，争执”；in trouble “陷入困境”；in vain “徒劳”；at stake “濒于险境”句意：这家公司面临危机：很多有才的员工正流向获利更高的网络公司选项D符合题意13. 单选题 As there was not enough money to bury all dead AIDS orphans, 23 babies were interred in a modest cemetery in South Africa before World AIDS Day.问题1选项A.parentless childrenB.miserable victimsC.contagious bodiesD.infectious patient【答案】A【解析】查名词词义辨析句意：由于没有足够的钱安葬所有患艾滋病去世的……，23名婴儿在世界艾滋病日之前被安葬在南非一个不起眼的墓地里parentless children “ 没有父母的孩子”；miserable victims “可怜的受害者”；contagious bodies “传染性的身体”；infectious patient “传染病患者”。
划线单词的意思是“孤儿”，因此选项A符合题意14. 单选题Alfred Nobel, the famous Swedish chemist who founded the Nobel Prize, was born into a family where research and experimentation were almost second nature. His father Immanuel, out of work and penniless, tested his theories of explosives in a laboratory set up in their house. Unfortunately, the elder Nobel remained frustrated in his efforts to apply his natural inventive spirit to establishing a prosperous endeavor.Alfred Nobel worked alongside his father, and by 1850 when he was 17, Alfred had acquired most of his father’s knowledge of and enthusiasm for chemistry. Although numerous other scientists had been intrigued by nitroglycerine, Alfred was the one who finally managed to turn this dangerous substance into a safe and useful explosive. He succeeded in developing dynamite commercially, which laid the foundation for many of the world’s leading chemical enterprises. Aside from introducing the innovative Nobel Igniter in 1864 and dynamite in 1866，Alfred claimed 355 patents including nitrocellulose and substitutes for leather and rubber. He developed clever methods for the production of synthetic silk and was involved in electrochemical, telecommunications, and safety alarm systems as well.Alfred Nobel was a dedicated scientist who became very rich applying his knowledge of chemistry. His sense of guilt over having created a potentially deadly material led him to leave some of his millions to reward individuals who made substantial contributions to certain areas of science. It was natural that he would include chemistry as one of those branches, especially since the end of the nineteenth century brought rapid advancements in the field.1.According to the passage, what is true about Alfred Nobel’s father Immanuel?2.According to the passage, the power of nitroglycerine（ ）.3.Which of the following conclusions about Alfred Nobel can be drawn from the passage?4.According to the passage, Alfred Nobel made important progress in developing all of the following items EXCEPT（ ）. 5.It can be inferred from the passage that Alfred Nobel later viewed his invention of dynamite（ ）.问题1选项A.He was never able to capitalize on his work in chemistry.B.He was not instrumental in developing his son’s enthusiasm for chemistry.C.He turned his knowledge of chemistry into a profitable business.D.He shared in the work of his son Alfred.问题2选项A.was first recognized by Immanuel NobelB.was never utilized well by chemical enterprisesC.was most fully developed by Alfred NobelD.lay in its intrigue for many scientists问题3选项A.His talents lay almost exclusively in the area of explosives.B.He was reluctant to bequeath a large part of his wealth towards promoting scientific research.C.He chose to work independently of other scientists.D.He was a major contributor to the rapid progress in chemistry in the late nineteenth century.问题4选项A.nitrocelluloseB.rubber and leatherC.synthetic silkD.safety alarm devices问题5选项A.with much concern for its negative effects on mankindB.as a minor achievement in his long careerC.with satisfaction regarding its impact on chemical enterprisesD.as a natural outgrowth of his father's training【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。
题目问的是“根据文章可知下列哪项关于诺贝尔父亲的描述是正确的？”文章第一段最后一句提到“不幸的是，老诺贝尔并未能用自己天生的发明精神来完成这项伟大的事业”（Unfortunately, the elder Nobel remained frustrated in his efforts to apply his natural inventive spirit to establishing a prosperous endeavor），因此选项A符合题意第2题:细节事实题题目问的是“根据文章可知硝化甘油是什么？”文章第二段提到“尽管硝化甘油一直吸引了很多其他科学家的目光”（Although numerous other scientists had been intrigued by nitroglycerine），因此选项D符合题意第3题:推理判断题题目问的是“下列哪项关于诺贝尔的总结可以从文章中得出？”文章最后一段最后一句提到“他将化学包括在那些尤其是从19世纪末以来为这个领域带来了进步的分支中”（It was natural that he would include chemistry as one of those branches, especially since the end of the nineteenth century brought rapid advancements in the field），因此选项D符合题意。
第4题:细节事实题题目问的是“根据文章可知，诺贝尔在很多领域起了很大作用，除了下列哪项？”文章倒数第二段提到“诺贝尔申请了355项专利，包括硝化纤维、皮革和橡胶的替代品，他研究出一种生产合成丝的好方法，还参与到电化学、通讯以及安全警报系统的研究中”（Nobel Igniter in 1864 and dynamite in 1866，Alfred claimed 355 patents including nitrocellulose and substitutes for leather and rubber. He developed clever methods for the production of synthetic silk and was involved in electrochemical, telecommunications, and safety alarm systems as well），由此可知，选项D符合题意第5题:推理判断题题目问的是“从文章中可以知道诺贝尔后期对炸药的看法是什么？”文章最后一段提到“他对创造一种有潜在致命危险的材料感到愧疚……”（His sense of guilt over having created a potentially deadly material…），选项A “担心它对人类有消极影响”符合题意。
15. 单选题Much（ ） I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.问题1选项A.whenB.moreC.fartherD.as【答案】D【解析】考查倒装结构这是由as引导的让步状语从句结构，需要倒装，但不是主谓倒装而是将被强调的内容放在句首，选项D符合题意16. 单选题During the oil crisis of the 1970s, many states（ ）speed limits to reduce gasoline use.问题1选项A.implantedB.imposedC.impairedD.impressed【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析implant “种植；灌输”；impose “强加，征税”；impair “损害；削弱”；impress “盖印；给人留下印象”句意：在1970石油危机期间，很多州强制限速来减少对石油的消耗选项B符合题意17. 单选题Please excuse me if I have left any of my questions（ ） .问题1选项A.to be unansweredB.not to answerC.unansweredD.being unanswered【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。
leave sth. done意为“使……处于……状态”，因此选项C符合题意18. 单选题The police detective put together the pieces of evidence to form one （ ）account.问题1选项A.sensitiveB.genuineC.expressiveD.coherent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词义辨析sensitive “敏感的；感觉的”；genuine “真实的；真正的”；expressive “表现的；有表现力的”；coherent “连贯的；清晰的；一致的”句意：这位警探将这些证据拼凑在一起形成一份连贯的报告选项D符合题意19. 单选题Mutual trade implies（ ）advantages.问题1选项A.alliedB.cooperativeC.periodicalD.reciprocal【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析allied“联合的；同盟的”；cooperative “合作的；合作社的”；periodical “周期的；定期的”；reciprocal “互惠的；相互的”句意：双边贸易意味着互惠的优势。
选项D符合题意20. 单选题Many well-educated people don’t believe that（ ）will endanger freedom of speech.问题1选项A.censershipB.censureshipC.sensorshipD.censorship【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析四个选项中只有选项D这个单词是存在的，censorship “审查制度”句意：很多受过良好教育的人认为审查制度不会危及言论自由选项D符合题意。