单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二层,第三层,第四层,第五层,*,眼科学,*,第一章 眼科学基础,Chapter one,Basic ophthalmology,,11/29/2024,1,,第一节 眼旳组织解剖,,,anatomy of eyeball,一．眼球,The globe (eyeball),正常眼球旳前后径出生时约16mm.,3岁时达23mm.,成年时24mm.,anterior and posterior distance of normal eyeball is 16mm in born. At age 3 23mm, at adult 24mm,,11/29/2024,2,（一） 眼球壁,,Eyecoat,,1. 外层,The outer coat,,1/6 角膜,Cornea,5/6 巩膜,Sclera,,11/29/2024,3,（1）角膜,,Cornea,,横径,The transverse diameter 11.5-12mm,垂直径,,The vertical diameter 10.5-11mm,,11/29/2024,4,前,表面曲率半径,,The radius of convex curvature in front 7.8mm,后表面曲率半径,The radius of convex curvature in back 6.8mm,角膜厚度中央部,,角膜厚度周围部,,The periphery thickness1mm,,,11/29/2024,5,组织学分层,①上皮细胞层,Epithelium,②前弹力层,Bowman’s membrane,③基质层,Stroma,④后弹力层,Descemet’s membrane,⑤内皮细胞层,Endothelium,11/29/2024,6,11/29/2024,7,(2)巩膜,,Sclera,,组织学分层,,①表层巩膜,The episclera,②巩膜实质层,The scleral stroma,③棕黑板层,The lamina fascia,11/29/2024,8,角巩膜缘,Limbus,前房角,Anterior chamber angle,11/29/2024,9,,2．中层,,The middle coat,,葡萄膜,Uvea,,色素膜,Tunica pigmentosa,,11/29/2024,10,（1）,虹膜,,Iris,分层：,,①基质层,Stroma,②色素上皮层,Pigment epithelial layer,,瞳孔,Pupil:,直径2.5-4mm,,11/29/2024,11,(2) 睫状体,,Ciliary body,睫状冠,Pars plicata:,前1/3,睫状突,Cliary processes:,睫状体扁平部,Pars plana:,后2/3,锯齿缘,Ora serrata:,,11/29/2024,12,(3) 脉络膜,,Choroid,,构成,大血管层,Large vascular layer,中血管层,Middle vascular layer,毛细血管层,Capillary layer,,11/29/2024,13,3．内层,,Inner layer,,视网膜,Retina,,中心凹,Fovea,黄斑,Macula lutea,中心小凹,Foveola——,黄斑中心凹,Fovea centralis,视盘,Optic disc ——,视乳头,Optic papilla,视杯、杯凹,Optic cup,,11/29/2024,14,视网膜分层,外层,,视网膜色素上皮层,Retinal pigment epithelium, RPE,11/29/2024,15,内层 视网膜神经感觉层,,① 视锥、视杆细胞层（光感受器细胞层）,Cone and rod layer,② 外界膜,External limiting membrane,③ 外核层,Outer nuclear layer,④ 外丛状层,Outer plaxiform,⑤ 内核层,Inner nuclear layer,⑥ 内丛状层,Inner plexiform layer,⑦ 神经节细胞层,Ganglion cell layer,⑧ 神经纤维层,Nerve fiber layer,⑨ 内界膜,Limiting membrane,11/29/2024,16,11/29/2024,17,（二） 眼球内容,,Contents of the eye,1. 房水,Aqueous humor,,前房,Anterior chamber,,后房,Posterior chamber,,11/29/2024,18,2. 晶状体,,Lens,,11/29/2024,19,3. 玻璃体,,Vitreous body,11/29/2024,20,11/29/2024,21,1. 视路,,Visual pathway,,光感受器→双级细胞→神经节细胞→视乳头→视神经→视交叉→视束→外侧膝状体→视放射→视皮质,retinal photoreceptor→bipolar cell→nervous ganglion cells→optic disk→optic nerve→optic chasm→optic tract→lateral geniculate body→optic radiation→visual cortex.,,11/29/2024,22,二、眼眶及附属器,,Orbit and accessory apparatus,(一) 眼眶,Orbit,1.视神经孔和视神经管,,Optic foramen and canal,2.眶上裂,Superior orbital fissure,3.眶下裂,Inferior orbital fissure,4.眶上切迹（或孔）,,The supraorbital notch,,11/29/2024,23,（二）眼睑,,Eye lids,,1 皮肤层,The skin,2 皮下组织层,Subcutaneous,3 肌层,Muscular layer,4 睑板层,Layer of the tarsal plate,5 结膜层,The conjunctival layer,,11/29/2024,24,11/29/2024,25,(三) 结膜,,Conjunctiva,,1 睑结膜,Palpebral conjunctiva,2 球结膜,Bulbar conjunctiva,3穹窿结膜,Fornical conjunctiva,,11/29/2024,26,11/29/2024,27,(四)泪器,,Lacrimal apparatus,,,1泪腺,Lacrimal gland,2泪道,Lacrimal passages,(1)泪小点,Lacrimal puncta,(2)泪小管,Lacrimal canaliculi,(3)泪囊,Lacrimal sac,(4)鼻泪管,Nasolacrimal duct,,11/29/2024,28,11/29/2024,29,(五) 眼外肌,,Extraocular muscles,,4条直肌,Rectus,上直肌,superior recti muscles,下直肌,inferior recti muscles,内直肌,medial recti muscles,外直肌,external recti muscles,2条斜肌,Oblique muscle,上斜肌,superior oblique muscles,,下斜肌,Inferior oblique muscles,11/29/2024,30,11/29/2024,31,三、视路,,Visual pathway,,,（一）视神经,Optic nerve,(1)眼内段,Intraocular,(2)眶内段,Intraorbital,(3)管内段,Intracanalicular,(4)颅内段,Intracranial,（二）视交叉,Optic chiasm,（三）视束,Optic tract,,（四）外侧膝状体,Lateral geniculate body,,（五）视放射,Optic radiation,,（六）视皮质,Visual cortex,,11/29/2024,32,2. 瞳孔反射路,,Pathway of papillary reflex,光反射,Light reflex,,直接光反射,Direct reflex,,间接光反射,Indirect reflex,,近反射,Near reflex,11/29/2024,33,11/29/2024,34,四、眼球旳血液循环和神经分布,,Blood circulation and innervation of the globe,,（一）血液循环,Blood circulation,动脉,Artery,视网膜中央血管系统,the central retinal vascular system,睫状血管系统,,the ciliary vascular system,11/29/2024,35,1.视网膜中央血管系统,,The central retinal vascular system,视网膜中央动脉,Central retinal artery, CRA,,11/29/2024,36,2. 睫状血管系统,,the ciliary vascular system,,(1)睫状后短动脉,Short posterior ciliary artery,,(2)睫状后长动脉,Long posterior ciliary artery,(3)睫状前动脉,Anterior ciliary artery,,11/29/2024,37,静脉,,Vein,1. 视网膜中央静脉,,Central retinal vein CRV,2. 涡静脉,Vortex vein,3. 睫状前静脉,Anterior ciliar vein,,11/29/2024,38,（二）神经,,Nerve,,1睫状神经节,Ciliary ganglion,2鼻睫状神经,Nasociliary nerve,11/29/2024,39,视路及瞳孔反射,,Optic pathway and pupillary reflex,,,11/29/2024,40,1．瞳孔反射路,,Pathway of pupillary reflex,,,光反射,Light reflex,直接光反射,direct reflex,,间接光反射,indirect reflex,近反射,Near reflex,11/29/2024,41,2. 视路,,Visual pathway,,光感受器→双级细胞→神经节细胞→视乳头→视神经→视交叉→视束→外侧膝状体→视放射→视皮质,,retinal photoreceptor→bipolar cell→nervous ganglion cells→optic disk→optic nerve→optic chasm→optic tract→lateral geniculate body→optic radiation→visual cortex.,,11/29/2024,42,11/29/2024,43,11/29/2024,44,。