2022年-2023年建筑工程管理行业文档 齐鲁斌创作西 南 交 通 大 学本科毕业设计（论文）外文资料及翻译年 级: 2007级学 号: 20077657姓 名: 王雪扬专 业: 工程机械指导老师: 李 春 林2011年 5 月13 Loading machines For materials handing in construction,use is made of loaders.Practice has shown that excavators are less effective in the capacity of loads in quarries and storages of nonmetallic materials than loaders.By the kind of loads handled,loaders are classified as forklift loads and scooping loaders for loose materials.Sooping loaders are divided into single-bucket and continuous-action Multi-bucket loaders.Single-bucket loaders are general-purpose machines suited engineering and in applications requring continuous working process. Depending on the kind of running gear,crawler and anailable.Crawler loaders have a high passblibity and develop a great thrust efftort. Wheeled loaders feature a high manoeuvrability and high traveling speeds making no damage to the road pavement and the storage areas.Unloaders are used for unloading sand, gravel, crushed stone, cement form railway cars.Power and pneumatic unloaders are used,power for unloading materials from flat cars or gondola cars(open wagons)and pneumatic for unloading cement.The main working member of fork-lift loaders is the fork serving to load and unload piece loads. These loaders have different change attachments. When equipped with buckets or grabs, they are used for loading loose and small-piece materials, and the boom attachment makes these loaders suited for hoisting loads to a small heighe and sometimes for erection work in construction.Fork-lift loaders are operated on hard-pavement areas,therefore they are mainly used in storehouse and as factory materials-handing equipment.They are made on the basis of a truck therefore they are also called truck loaders.they are powered by internal combustion engines or electric motors with storage batteries. Engine powered truck are used for large warehouse and stock-handing application, for general yard work and fpr loading and unloading of vehicles. Torque converter transmission provides smooth operation; power steering and all-weather cabs are options available.Single-bucket loaders have a crawler tractor or a wheeled truck as a carrier mounting. The loader permits mechanization of loading construction and erection and work with the aid of change attachments,of which the main one is the bucket. The loading equipment is available in three modifications: front-end,overloading, and half-swing,jib-type. The front-end attachment provides also side unloading.The overloading modifiactaion permits back unloading.Presently front-end loader with the positive displacement hydraulic drives for the attachment are most widely used.The output of multi-bucket loaders is 40 to 60 percent higher than of single-bucket machines at the same power rating,it is expedient to use them in brickyards,prefabricated concrete products plants,railway stations with large volumes of loading-unloading operatins and also for loading loose materials.In addition,they are suited for size grading of loose materials,for which purpose they are provided with special vibrating screens.Multi-bucket loaders are very efficient in unloading flatcars with side dumping of the handle material.These loaders can be applied in the production lines of prefabricatde ainstruction products plants and also in road building.In the latter case they are used for loading sand and gravel into drying drums and mixers.The working member of the loader is a screw feeder consisting of tow right-hand and left-hand screws,which are arranged on both sides of a bucket elecator.When the feeder rotates,the loaded material is delivered to the buckets to make the scooping easier.A scraper is secured underneath the screw feeder.The elevator of the multi-bucket loader usually dischanges the material onto belt conveyers that deliver it to tiansport facilities.Some loaders discharge the handle material into tranport facilities through hoppers or chutes. 装载机在建筑施工中，材料的装卸是用装载机和写在机进行的。
实践证明，在采石场和非金属材料的仓库作业中，挖掘机的装在效率要比装载机高根据所装载材料的种类，装载机可以分为叉式装载机，用于装在整块物料；铲斗式装载机，用于装载松散物料铲斗装载机分为单斗装载机和连续作业多斗装载机单斗装载机式通用机械，适用于多种条件下作业多斗装载机用于大型仓库、公路工程以及需要连续作业的工作按照行走装置的类型，可以分为履带行走装载机和轮胎式装载机履带行走式装载机具有良好的通过性，能产生很大的推进力轮胎装载机机动性能良好行走速度快，对公路路面和存活地面从不产生破坏作用装载机用来卸掉火车车厢里的砂子、砾石、碎石和水泥卸载机分为机动卸载和气动卸载机既定卸载机用于从平板货车或敞蓬车上卸货；气动卸载机用于卸水泥叉车的主要工作装置是用于装卸整件货物的叉子这些装载机有不同的换装部件当装上铲斗或抓斗时，可用语装卸松散和小块物料，叉架机构使这些装载机能适于把货物举升到一个不大的高度，有时也适于建筑安装工程因为叉车在硬路面上作业，因此，主要用于仓库并作为工厂物料的装卸设备这些装载机是根据卡车的原理制造的，所以也叫卡车装载机，他们以内燃机或带有蓄电池的电动机为动力以发动机为动力的卡车用于大型仓库和材料搬运工作，用于一般的堆放场和车辆装卸。
液力变距传动系统使运动平稳还可以选配动力转向及全天候驾驶室单斗装载机以履带拖拉机或轮胎拖拉机作为行走机架该装载机可使装载作业、建筑施工、安装工程实现机械化在这些换装装置中，主要附件是铲斗装载设备有三种不同的形式，即前卸式、翻转式和侧卸式前卸式机构只允许从装料的一侧卸料；侧卸式机构是侧面卸料；翻转式机构则从后面卸料目前，具有变量液压驱动的工作装置的前卸式装载机使用得最为广泛多斗装载机的产量比同一额定功率的单斗装载机的产量高40%~60%多斗装载机适于砖厂、混泥土预制品厂及装卸量大的火车站，也同样适用于装载松散物料此外，该机还适用于对松散物料的颗粒分级，为此，可以安装一个专用的振动筛用多斗装载机为侧边卸料的平板车卸料，其效率很高多斗装载机可用于混凝土预制品厂的生产线中，也可用于筑路在筑路中，用于将砂子和砾石装入烘干筒和搅拌机里该装载机的工作机构是两个左右螺旋杆组成的螺旋给料器，安装在斗式提升机的两侧当给料器旋转时，物料被送入各个铲斗内，使得装料比较容易刮板固定在螺旋给料器的下方多斗装载机的提升机把物料卸在传送带上，再由传送带将物料运送到设备中有些装载机用漏斗或料槽把物料送进运输设备中 Pneumatic Motors and ToolsCompressde air can be used for a wide variety of operations,such as:to drive air motors and air hammers,to operate air cylinders,to atomize liquids,to convery materials,to displace and agitate liquids,to serve as a cushion,to create a vacuum,to accelerate combustion,and to serve as a coolant and lubricant.An electric motor is a device in which electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy.A fluid motor is a device for converting fulid energy into mechanical energy.In this chapter,the main features of pneumatic motors and pneumatic tools are discussed.GENERAL TYPES OF AIR MOTORSAir motors may be divided into tow general type: (1) the rotary type and (2) the reciprocating type. The combination of a piston and cylinder is an example of the reciprocating type of motor.Two example of the rotary motor are the vane-type and gear-type motors.A rotary vane-type motor is illustrated.The rotating member,with its sliding vanes,it is trapped between the vane(which ride on the inside of the housing)and pushes to the outlet.Thus the compressed air drives a rotating member.A gear-type motor is illustrated.A pair of meshed gears rotate inside a housing,As the gears rotate,the air is trapped between the gear teeth and housing,and pushes from the inlet to the outlet.Thus the compressed air drives the gears.CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR MOTORS An air motor operates safely in an explosive atmosphere,and has a low installation cost,a rapid acceleration,and a high starting troque.It is compact,and its cariable speed can be changed.A typical curve for torque versus speed(rpm)for a rotary-type air motor is illustrated.Air-motor speed can be caried,in small steps,from zero a maximum by varying the air flow to the motor.The air flow rate to the motor can be varied by means of a valve in the inlet compressed-air line.The pressure at the air motor inlet can be contolled with an adjustable pressure regulator in the air inlet line;thus torque can be controlled by means of the pressure regulator.An air motor can be arranged to be recersible in speed direction,by means of a four-way valve.As shown,the speed decreases as the load increase.Air motor can be stalled without any damage being done.A curve for horsepower versus speed for a rotary-type air motor is shown.The power output is at a maximum between zero and maximum speed.Power output is proportional to the product of torque times angular or rotational speed(rpm).The speed,torque,and direction og rotation of an air motor can be controlled and adjusted to job requirements.For example,reversible air motors are used to turn or screm studs into castings,when assembling engines.The air pressure to the air motor is regulated,so that the air motor stalls when the stud is driven to the correct tightness.In this instance,the air motor starts off at high speed(very low torque),is quickly loaded so that it stalls,and is then reversed.An air motor has no tendency to heat when it is overheating;the motor can withstand repeated stalling and reversing without damage or overheating.An air motor can accelerate(or speed up)rapidly,because the compressed air energy can be released at a high rate.Air motors are available commercially in sizes ranging from 1/10 horsepower to 50 horsepower,and in speed ranging from 20 rmp to 75,000 rmp.GENERAL FEATURES OF PNEUMATIC TOOLSPneumatic tools represent a large number of air-operated machines that are usually transported to a work area,rather than transporting the work to the tool(as in machining some metals by machine tools).In many instances,the tool is either held entirely by the hands or guided and controlled by hand.The tool may be portable.In a manufacturing plant,the compressor.On an outdoor construction job,the compressor may be portable.In a manufacturing plant,the compressor may be stationary.Air from the compressor system is fed by means of distribution piping through a filter,a pressure regulator,and a lubricator.Air from the lubricator may be fed through a flexible hose to the pneumatic tool.Pneumatic tools are usually supplied with compressed air at about 90 pounds per square inch,gauge.There are three hroad classifications of pneumatic tools(1)rotary,(2)piston,and(3)percussion.In a typical rotary pneumatic tool,the air enters the tool handle,passes through a manually operated control valve,passes through the end plates,and enters a chamber of a vane-type air motor.The air pushes the rotor form the inlet to the outlet.At the outlet,the air is discharged into the atmosphere.The typical rotary air motor possesses three to five blades,rotates at speeds of 4000 to 25,000 rpm,and develops up to 3 horsepower.A spindle fastened to the rotor drives a set of planetary reduction gears to supply the desired output shaft.The output shaft may be equipped with a chuck for holding a drill,grinder,or some other tool.The piston-type air motor is used for tools when higher horsepower and slower speeds are desired,as in hoists and heavy-drills.The percussion or hammer-type air motor is found in chippers, riveters,and pavement breakers.In this type of machine,the air usually passes through an exhaust valve,and then is exhausted into the atmosphere.The piston is moved back and forth.On the driving stroke,the inertia of the piston provides a hammer blow or impact to a drill,a chisel,or a bit.Compressed air permits the use of tools are relatively compact,light in weight,flexible,portable,and easy to operate.Pneumatic tools are used on a very light assembly work and on heavy-duty constrution jobs.The speed and direction of rotation of air motors can be controlled quickly,and they can be adjusted to serve requirements by means of a control valve which throttles the flow of compressed air to the motor.pneumatic motors do not have a tendency to become hot when they are overheated.An air motor presents no spark hazard in explosive atmospheres;therefore,it can be used in oil refineries and other plants that the problem of example of explosive atmospheres.Air motors are used under wet and humid conditions,because there is no electric shock hazard.Among the many applications and users of pneumatic tools are: agricultural equipment manufacturers, aircrafe manufacturers, ammunition depots, automotive shops and plants, bakeries, boiler shop, can factories, cement plants, coal mines, construction work, cotton mills, cut-stone plants, dairies, distilleries, forge shops, foundries and steel mills, furniture factories, many kinds of industrial plants, laundries, machine shop, mining, oil refineries, paper mills, quarries, railroads, road building, rubber factories, sawmills, shipyards, and boat-builders, smelters, structural work, and waterworks.PNEUMATIC TOOLSFrom the point of view of application of pneumatic tools, two main classes of tools should be considered (1)air-operated portable tools, and (2)air-operated rock drills.Portable toolsThis class of pneumatic tools include grinders, buffers, and sanders. A rotary vane-type air motor is usually used for tools of this type. They are available in a wide range of speed and power.Drill-A rotary vane-type air motor is usually used for drills, reamers, tappers, and stud setters. Drills and reamers are used for steel, wood, and other materials. Some tools are reversible, with rotation possible in either direction, and tools are nonreversible. Drill speed can be caried by throttling the air supply to the drill. Portable drills powered by a vane-type rotary air motor are used also for drilling any mineral substance that can be penetrated by an auger or a tungsten carbied bit-for example, coal, chalk, shale, and hardpan.Screwdrivers-A rotary vane-type air motor is usually used for screwdrivers, nut srtters, impact wrencher, and nibblers. Millions of nut, bolts, and screws, are driven daily by pneumatic tools in the large production plants making products,such as automobiles,refrigerator,radios,and various appliances.pneumatic impact wrenches are used to remove or to tighten nuts by torsional or rotary impact,and pneumatic nibblers,and shears are used for cutting and sheathing steel metal. Hammer-In the penbmatic chipping hammer,a piston delivers a series of blows to a forming tool or chisel at the end of the hammer;the piston is air operated. The two type of percussion tool are the valve type and the vaveless type. In the valve type,a avlve arrangement is used to contral the flow of air both to and from the two ends of the hammering piston. In the valveless type, the valve action is performed by the piston . sand rammers are actually pneumatic hammers; they are used for packing sand molds.Hoists –hoists that are by compressed air are used in in many application, especially in machine shops and fundries. Pneumatic hoists are used outdoors and where fumes and explosive gases are present. An air motor is variable in speed, reversible in direction,and can withstand stalling form an overload without damage.Rock drills and paving breakers The second class of air-operated tools include various types of rock drills and pavement breakers.the hammers drills is commonly used air-operated tool in mining and genera excavation work. A piston can be fund inside the air cylinder, and a-drill steel in used. The drill steel is provided with a shank on one end and a bit at the other end . the freely moving piston hammers or strikers rapid blows on the shank of the drill steel.Paving breakers are hand-operated pneumatic tools that have a wide variety of uses in industrial plants and in general construction work. One type of tool is valveless;another type is valve operated.One class of pneumatic tools is sometimes designated as pneumatic specialty tools. They include:staybolt riveters, paint mixers, screw spike drives,wire-wrapping decices, spinner riveters, shank grinders, reciprocating filing machines, valve grinders, staybolt tappers, air cranking motors,cut-off machines, concrete vibrators,countersinking tools, clip squeezers, tirevalve inserters, multiple screwdrivers and core-knockout machines. 气动马达及工具压缩空气可实现多种多样的操作，例如：驱动气动马达和气锤，驱动气缸，使液体雾化，传送物体，移动和搅拌液体，当作气弹簧，产生真空，加速燃烧，还可以用做冷却剂，和润滑剂。
电动机是一种把电能转换为机械能的装置液压马达是一种把流压能转换为机械能的装置在本章中，将讨论气动马达及气动工具的主要特点气动马达的类型气动马达分为两种类型：（1）旋转式；（2）往复式例如往复式的马达是由一个活塞和一个缸体组成的而旋转式马达有两个种类：叶片型和齿轮型马达叶片式旋转马达的转子和滑动叶片安装在壳体中，在叶片之间形成空腔（叶片顶着壳体内表面），空气从输入口进入该空腔，向出口方向挤压推动叶片，从输出口排出于是压缩空气带动转子旋转齿轮式马达，是利用一对齿和齿轮在壳体内旋转来工作的随着齿轮的转动，空气在齿轮与壳体间被挤压，有进气口进入，出气口排出压缩空气驱动齿轮转动 气动马达的特点气动马达可以在易爆的空气中安全工作，并且具有安装成本低，加速快速，启动转矩大的特点它简单紧凑，可以改变转速研究旋转式气动马达的转矩-速度曲线；气动马达的速度是可变的，通过改变流入马达的空气量，可以实现从零到最大值无（小）级调速通过调节入口处的阀门可以调节空气流入马达的速度马达内的压力有入口处的压力调节阀调节气动马达通过四通阀调节，速度方向是可逆的随着负荷的增加，速度逐渐减小气动马达可以停止而不会有一点损坏研究旋转式气动马达功率-速度曲线：输出功率在速度为零到最大之间取得最大值。
输出功率等于转矩乘以角速度或回转速度根据工作的需要可以调节与控制气动马达的速度、转矩和旋转的方向例如，当组装机器时，可逆气动马达可以用来旋转安装铸件的螺钉输入气动马达的气压是可调节的，所以当螺钉的拧紧力达到一个恰当值时，气动马达就停止在这个例子中，气动马达开始时转速很高（低转矩），快速加载，快速停止，然后反向旋转当过载时，气动马达不易发热；气动马达能耐得住反复停止及反转而不受损害或过热气动马达加速速度，因为压缩空气能以很高的速度被释放商用马达的型号功率范围从1/10马力（1马力=735.5W）至50马力，速度范围从20rpm到75000rpm气动工具的一般特点气动工具是大量气动操纵机器的代表，通常这些机器传递动力到工作位置，而不是传递到其他工具（就如用机械工具进行金属加工那样）在许多例子中，这些工具完全是手持的，或者手动控制这些工具可以离空压机有一定的距离在户外建筑施工时，空气压缩机是便携的而在制造工厂中，空压机是固定的空压机中的空气是由分配管通过过滤器、压力调节器和润滑器来供给的来自润滑器的空气通过灵活的软管供给气动工具供给启动工具的压缩空气的表压力通常是每英寸90磅气动工具具有三大类：（1）旋转式；（2）活塞式；（3）冲击式。
在典型的旋转式气动工具中，空气进入手柄，经过手动操作法，通过后挡板，进入到叶片式气动马达的腔体内空气从入口进入带动转子到达出口，出口的空气进入大气典型的旋转式气动马达有3－5个叶片，转子速度在4000到25000rpm之间，功率可达到3马力固定在马达转子上的轴驱动行星减速齿轮，使输出轴的速度为需求的值输出轴可以配备卡盘，与钻机、研磨机或其它机械相连接在起重机和重型钻机中，需要大功率低转速，可用活塞式气动马达冲击式或气锤式气动马达主要应用于切削、打铆机、路面破碎机在这类机械中，压缩空气通常进过手柄，控制阀，进入到往复式活塞的缸体中，再通过排气阀，然后排到大气中去活塞前后往复运动在工作冲程，活塞的惯性产生冲击推力传给钻头、凿子或钎子压缩空气可以保证使用工具相对紧凑，总量轻，灵活，易于携带，易操作气动工具可以运用于轻载的装配作业和重型的施工作业，根据需要通过控制阀来调解气动马达的速度和旋转方向，控制阀通过节流口控制进入气动马达的压缩空气量当过热工作时，气动马达不易发热气动马达在易爆环境中不产生火花；因此，能应用于炼油厂和其它有易爆问题的工厂因为气动马达没有电击的危险，它还能在潮湿的环境中工作。
气动工具有很多用途，如：农业机械制造业、飞机制造业、军用仓库、流动车间和工厂、面包房、锅炉间、罐头厂、水泥厂、化工厂、煤矿、建筑施工、棉加工厂、碎石厂、乳品厂、酿酒厂、锻造厂、铸造钢厂、家具厂、各种工业工厂，洗衣店、机械厂、采矿厂、炼油厂、造纸厂、采石厂、铁道厂、筑路厂、橡胶厂、锯木厂、船坞和造船场、熔炼厂、建筑工地和水下作业气动工具从应用方面来看气动工具，有两种主要的类型：（1）压缩空气驱动的便携工具；（2）压缩空气驱动的岩石钻便携工具这类气动工具包括：磨削工具、钻具、螺丝起子、气锥、打铆机和卷扬机磨削工具：磨削工具包括研磨器、打磨器和沙光机这类工具常用旋转式叶片气动马达，他们运用于速度和功率范围大的场合钻具：旋转式叶片气动马达适应于钻具、铰刀、敲打和螺丝安装钻具和铰刀适用于钢、木或其它材料加工某些工具式可双向的，转子的旋转方向式任意的，而这些工具式不可逆双相旋转的通过节流控制进入钻具的空气可以改变钻具的速度便携式钻具由叶片式旋转气动马达提供动力，它的螺纹钻头可以用于穿透任何材料，例如，碳化钨钎头用于煤炭、白垩、页岩和硬质地层螺丝起子：旋转式气动马达应用于螺丝起子、螺丝调节、冲压扳手、下料机等。
每天在大量的制造产品诸如汽车、冰箱、收音机和各种各样器具上，成百万的螺母、螺栓和螺钉等用气动工具来安装气动扳手通过扭力或旋转冲击来拆卸或着拧紧螺母，气动下料机和剪床用来切割或剪断金属气锤：在气动锤中，活塞把连续的锤击力传递到前端的工具或锤端的凿子上；活塞式空气操纵的有二类冲击式工具：有阀型和无阀型在有阀型中，阀用来控制进出活塞两端的空气；在无阀型中，阀的作用由活塞来完成沙锤实际上式气动锤，它们应用于铸造车间沙模成型升降机：由压缩空气操纵的升降机有很多应用，特别式在机械厂和铸造车间气动升降机适用于户外和有烟雾及易燃易爆气体的环境下气动马达的速度可以调整，转向是可以变化，且在过载时能停止工作而不受损坏岩石钻和风镐第二种类型的气动工具包括各种类型的钻石机和风镐在开采和挖掘工作中，常用的气动工具是冲击钻气缸内有活塞和钻杆钻杆的一端是柄，另一端是钻头活塞自由快速移动或快速撞击作用于钻头钢杆的柄上风镐是人工操纵的气动工具，在工厂和工地有多种广泛的应用一种类型是无阀型的，另一种是有阀型的有一类气动装置有时北设计为专用的气动工具它们包括：拉杆铆钉枪、油漆搅拌器、螺旋钉枪、绕线机、离心打铆机、杆研磨、往复锉、阀研磨、螺钉锤、气动曲柄马达、切割机、混泥土振动器、埋头钻工具、挤压机、轮胎阀插入装置、多功能螺丝起子和去芯机械。
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