初中英语语法之二冠词和数词2.1 不定冠词的用法 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article） 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是"一个"的意思a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en] 1) 表示"一个"，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3) 词组或成语 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden 2.2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有"那（这）个"的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 把药吃了 2）上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子我去过那幢房子 3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者 5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层 That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师) 7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre2.3 零冠词的用法 1) 国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary； 2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词； They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词； Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母 4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词； Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存 5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词； We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课 6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词； The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里 7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess 8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词； I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔，我就写不了字 9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；by bus，by train； 10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义； go to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) 11)不用冠词的序数词； a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first, first of all, from first to last2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物 He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫2.5 冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前注意： a. 位于下列形容词之后： such，what，many，half， I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。
但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可如：quite a lot d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当标语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后： Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后 2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了2.6 数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词 一、基数词 1）基数词写法和读法： 345 three hundred and forty-five； 2）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数： a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scores of people 指许多人； b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里； 如：They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
c. 表示"几十岁"； d. 表示"年代"，用 in +the +数词复数； e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen. 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式： first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 三、 数词的用法 1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍 2）分数表示法 构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数： 1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.数词用法知多少近几年的中考中，经常有涉及数词方面的知识,也是学生经常出错的地方本文就数词的用法作一归纳,供大家在复习中参考一、 除了从1-12个基本数词（基数词）用不同的词表达外，从13-19后都有-teen后缀如：one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen， fourteen， fifteen，sixteen， seventeen， eighteen， nineteen二、 从20至90之间表整十的数词都跟后缀-ty如： twenty， thirty， forty， fifty， sixty， eighty， ninety 表示“几使几”用整十加个位数构成，中间用连字符“-”。
如： twenty-one， thirty-two， forty-three， fifty-four， ninety-six三、 表示几百，几千，几百万，十亿用数词1-9加hundred，thousand， million，billion构成如： four hundred， five thousand， seven million， nine billion 注意：几百几十之间一般用and连接如： three hundred and forty- nine， six hundred and seven四、 表示不确定的“数百”，“数百万”，“数千”，“数十亿”时，用“hundreds”，“thousands”，“millions”，“billions”加“of”构成如： There are hundreds of teachers in our school. Thousands of students are studying in our school. The mountain is covered with billions of trees.五、 表示顺序的词（序数词）除1-3外，其余的后面都有后缀-th。
如： first， second， third，fourth， fifth， ninth， eleventh， twelfth六、 整十的序数词后面是由基数词变y为i，再加eth构成如： twenty→ twentieth， eighty→eightieth， ninety→ninetieth 其余的整数加个位数构成的词，只变个位数为序数词即可如： twenty-nine→twenty-ninth，forty-five→forty-fifth，fifty-six→fifty-sixth，sixty-seven→sixty-seventh，ninety-seven→ ninety-seventh七、 序数词前一般加定冠词the，但有时加不定冠词表示“又一”，“再一”等如：I have tried twice. I want to try a third time.He has failed three times. He will try a fourth time.八、 数词与名词连用时，如几号，几班，几年级，房间号及邮编号码时，首字母都大写如： Number One， Class Three， Grade Two， Room 218， Zip Code 257091九、 表示倍数的大小时，两倍用twice表达，三倍以上用数词加times表达。
如： My school is twice as large as theirs. Five times seven is 35.十、分数的表达：分子基数词，分母序数词，分子大于1，分母加s如： 1/4→ one fourth，3/4→ three fourths（three quarters）， 1/5→ one fifth， 4/5 →four fifths十一、小数的表达，小数点读作point，其余的按基数词读出如：0.2 →zero point two， 5.79 →five point seven nine十二、百分数的表达，百分号读作percent如： 10%→ ten percent， 16%→ sixteen percent， 0.7% →point seven percent, 89%→eighty-nine percent十三、数词算式表达：+→plus，－→minus，×→multiplied ÷→divided如： 5+7→five plus seven， 9－3→nine minus three， 8×9→eight multiplied by nine， 64÷8→sixty divided by eight， 6：5 →the ratio of six to five， 42 →four squared， 33→three-cubed， 54→the fourth power of five十四、与数有关的几个常用单词及词组。
如： half 一半， a dozen 一打， dozens of 几十， a score 二十， scores of 许多， several（a few），几个，数个巩固训练1. About ________ of the workers are young man.A. third fifths B. three fifths C. three fives D three fifth2. The computer of this kind can work _______ than that kind.A. hundreds of times faster B. hundred of times faster C. hundred times faster D. a hundred time faster2. Two ____________ died of flu last year.A. hundred old people B. hundreds of old people C. hundreds of people D. hundreds old people3. He graduated in _________ of __________ centrury.A. the sixtieth; twenty B. sixty; the twentieth C. the sixties; the twentieth D. sixty; twenty4. The two great men wrote those letters in __________.A. 1870’s B. 1870s C. the 1870’s D. the 18705. I wonder if I can ask him ____________ time.A. four B. fourth C. the fourth D. a fourth冠词不定冠词a/an一、用a或an填空：1. ____ honest boy 2. ____ ugly man 3. ____ useful tool 4. ____ one-act play5. ____ uncle 6. ____ uniform 7. ____ university 8. _____ hour9. ____ umbrella 10. _____ interesting story 11. _____ “x” 12. ______ “s”13. ______ “h” 14. ______ “u” 二、写出下列惯用语1. 一会儿 2. 匆忙 3．玩得很愉快 4. 去散步5．一群 6. 去游泳 7．助某人一臂之力 8. 谋生定冠词the一、the用法: 1． _______ sun rises in _______ east． 2．Washington is _______ capital of _______ USA． 3．It's too hot．Open _______ door，please．4．They went to _______ People's Park，but we both went to _______ People's Cinema yesterday． 5．Where do you live？I live on _________ second floor.6．I believe that _______ young have a bright future.7．Paris is _______ most beautiful city, where you can see _______ famous Eiffel Tower.8．Eddie likes playing _______ basketball best. He doesn’t like playing _______ piano.9. Shanghai is in _______ east of China．10. They passed our school _______ day before yesterday．二、写出下列惯用语1．在中间 2. 一直 3．此刻，目前 4. 第一次5．去看电影（cinema） 6. 在右边 7．给某人指路 8. 与。
同样9．在早晨 10. 整理床铺综合练习：一、冠词填空：在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词，不需用冠词处划/ 1．There is _______ woman over there． _______ woman is Meimei's mother．2．This is _______ useful book．I've read it for _______ hour． 3． _______ elephant is much heavier than _______ horse． 4． _______ doctor told him to take _______ medicine three times _______ day． 5．Let's go out for _______ walk． 6．I often watch _______ TV in _______ evening．7．Tomorrow is _______ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _______ Christmas tree today．8．I think _______ maths is more important than any other subject．9． _______ Changjiang River is _______ longest river in _______ China． 10．_______ day of _______ December 20，1999 is _______ Monday．11．What does this _______ word mean， _______ Father？ 12．He often goes to _______ school by _______ bike． 13．He joined the army in _______ spring of _______ 1995． 14．_______ old man is _______ teacher．He likes playing _______ basketball after _______ supper． 15．After I had _______ quick breakfast，I hurried to school． 二、.选择填空。
1．She has ____ orange skirt． ____ skirt is nice． A．a；The B．an；The C．an；A D．the；The 2．There is _______ old bike． _______ old bike is Mr. Zhao's． A．an ；The B．the；An C．a；The D．the；The 3． _______ apple a day keeps the doctors away． A．The B．A C．An D．Two 4．This is _____ empty glass. Would you please give me _____ full one? A. a, an B. an, a C. the, a D. an, the 5．At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby． A．a B．an C．the D．／ 6．We can't see _______ sun at _____ night． A．the；the B．the；／ C．a；／ D．／；／7．_______ useful book it is！ A．What an B．How a C．What a D．What8. —How many books do you have？ —I have _______ book．That's _______ English book． A．a；an B．a；one C．one；an D．one；one9. There is _______ university in our town. A. a B. an C. the D. /10．_______ Great Wall is _______ longest wall in the world． A．A；a B．The；the C．A；the D．The；a11． There is ____ tall tree in ____ front of our classroom. A. a, / B. a, the C. the, the D. /, /12．_______ new bridge has been built over ________ Huangpu River． A．The；a B．A；／ C．A；the D．An；the 13．_______ woman over there is _______ popular teacher in our school． A．A；an B．The；a C．The；the D．A；the 14．Beijing is _______ beautiful city．It's _______ capital of China． A．a；a B．the；the C．／；the D．a；the15．There’s _______ “u” and _______ “s” in _______ word “use”. A. an, a, the B. a, a, a C. a, an, the D. the, the, the 16. The museum is quite far．It will take you half _______ hour to get there by _______ bus． A．an；／ B．an；a C．a；／ D．／；／17．Does Tom often play _______ football after _______ school？ A．／；／ B．／；the C．the；／ D．a；／ 18．_______ United States and China are two of ______ biggest countries in the world. A. /, the B. The, the C. The, / D. /, /19．We all should be kind to _______ old. A. a B. an C. the D. /20．I've been a student there for nearly two and _______ half years． A．a B．an C．the D．／21．We are going to have _____ supper with _____ Greens tomorrow evening. A. a, the B. the, the C. /, / D. /, the22. I often stay at _______ home to do some reading at _____ weekends. A. the, the B. /, / C. the, / D. /, the23. What _______ bad weather it is today! A. a B. an C. the D. /24. It’s _______ Women’s Day today. A. a B. an C. the D. /25. My brother likes to play _______ basketball while I like to play _______ violin. A. /, / B. the, the C. the, / D. /, the26. Our English teacher has been in _______ hospital for two days. Let’s go to see her today. A. a B. an C. the D. /27. --- You’ve got ____ e-mail address, haven’t you? --- Yes, it is ____ A. a, / B. an, / C. the, a D. /, an28. --- When shall we hand in the exercise-books? --- _______ sooner, _______ better. A. A, a B. A, the C. The, a D. The, the29. He wanted to hit me on ____ nose. A. a B. an C. the D. /30. I’ve never seen _______ interesting film. A. such an B. a such C. an such D. such a31. --- Are you _______ German or American? --- German. But I have lived in America. A. a B. an C. the D. /32. He had tried twice, and the teacher asked him to have ____ third try. A. a B. an C. the D. /33. They made him _______ king． A．a B．the C．an D．／。