I语法：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句一、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，若去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑I was the only person in our class that was praised by the headmaster at the meeting.我是我们班唯一一个在会会议上受到校长表扬的人This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years.这就是那位有30年教龄的老师二、非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词起补充说明作用的定语从句其标志是主句和从句之间常用逗号隔开1、引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who, whom，指物时用whichWhose既可用来指人也可用指物This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you.这位是我们的校长，我认为他有些重要的事要告诉你My elder sister has become a doctor, which I wanted to be.我姐姐成了一名医生，我原来也想当医生的。
2、引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where当先行词指时间时用when，指地点时用whereHe left his hometown in 1992, when he was only 12 years old.他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里三、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别：1、关系词不同：关系代词that，关系副词why均不可引导非限制性定语从句The house that I bought last month has got a lovely garden.Can you tell me the reason shy the car broke down?你能告诉我车子抛锚的原因吗？2、非限制性定语从句与主句关系不是很密切，中间常用逗号隔开，翻译时译成两个独立的句子；而限制性定语从句常与主句一起译成一句“……的……”I have two foreing teachers, both of whom are from America.我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。
The foreign teacher who comes from America teaches us literature.来自美国的那位外教教我们文学3、非限制性定语从句的关系词无论在从句中作什么成分，均不可省略；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可省略This is the man, whom we talked about just now.这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过他This is the man (that/who/whom) we are talking about.这就是我们正谈论的那个人介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句定语从句可以用“介词+关系代词”引导，能这样用的关系代词主要是which, whom和whose先行词指物时用which；先行词指人时用whom；whose在从句中作名词的定语，它们一起置于介词后The reason for which he didn’t come this morning was that it was raining heavily.他今天早晨没来的原因是雨下得太大for which= )Do you still remember the day on which they got married?你还记得他们结婚的那天吗？(on which= )This is the city in which he once lived.这就是他曾经居住过后城市。
in which= )【参考答案】why, when, where【点津】（1）以上结构中关系代词不能用that，介词后置方可使用比如，上面的句子可以改为：This is the city that he once lived in.（2）“介词+which”常可以和when, where, why互换3）选择介词时应根据先行词、从句的谓语动词或形容词以及从句的意义而定Mount Tai, for which Shandong is famous, is a beautiful place.泰山是一个美丽的地方，山东因其而出句We saw a big table on which there were some bananas.【语法专练】1. In this forest there are more or less 15 kinds of snakes, five are very dangerous.A. which B. of them C. of which D. in which2. There are two buildings, stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the largest of them C. the largest one that D. the larger of which3. The company, Mr. Smith was until recently the chairman, had made loss of 3,000,000 pounds this year.A. which B. that C. of which D. in which4. Mary asked the policeman she worked to contact her whenever there was an accident.A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom5. I have decided to write about Chaplin, one of films I saw several years ago.A. that B. whom C. whose D. which6. He made a large telescope (望远镜), he could observe the stars.A. through which B. in which C. on which D. for which7. Recently I have bought a second-hand car, is very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of that8. My glasses, I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.A. which B. with which C. without which D. without that9. On the table, she found a piece of paper some Japanses words.A. which were written B. on which were writtenC. that was written D. on that were written10. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, wanted to buy it.A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom11. She heard a terrible noise， _________ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that12. Have you ever been to Xi'an， _________ I left ten years ago.A. which B. whose C. that D. /13. The weather turned out to be very good， _________ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it14. His English， ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.A. which B. that C. it D . whom15. Some of the roads were flooded， __________ makes our journey more difficult.A. that B. it C. which D. who16. I'll find a nice girl， _________ I want to marry.A. who B. whom C. that D. which17. I'll come at ten， ________ I'll be free.A. in which B. that C. at which D. what18. She has two brothers， _________ are teachers.A. who B. that C. whom D. /19. Which answer is NOT true？This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.A. that B. which C. / D. where20. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.A. when B. what C. that D. during一般将来时的被动语态一般将来时的被动语态“……将要被……”，其常用的表达形式有“will/shall+be+及物动词的过去分词”，“be going to+be+及物动词的过去分词”，“be to+be+及物动词的过去分词”三种。
一、一般将来时的被动语态的几种句式：1、肯定式：主语+shall/will+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他2、否定式：主语+shall/will+ not+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他3、一般疑问式：Shall/Will+主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他4、特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+shall/will+主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他二、一般将来时的被动语态的用法：1、表示根据计划或者安排将要发生的被动动作2、表示有固定性条件就有规律性的被动结果Heated to 100 0C, water will be turned into steam. 加热到100摄氏度，水将会变成水蒸汽If you speak in class, you will be punished.三、一般将来时被动语态的注意事项：1、在时间、条件状语从句中，应使用现在时表示将来时同样，应使用现在时的被动语态表示将来时的被动语态He says he will leave the company if he is punished for this.When the dam is completed, the Changjiang River will be controlled.2、使用一般将来时的被动语态时，不要遗漏被动式中的be。
现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态强调一个发生在过去的被动性动作持续到现在或对现在造成的影响或结果一、现在完成时的被动语态的构成：Have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词二、现在完成时的被动语态的形式：1、肯定式：主语+have/has+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他The car has been repaired.2、否定式：主语+have/has+ not+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他The house has not been cleaned for a long time.3、一般疑问式：Have/Has +主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+其他Has my letter been receieved?4、特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+been+及物动词的过去分词+其他Whether has the new plan been carried out yet?三、注意：1、现在完成时的被动语态同主动语态一样强调过去动作的延续或对现在造成的影响2、被动语态没有完成进行时态，现在完成进行时态的主动改为被动语态时用现在完成时He has been writing the report for two days. 变为被动语态应为：The report has been written by him for two days.3、主动语态变被动语态时要注意主谓一致问题。
We have used this computer for three years. 变为被动语态应为：The computer has been used for three years.4、动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在被动结构中要保持完整性，不可省略短语动词中的介词或副词The orphan has been looked after by his neighbours. 这个孤儿一直由邻居们照顾The problem has been paid enough attention to. 这个问题已经被经予了足够的重视现在进行时的被动语态一、基本结构am/is/are+being+doneDon’t touch the machine when it is being operated. 机器运转时别用手摸二、现在进行时的被动语态的用法1、表示此时此刻正在进行的被动的动作The car is being repaired at the garage.2、表示现阶段正在进行的被动的动作A modern school is being built in my hometown. 在我的家乡正在建一座现代化学校。
3、表示反复进行的被动的动作Always和现在进行时的被动语态连用可表示反复进行的被动的动作，这种动词形式常用来表示赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩What surprised me most is that that book is always being read by him. 最令我感动惊讶的是，他老是在读那本书I feel very puzzled that the goods in our shop are always bing stlen. 我感到很迷惑，我们商店的商品老是被偷三、现在进行时的被动语态的使用场合1、不知道动作的执行者时Do you hear a wonderful film is being put on? 你听说有一部好片在上演吗？2、动作执行者为泛指或不言自明时Not a question is being discussed at the meeting. 此刻没有一个问题在会上被讨论3、动作的执行者不是人时A lot of houses are being washed away by the flood. 许多房屋正在被洪水冲走四、使用现在进行时的被动语态要注意的问题1、不可漏掉being。
若漏掉，则成为一般现在时的被动语态或系表结构Look! The children are being looked after by the teacher. 看！孩子们正被老师照看着The children are looked after by the teacher. 孩子们被老师照看2、可与部分情态动词连用，表示对正在发生的事情的推测He must be being scolded by his father. 他一定正被他的父亲斥责3、有时可表示按计划或安排将要进行的一个被动动作An English party is being held tonight.4、某些表示“状态、心理活动、存在”等的动词，如have,want, need, love，一般不用现在进行时的被动语态，而常用一般现在时的被动语态5、“be+under/in+n.”可表示现在进行时的被动意义The problem is under discussion at the meeting. =is being discussed【语法专练】1. Our lab next month. A. will finish B. will be finished C. be finished D. finish2. I want to know who for the fault.A.be punished B.punish C.will be punished D.will punished3. The boy will by his elder sister.A.look after B.be taken care C.take care of D.be taken care of4. Mr. Li certainly a new house if more new houses .A.will; be given; are built B.will; be given; will be builtC.is; given; are going to be built D.will; given; are built5. I feel it is your husband who for the spoiled child.A.is to blame B.is going to blame C.is to be blamed D.should blame6. Paper money for over a thousand years.A.used B.has been used C.has used D.is using7. —We want to sit at the table near the window. —I'm sorry, but it already.A. has taken B.took C.was taken D.has been taken8. Great changes in my hometown and a lot of factories .A.have been taken place; are being set upB.have taken place; have been set upC.are taken place; had been set upD.had taken place; will be set up9. So far, the moon by man already.A.is visited B.will be visited C.has been visited D.was visited10. I got caught in the rain and my suit .A.has ruined B.had ruined C.has been ruined D.had been ruined11. Will you please keep silent? The weather report and I want to listen.A.is broadcast B.is being broadcast C.has been broadcast D.had been broadcast12.—I don't suppose the police know who did it. —Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and now.A. has been questioned B.is being questioned C.is questioning D.has questioned13. —Have you handed in your schoolwork yet? —Ye, I have. I guess it now.A. has graded B.is graded C.is being graded D.is grading14. The question which now has something to do with the present international trade.A.discuss B.is discussed C.be discussed D.is being discussed15. —What's that noise? —Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine .A.was tested B.will be tested C.is being tested D.has been tested【参考答案】1~5 CDCAC 6~10 ABCBD 11~15 BABAC 16~20 BCADC【参考答案】1~5 BCDAA 6~10 BDBCC 7~10 BBCDC。