2022年考博英语-厦门大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 写作题Some people think that a sense of competition inchildren should be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught toco-operate rather than compete become more useful adults.You should write at least 250 words. Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE You should use your own ideas, knowledge andexperience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.【答案】On competition and cooperationSome people hold the view that competition and cooperation are always in conflict with each other. But some have different opinions that competition and cooperation are the two indispensable parts of the winners.Competition and cooperation are very common in every field of our life. The Olympic games is the most famous competition all over the world. And employees compete for jobs, for promotion, for customers and for sales, etc. To some extent, competition stimulates people's interest in work and push the society forward. In our life, we often find that competition goes hand in trend with cooperation. In the sports contest, the victory of the team requires good teamwork, that is, cooperation. No doubt, we often find there is an inseparable relationship between competition and cooperation. In a football match, either team is competing with other. But each member of the team is cooperating with his teammates.As far as I am concerned, cooperation and competition are both important. They are attributes which are equally necessary for a person to achieve success in his life. While we advocate competition, we cannot forget cooperation. Human beings are social beings. No one can exist alone in the society. If you want to play the game well, you have to play with others. You cannot play single-handed and win. You have to cooperate with your playmates, who may make the social ladder for you to climb to the top. From cooperation we get mutual help and understanding. With cooperation the world is progressing at peace and in harmony.2. 案例题Everybody wastes time. Instead of doing his homework, the schoolboy watches television. Instead of writing her essay the student goes out with her friends. They all have good intentions, but they keep putting off the moment when they must start work. As a consequence, they begin to feel guilty, and then waste even more time wishing they had not allowed themselves to be distracted.When someone else is organizing our time for us, as for instance during lessons or working hours, we do not necessarily work more efficiently, but at least we are subject to the discipline of a routine. It is when we are responsible for organizing our own time that the need for self-discipline arises.I know two writers who seem to work in quite different ways. Bob is extremely methodical. He arrives at his office at 9 a.m. and is creative until 12:30. At 2 p.m. he returns to his desk and is creative until 5 p.m., when he goes home and switches off until the following morning. Alan, on the other hand, works in inspired bursts, often missing meals and sleep in order to get his ideas down on paper. Such periods of intense activity are usually followed by days when he potters around his flat, listening to Mozart and flicking through magazines.Their places of work reflect their styles. Bob's books are neatly arranged on the shelves; he can always find the books he wants. Alan, on the other hand, has books and magazines all over the place. They are about every subject under the sun, mostly unconnected with his work. All the same he has a knack of making use of the unlikely information to illuminate his books.1.People often waste their time by （ ） .2.Self-discipline is needed when one（ ） .3.Why does the author say Bob is extremely methodical?4.Alan often goes without meals and sleep when（ ） .5.Alan reads a great variety of books and magazines, so that（ ）. 【答案】1.spar for time.2.arrange time for himself.3.Because Bob always arranges well with his daily schedule and working tools.4.Allen needs to burst into thoughts and record it down, he doesn't eat nor sleep.5.spark inspiration.【解析】1.根据第一段的第四句"They all have good intentions, but they keep putting off the moment when they must start work."人们通过拖延时间而浪费时间。
2.根据第二段的最后一句"It is when we are responsible for organizing our own time that the need for self-discipline arises."当我们组织自己的时间时, 自律的产生就很有必要了3.根据第三段的内容可知：Bob的生活特别规律, 他把自己的作息时间和工作安排的井并有条, 所以作者说鲍勃是一个非常有条理的人4.根据第三段的倒数第二句"Alan, on the other hand, works in inspired bursts, often missing meals and sleep in order to get his ideas down on paper."艾伦的作品灵感迸发, 经常为了把自己的想法写在纸上而错过吃饭和睡觉5.根据最后一段的最后一句"All the same he has a knack of making use of the unlikely information to illuminate his books."尽管如此, 他还是有办法利用这些不太可能的信息来照亮他的书。
也就是说以便激发灵感3. 单选题London's Heathrow airport,alongside many other major airports,is hoping that_______passenger numbers will be swallowed up by a new generation of huge aircraft.问题1选项A.probateB.obsoleteC.swellingD.recapitulating【答案】C【解析】probate遗嘱认证的; obsolete荒废的, 淘汰的; swell增大; 磁胀; recapitulate 重述要点, 概述句意：伦敦Heathrow机场和其他许多主要机场都希望，新一代的巨型飞机能够承载得下数量日益增长的旅客选项C符合句意4. 单选题The more time scientists spend designing computers the more they marvel at the human brain. Tasks that baffle（难住）the most advanced supercomputer — recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note 一 are child's play for the 3-pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brain's abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns.Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine.Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations（模拟品）because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes. 1.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the most advanced supercomputer （ ）.2.What is NOT true of a conventional computer?3.The main feature of a neural-network computer is that（ ） .4.The expression "this two-dimensional approach" in the second paragraph refers to （ ）.5.Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because （ ） .问题1选项A.can recognize a face and read a handwritten noteB.can learn from its mistakesC.weighs only 3 poundsD.cannot distribute information across an interconnected web of nerve cells问题2选项A.It must be programmed before it works.B.It can only solve one problem at a time.C.It is good at solving one problem at a time.D.It is trained to recognize patterns instead of making decisions.问题3选项A.its processors act as an interconnected web of neuronsB.it is programmed to make decisionsC.its networks are of all shapes and sizesD.its neurons are artificial问题4选项A.the conventional computer and the neural computerB.making decisions and recognizing patternsC.sharing information and performing tasksD.the computer and the human brain问题5选项A.it can avoid redesigning computer chipsB.it can save a lot of time and moneyC.it can avoid making mistakesD.it is more like the human brain【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句"if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons."可知选项D正确。
2.根据第三段的内容可知选项D指的是neural-network computer而不是传统计算机所以选项D正确3.根据第二段第四句"The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain."相比之下, 神经网络计算机中的处理器形成的网络很像大脑中的神经细胞选项A符合原文4.根据第二段的最后两句可知, "this two-dimensional approach"指的是上文提到的share information and perform tasks所以选项C正确5.根据最后一段最后一句"By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes."通过用软件而不是硬件来试验不同的方法, 科学家已经能够避免代价高昂的错误。
选项B符合原文5. 单选题The flicker of impatience in the husband's eyes melts into bemused_______as his wife asks for "just a little more time" at the mall.问题1选项A.resignationB.regradationC.retiralD.reverse【答案】A【解析】resignation放弃, 顺从; regradation倒退, 后退; retiral退休, 撤退; reverse 相反, 倒退句意：当妻子要求在商场“再多待一会儿”时, 丈夫眼中闪现的不耐烦化为了呆滞的放弃选项A符合句意6. 单选题The_______action of the policemen saved the people in the house from being burnt.问题1选项A.supremeB.significantC.promptD.vital【答案】C【解析】supreme最高的, 至高的; significant重大的, 有意义的; prompt及时的, 迅速的; vital至关重要的。
句意：警察迅速采取措施, 使得房子里的人免于烧伤选项C符合句意7. 单选题The loudest outcry（呐喊）about poverty seemed to come in the wealthiest country - by far - in the world. According to most calculations, through most of the 1945-1970 period the United States had a standard of living well above Europe's and many times above the world average. Yet protests about grinding poverty, hunger, and dreadful need proceed more from the United States than from countries with one-fortieth of their living standard.（An annual per capita income of eight dollars is typical of much of Africa and Asia and not a little of South America.）It would seem strange to these people（were they only aware of the fact）that American radicals demand a retreat from an American commitment to the far comers of the globe so that the money thus saved can be spent raising the standard of living of underprivileged Americans.What this last point suggests is not so much that human wants are never to be satisfied though this is doubtless true, and the American living in suburb deprived of his second car and his color TV suffers just as acutely as an African farmer in need of a second cow and a screen door. Rather, it suggests the extent of contemporary breach（违反）of social norms（标准）一 the emancipation（解放）of the individual self. People have learned that their wants are sacred and rights ought to be satisfied. They have learned to consider any obstacle to personal fulfillment and intolerable insult. They have greatly expanded the circle of self awareness. They no longer accept sharp limitations on individual desires in the name of the group. The amount of potential human discontent has always been infinite—misery, failure, misfitting, bitterness, hatred, envy beyond telling. It has usually failed of utterance, and in the past it was accepted passively as being beyond help. 1.According to the passage, most complaints over a poor living standard were made by those who came from（）2.The average income for each American a year during the 1960s was most likely in the neighborhood of（） .3.In order to improve the standard of living of poor Americans, the extremists in the States demand（ ）.4.The real cause for the most fortunate people to protest about poverty lies in（ ）.5.From the last sentence, it can be safely inferred that outcry about poverty in effect involves peoples' （ ） .问题1选项A.the United StatesB.Asian countriesC.the European CommunityD.Commonwealth of Nations问题2选项A.1,120 dollarsB.40 dollarsC.320 dollarsD.80 dollars问题3选项A.a full tax relief on citizens living overseasB.a stop to arms race against nations far awayC.a cut in financial assistance to poor countriesD.a favorable balance of trade with foreign countries问题4选项A.added consciousness of selfB.their economic statusC.limitations of human natureD.conflict in class interests问题5选项A.ability to suffer a hard lifeB.understanding of their rightsC.political attitude toward the governmentD.whole outlook on different life styles【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段的第三句"...grinding poverty, hunger, and dreadful need proceed more from the United States..."对极度贫困、饥饿和可怕需求的抗议更多地来自美国。
选项A正确2.根据第一段第三句, 对极度贫困、饥饿和可怕需求的抗议更多地来自美国, 而不是那些生活水平只有美国四十分之一的国家非洲和亚洲大部分地区的年人均收入通常为8美元, 南美也不例外)所以美国年人均收入为320美元3.根据第一段最后一句"...American radicals demand a retreat from an American commitment to the far comers of the globe..."美国激进分子要求美国放弃对世界上那些遥远国家的承诺, 这样节省下来的钱就可以用来提高美国贫困人口的生活水平也就是说减少对贫穷国家的财政援助选项C符合原文4.根据第二段的三四五句"People have learned that ...self awareness."人们已经认识到他们的需要是神圣的, 权利应该得到满足他们学会了考虑个人成就和无法忍受的侮辱带来的任何障碍他们极大地扩展了自我意识的圈子选项A符合原文5.根据句意：它通常无法表达, 在过去, 人们被动地接受它, 认为它毫无用处由此可推断, "它"指的是人们吃苦耐劳的能力, 所以选项A正确第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:8. 单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it and this_______produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction【答案】A【解析】absorption吸收; transition过渡, 转变; consumption消费, 消耗; interaction相互作用。
句意：水从固体变成液体, 会吸收附近所有物质的热量, 这种吸收会在周围产生人工寒潮选项A符合句意 9. 单选题Larry Griffin was woken at three that morning to be told that his last-minute_______against his death sentence for the murder of Quintin Moss, 15 years before, had been unsuccessful.问题1选项A.appealsB.accusationC.indictmentD.prosecution【答案】A【解析】appeal请求, 呼吁, 上诉; accusation指控，谴责; indictment控告; prosecution起诉，检举句意：Larry Griffin在凌晨3点就被叫醒了，他被告知，15年前因谋杀Quintin Moss而被判死刑的最终上诉失败了选项A符合句意10. 单选题The British historian Niall Ferguson speculated that the end of American_______might not fuel an orderly shift to a multipolar system.问题1选项A.domainB.hegemonyC.sovereigntyD.preference【答案】B【解析】domain领地,领域; hegemony霸权; sovereignty主权,君主; preference偏爱, 优先权。
句意：英国历史学家Niall Ferguson推测, 美国霸权主义的终结可能不会推动美国向多极体系的有序转变选项B符合句意11. 单选题Which sport has the most expenses_______training equipment, players' personal equipment and uniforms?问题1选项A.in place ofB.by way ofC.in terms ofD.by means of【答案】C【解析】in place of代替; by way of经由; in terms of依据, 按照, 在……方面; by means of通过, 依靠句意：哪项运动在训练器材、运动员个人装备和队服等方面的开销最大?选项C符合句意12. 单选题Many economists believed that______consumers would cut spending once the value of their homes began to fall.问题1选项A.overstretchedB.oversaturatedC.overproducedD.overpopulated【答案】A【解析】overstretched过度延伸的，指系统或组织被迫过度运作的；oversaturated过饱和的；overproduce过度生产的；overpopulated人口过密的，人口过剩的。
句意：许多经济学家认为，一旦房价开始下跌，超负荷的消费者就会削减支出选项A符合句意13. 单选题Although he was not caught cheating on the exam, the feeling of guilt_______over and over again.问题1选项A.ascendedB.conqueredC.securedD.recurred【答案】D【解析】ascended上升, 追溯; conquered战胜, 征服; secured安全的, 有把握的; recurred重现句意：虽然他在考试中作弊没有被抓, 但他的负罪感还是一遍又一遍地浮现选项D符合句意14. 单选题All the credit card organizations charge interest on a monthly basis which may_______at 25 per cent a year, yet judicious purchasing using a card can mean that you obtain up to seven weeks interest-free-credit.问题1选项A.come upB.account forC.add upD.work out【答案】B【解析】come up走近, 发生, 上升; account for（比例）占; add up合计; work out解决, 算出。
句意：所有的信用卡机构都按月收取利息, 每年的利息可能占25%, 但明智地使用信用卡购物意味着你可以获得长达7周的无息信贷选项B符合句意 15. 单选题Vaccines are normally conceived to fight infectious disease,but a new_______will bring cheer to those who have resolved to kick certain habits in the new year.问题1选项A.shotB.boundC.finitudeD.gunnery【答案】B【解析】shot射击; bound界限, 范围; finitude界限, 限制; gunnery射击, 重炮句意：疫苗通常被认为是用来对抗传染病的, 但是一项新的进展将给那些决心在新的一年改掉某些习惯的人带来希望选项B符合句意16. 单选题A 1994 World Bank report concluded that_______girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.问题1选项A.enrollingB.assigningC.involvingD.consenting【答案】A【解析】enrolling招收, 参加; assigning指派, 分配; involving牵涉, 使参与; consenting允许, 赞成。
句意：世界银行1994年的一份报告得出结论：招收女童入学可能是当今发展中世界最有效的反贫困政策选项A符合句意17. 单选题In writing his account of these important events, he will not_______his experiences in the order in which they happened.问题1选项A.classifyB.compareC.composeD.arrange【答案】D【解析】classify分类；compare比较；compose构成；arrange排列句意：在记录这些重要事件时, 他不会按照事件发生的顺序来对其进行排列选项D符合句意18. 案例题Barbie DollsFlashy clothes, the perfect boyfriend, a Corvette, Ferrari, full size apartment with beautiful furniture and a boat. She's the woman who has everything and every year receives more. Since her introduction in 1959, the Barbie doll may be the most influential icon of American culture in the late twentieth century.（1）. She attracted little girls because of her adult-like features. Before this, children looked at toys like Yogi Bear, Howdy Doody, and baby dolls for inspiration. With the creation of » Barbie, girls now had a new toy to stimulate their imaginations.In the 1950s most women stayed at home, cooking, cleaning and caring for their children; they didn't parade around in tight little skirts and high heels. The Barbie doll represented independence and glamour she could sing solos in the spotlight one minute and pilot an airplane the next. She was exciting and completely different from the clinging Betsy Westsys and Chatty Cathys that little girls were used to.In Forever Barbie: the Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll, M G. Lord tells the story of Barbie's creators. Ruth Handler, the youngest of ten siblings （同胞）, worked as a stenographer for Paramount Pictures as a young woman. Her husband Elliott designed light fixtures and studied art.（2）. The Handlers began the factory in their garage but quickly expanded until they had hired a hundred workers who made jewelry and decorative items. World War II shortages of labor soon put them out of business.Despite their first failure, the Handlers didn't give up and, in 1945, they joined with Harold Matson, a former worker, and together the three started "Mattel Creations". Matson's last name along with Elliot's was fused together to form the name Mattel.In 1946, Matson sold out his share. The Handlers were not discouraged, though, because of their strong belief in futuristic materials such as Plexiglas, Lucite and plastic. They continued, looking for the perfect item to make their company a success. Little did they know that their persistence would lead them to establish a multi-million company initiated by the revolutionary Barbie doll.Ruth Handler first encountered the model for Barbie in 1955 while vacationing in Switzerland with her family. The Lilli doll, a comic character from Germany, was 。