大学考试试卷蚕体解剖生理（双语）（A卷）标准答案一、 填空（共10小题，每题2分，共20分）Fill in the blanks with correct words. 10 topics with each 2 points sum to 20 points.1. Insects like silkworms that undergo complete metamorphosis have a typical life cycle including eggs , larvae , pupae , and moth (adult) stage.2. The silkworm is a species of insecta or arthropods （纲或门）that has 13 segments, 9 pairs of spiracles, and 5 pairs of abdominal feet. 3. Correctly fill the blanks below that represent corresponding composition of silkworm brain. 1 Brain2 Subesophageal ganglion3 Corpora cardiaca4 Corpora allata5 Lateral pharyngeal nerve cord6 Recurrent nerve4. The six most common types of hemocytes in silkworm are prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes, oenocytoids, and coagulocytes. 5. Larvae of Lepidoptera tend to have a very high midgut pH, varying from about 8~10 . However, the midgut pH of silkworm is 9.42 .6. Chemoreceptors of the silkworm including contact receptors: gustatory or taste receptor and olfactory receptors.7. The silkworm brain consists of three fused ganglionic masses: the protocerebrum, the deutocerebrum, and the tritocerebrum.8. The general anatomy of the male Bombyx mori internal organ, could be consist of the paired testes, the vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct and accessory glands.9. Insect cellular immunity includes phagocytosis, nodule formation, encapsulation and aggregation.10. At the end of gastrulation, there is an outer layer cells named ectodermal and an inner layer of cells termed mesentodermal layer. 得分二、 正误题（共10小题，每小题1分，共10分），正确的标记√，错误标记×。
True-false items. 10 items with each 1 points sum to 10 points. True label tick and false label cross.11．Some insects swallow air or swallow water to expand the gut and split the old cuticle. ( √ )12. The silkworm is the only typical insect that has stemmata at the larval stage and compound eyes at the moth stage. ( × )13. The central body complex in deutocerebrum appears to be involved in "arousal" behavior. ( × )14. Stimuli cause changes in membrane permeability of excitable cells. ( √ )15. Diapause termination usually depends on reception of token stimuli concerning the physiological conditions. ( × )16. Panoistic ovarioles do not have nurse cells. ( √ )17. In Bombyx mori, biting responses are stimulated by β–sitoaterol, leafaldehyde and linalool . ( × )18. The antenna of male commercial silk moth, B.mori, send many impulses per second into the brain even when not stimulated by pheromones. ( √ )19. Urine formation in Malpighian tubules relies on concentration of saline. ( × )20. Allelochemicals influence the behavior or physiology of a members of a different species than that of the producer. (√ )得分三、 理解题（阅读下列短文回答问题，共5小题，10分）。
Comprehension (Read the following 2 paragraphs, answer the questions, 10 points).Traditionally, silk proteins are thought to be two phased semi-crystallinepolymers containing both crystalline and non-crystalline regions. The crystallineregions have been identified as rigid, tightly packed anti-parallel β -pleated sheets.The β -sheets are either poly-Ala, or poly-Gly-Ala, interlocking with adjacent chainvia hydrogen bonds. The non-crystalline domains are often described as poorlyorientated, randomly coiled sections of the peptide, or ‘amorphous’.Fibroin from the silkworm B. mori is composed of two chains (H-fibroin [heavy]and L-fibroin [light]) linked by a disulfide bond. Another component of the protein isP25, which has been suggested to act as a chaperone to assist in the transport andsecretion of H-fibroin. H-fibroin, L-fibroin and P25 are thought to be assembled in theratio 6:6:1. This assembly appears to be standard in silk secreted by members of thelepidoptera order, with the exception of the saturniidae family, where L-fibroin andP25 are absent.Silk fibroin can exist in a number of different conformational states: Silk I andsilk II. Silk II is the solid fibroin that can be found in the spun silk thread, while silk Iis the dissolved, meta-stable form stored in the silk gland.21．Which statement is correct? ( B )A. The crystalline regions of silk proteins are poly-Ala and poly-Gly-Ala.B. Saturniidae family is also an order of lepidotera.C. Silk I and Silk II are different silk fibroin conformational states, which can befound in the silk gland.D. Two chains of fibroin from the silkworm B. mori are assembled by hydrogenbonds.22. “Amorphous” in the text means ( A )A. non-crystalline. B. poorly orientated.C. coiled sections. D. peptide23. What kinds of linkage can be detected in silk fibroin? ( C )A. hydrogen bonds.B. disulfide bond.C. both hydrogen and disulfide bond.D. chaperone.Usually, the egg nucleus is diploid until the entry of the sperm stimulates meiotic division leading to the haploid egg nucleus. Union of a sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus produces zygote and stimulates the zygote to begin division. Ultimately, zygotic division in all insect eggs produce large numbers of nuclei lacking of cell membranes but each surrounded with a small field of cytoplasm, called polar bodies. 24. When the haploid could be founded in egg nucleus? ( A )A. the first time of meiotic division.B. all meiotic division.C. the zygotic division.D. the final division.25. Zygotic division produce ( C )A. One oocyte.B. One oocyte and one polar body.C. One oocyte and many polar bodiesD. Many polar bodies. 得分四、翻译题（中英文互译，4小题，共20分）。
Translate the following sentences into English or Chinese, sum to 20 points.26. period基因活化时就产生了mRNA；mRNA被转运到细胞的细胞质并作为PER蛋白产物的模板 （6分） When the period gene is active, period mRNA is made. The mRNA is transported to the cell's cytoplasm and serves as template for the production of PER protein.27. 家蚕生物钟调节重要的功能如行为，激素水平，蜕皮，感觉和代谢 （4分）The clock of silkworm regulates critical functions such as behavior, hormone levels, ecdysis, sensory and metabolism.28. PER protein levels oscillate over a 24-hour cycle, in synchrony with the circadian rhythm. （4分）PER蛋白质水平在24小时循环（周期性）振荡与生物钟节奏同步。
29．He showed that when TIM bound to PER, the two proteins were able to enter the cell nucleus where they blocked period gene activity to close the inhibitory feedback loop. （6分）他发现当TIM结合到PER，两个蛋白就能进入细胞核，在此它们打断Period基因活性以关闭反馈回路的抑制得分五、问答题 （英文作答，3小题，共40分）30. What’s the action mechanism of acetylcholine at the synapse? 突触处乙酰胆碱的作用机制是什么？ (20 points) A volley of spikes arriving at the presynaptic terminal increases permeability ofthe presynaptic membrane to calcium, which diffuses into the terminal, and through asecond messenger sets up a cascade of actions that facilitate attachment of synapticvesicles to the synaptic membrane. (4 points)The synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release quanta or packets ofAch into the synaptic cleft. Electron micrographs have shown that the presynapticmembrane expands slightly with the incorporation of vesicular membranes. (3 points) When released into the synaptic cleft, the Ach molecules diffuse randomly, withsome contacting and attaching to acetylcholine receptors and others encounteringacetylcholine-esterase. Ach is rapidly released from the receptor and may randomlycollide with another receptor to repeat the process. (4 points) When Ach is bound to its receptor, Na+ channels are opened. When largenumbers of Na+ channels are opened in the postsynaptic membrane, the inwardmovement of Na+ depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane with production of an EPSPthat is conducted decrementally away from the site of origin. If the stimulation is strong enough, the excitation may spread to the region of the axon that generatesspikes. (4 points) An Ach molecule encountering acetylcholinesterase is hydrolyzed to acetic acid and choline, neither of which has any physiological action at the synapse. Bothbreak-down products diffuse out of the synapse and/or are taken up by the presynapticneuron, and may be used to synthesize new Ach through action of the enzyme cholineacetyltransferase. (5 points)31. What’s the functions of glial cells? 神经胶细胞有哪些功能？ (12分)Glial cells ensheath the axonal and neurite processes, as well as the somata, of neurons. Glial cells serve neurons and the nervous system in a number of ways; they provide structural support, nutritive and metabolic functions, and protection from outside chemical and ionic influence.（6分） They also may provide regenerative guidance for regrowth of severed or damaged neuronal processes, repair and maintenance of neurons, and may possibly function in signaling and information processing. Multiple layers of glial cells help provide the blood- brain barrier that protects the CNS from direct contact with chemical components in the hemolymph. （6分）32. What stimuli induce the brain to secrete PTTH and initiate the molting process? （8分）The answer may:(1) The filled gut activating stretch receptors that send a message to the brain. (2分)(2) From some measurement of having attained a critical size. (2分)(3) From cold exposure, and probably other environmental stimuli that can stimulate the brain. (4分)7。