2022-2023年考博英语-四川师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题England’s team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to ______ themselves for last year’s defeat.问题1选项A.reviveB.retortC.revengeD.remedy【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析A选项revive“复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神”；B选项retort“反驳，回嘴；蒸馏；在曲颈瓶里加热；（对侮辱或伤害）进行报复”；C选项revenge“报复；替……报仇；雪耻”；D选项remedy“补救，纠正，改进；治疗”句意：英格兰队现在状态极佳，下周将竭尽全力为去年的失败复仇因此C选项正确2. 单选题Mountain biking demands hill-walking strength as well as track riding skills. Initially, choose gentle routes among familiar terrain—or risk ______ shoulder-carriers!问题1选项A.long-termB.elongatedC.prolongedD.lengthened【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项long-term用于指“（从现在到将来持续的）很长一段时间”或者“与将来发生的事件有联系”，如：long-term plan其他3个选项的共同点都是“把……拉长”，但B项elongated仅指在空间上拉长，如：The nose is too much elongated. D选项lengthened可以指空间也可以指时间，如：The road could be lengthened.和He lengthened his stay in Beijing.但C项prolonged与elongated和lengthened不同的是，它指“持续到超过正常的时间限度”或“延长正常的时间限度”句意：山地自行车不仅需要在赛道上骑行的技巧，还需要在山路上行走的力量首先，要在熟悉的范围内选择比较平缓的路线，否则有可能长时间地用肩扎着自行车shoulder-carriers在这里指“（骑车人成了）扛车的人”C选项恰好符合本句的意思，因为，在骑车爬山运动中，有时扛车是难免的，但如果选择路线正确，扛车的时间就不会太长，反之，扛车的时间就会延长因此C选项正确3. 单选题He is an honest person. He is ______ to do such a dishonest thing.问题1选项A.the least manB.not likelyC.the last manD.the latest man【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。
在“the last person to do sth.”或“the last person that...”句式中，the last=the least likely；last由原义“最后的”演绎为“最不大可能的，最不愿意……的”，因此它含有否定的意思，如：You are the last person I want to see.“你是我最不愿意看到的人”，That’s the last thing he wants.“那是他最不愿意要的东西”，但并非所有的the last person to do sth.都表示“最不肯（或最不会，最不愿意）做某事的人”，有时表示“最后一个做某事的人”，如在抢险斗争中最后一个撤离现场的人：He was the last person to leave the sinking ship.到底表示“最不愿意做某事的人”还是表示“最后一个做某事的人”，这要根据上下文的意思来判定not likely虽符合语法结构，但不符合上下文的逻辑意思句意：他是一个诚实的人，他绝对不可能做这种不诚实的事因此C选项正确4. 单选题What ______ suppose would happen if the director knew you felt that way?问题1选项A.will youB.do youC.would youD.you would【答案】B【解析】考查语序。
在该句子中，do you suppose相当于一个插入语，What would happen if the ... 才是一个整体，做全句的宾语从句类似的表达还有do you think等句意：你猜想看看，如果主管知道你那样想之后会发生什么事因此B选项正确5. 翻译题不要抛弃学问有人说：“出去做事之后，生活问题急需解决，哪有工夫去读书？即使要做学问，既没有图书馆，又没有实验室，哪能做学问？”我要对你们说：凡是要等到有图书馆才能读书，有了图书馆也不肯读书；凡是等到有了实验室方才做研究，有了实验室也不肯做研究你有了决心就研究一个问题，自然会节衣缩食去买书，自然会想出法子来设置仪器至于时间，更不成问题达尔文一生多病，不能多做工，每天只能做一点钟的工作你们看他的成绩！每天花一点钟看10页有用的书，每年可看3600多页，30年可读11万页书，11万页书可以使你成为一个学者了答案】Never Give up the Pursuit of LearningSome people say, “Once you have a job, you’ll come up against the urgent problem of making a living. How can you manage to find time to study? Even if you want to, will it be possible with no library or no laboratory available?” Now let me tell you this. Those who refuse to study for lack of a library will most probably continue to do so even though there is a library. And those who refuse to do research for lack of a laboratory will most probably continue to do so even though a laboratory is available. As long as you set your mind on studies, you will naturally cut down on food and clothing to buy books or do everything possible to acquire necessary instruments. Time is no object. Charles Darwin could only work one hour a day due to ill health. Yet what a remarkable man he was! If you spend one hour a day reading 10 pages of a book, you can finish more than 3600 pages a year, and 110000 pages in 30 years. 110000 pages will be quite enough to make a learned man of man.6. 单选题Almost 15 years ago, in “The Work of Nations,” I described a three-tiered work force found in most advanced economies. At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals. In the middle were production workers in factories or offices, performing simple, repetitive tasks. At the top were “symbolic analysts”, like engineers or lawyers, who manipulate information to solve problems. Educated to think critically, almost all have university degrees. They were the knowledge workers of the new economy.I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didn’t predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers’.Two different groups of symbolic analysts are emerging: national and global. Most symbolic analysts still work within a national economy, manipulating various kinds of symbols with the aid of computers. They’re at the core of their nations’ middle class—accountants, engineers, lawyers, journalists and other university-trained professionals.Yet a new group is emerging at the very top. They’re CEOs and CFOs of global corporations, and partners and executives in global investment banks, law firms and consultancies. Unlike most national symbolic analysts, these global symbolic analysts conduct almost all their work in English, and share with one another an increasingly similar cosmopolitan culture.There’s a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.The fears of national symbolic analysts are premature. The demand for their skills is still rising, notwithstanding the new competition. The earnings of university graduates in the United States and most advanced economies continue to outpace the earnings of those with only secondary-school diplomas, and the earnings of people with graduate and professional degrees are rising even faster. If demand for symbolic analysts were dropping, we would expect the opposite.Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades. China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. The income and wealth gap between them will widen into a chasm. They will live, literally, in different cultures.1. In what way is the prediction made by the author 15 years ago flawed?2. In what way has the three tiers changed shape in developed countries?3. The emergence of the global symbolic analysts is mainly attributable to the ______.4. The author advises advanced countries want to keep their competitive advantage to ______.5. The author implies in the text that ______.问题1选项A.The income gaps between the tiers are not widening.B.Advances in technology create a fourth tier on the top.C.The income gap between the middle and top tiers is made wider.D.The knowledge workers become the largest group of the workforce.问题2选项A.The number of manufacturing workers is on the decline.B.The symbolic analysts have become the dominant work force.C.The number of people in service industry remains stable.D.The computer workers receive the larger salaries than other workers.问题3选项A.popularity of the English languageB.increased transnational business transactionC.lack of suitable law applicable to global dealingsD.emergence of a global culture问题4选项A.narrow down the income gaps between tiers of the workforceB.give national symbolic analysts consC.pay due attention to the rise of global symbolic analystsD.stream more money into education and research问题5选项A.a four-tiered classification is more suitable for picturing the present work forceB.national symbolic analysts will play a vital role in the upcoming globalizationC.graduates from Chinese and Indian universities will be valued in advanced economiesD.engineers and computer scientists will play different roles in different cultures【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。
根据题干可定位到文章第二段“I predicted that advances in technology, and globalization, would widen the gaps in income and opportunity between these tiers. What I didn’t predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically. The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected.（我预测，技术进步和全球化将扩大这些阶层之间的收入和机会差距我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多由顶层在增长，中层在萎缩，可推断出中高层阶级的收入差距变得更大了，这是作者没有预测到的，所以C选项“中高层收入差距进一步扩大”符合题意根据“What I didn’t predict was that the three tiers would change shape so dramatically.（我没有预料到的是，这三层的形状会发生如此巨大的变化。
可知A选项“各阶层之间的收入差距没有扩大”说法错误；B选项“技术的进步创造了比高层更高的第四层”不符合题意；D选项“知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体”，文章提到“Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. （象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%并没有说知识工人成为劳动力的最大群体，D选项错误因此C选项正确2.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking, much faster than I expected. Symbolic analysts now make up more than a fifth of all jobs in advanced economies, up from about 15 percent 15 years ago. Their incomes in developing economies are soaring, relative to other workers.（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩，比我预期的要快得多。
象征性分析师现在占据了发达经济体所有工作岗位的五分之一以上，而15年前这一比例约为15%相对于其他工人，他们在发展中国家的收入正在飙升以及结合第一段可知，中层阶级主要是制造业工人，该句中提到中层阶级在萎缩，由此可推断制造业工人的数量在下降，A选项“制造业工人数量在下降”正确；B选项“象征性分析师已经成为主导的劳动力”，文章只提到了他们的比例有所提高，并没有强调他们的主导地位，B选项错误；根据第一段“At the bottom were workers who offer personal service, mainly in retail outlets, restaurants, hotels and hospitals.（最底层的是提供个人服务的工人，主要在零售店、餐馆、酒店和医院工作且第二段提到“The top and bottom tiers are growing, and the middle shrinking...（顶层和底层都在增长，而中层在萎缩……）”可知服务业从业人数增长了，所以C选项“服务业从业人数保持稳定”说法错误；D选项“计算机工人的工资比其他工人高”文章没有提到，因此A选项正确。
3.判断推理题根据题干可定位到文章第五段“There’s a good economic reason that this group of global symbolic analysts emerged. Global commerce is now occurring on a scale and with a complexity that no commercial contract can adequately cover and no single legal system can sufficiently enforce. Hence, global dealmakers must rely to an ever greater extent on an extended network of people whom they trust.（这群全球符号分析师的出现有一个很好的经济原因目前全球商业的规模和复杂性是任何商业合同都无法充分涵盖的，是任何单一的法律体系都无法充分执行的因此，全球交易商必须在更大程度上依赖于他们所信任的扩大网络由此可推断出全球符号分析师出现的根本原因是因为缺乏适用于全球交易的法律，所以C选项“缺乏适用于全球交易的法律”正确。
A选项“英语语言的普及”；B选项“跨国业务交易的增加”虽然也是一个原因，但不是根本原因；D选项“全球文化的出现”因此C选项正确4.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“Yet unless the advanced economies invest more in education and basic R&D, they could lose their global lead in science, engineering and high-value-added production within a few decades.（然而，除非发达经济体在教育和基础研发方面加大投资，否则它们可能在几十年内失去在科学、工程和高附加值生产方面的全球领先地位由此可知作者建议发达国家如果想要保持他们的竞争优势，就必须加大对教育和研究与开发方面的投资，所以D选项“加大对教育和研究的资金投入”符合题意A选项“缩小劳动阶层之间的收入差距”；B选项“给国家象征分析家一些批评”；C选项“对全球符号分析者的崛起给予应有的关注”因此D选项正确5.判断推理题根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“China and India are now graduating more engineers and computer scientists than are emerging from American and European universities. At some point, national symbolic analysts in advanced economies will lose ground. Their global brethren, meanwhile, will continue to dominate global commerce. （现在，中国和印度的工程师和计算机科学家毕业生比美国和欧洲大学毕业生还要多。
在某种程度上，发达经济体的国家象征性分析师将失去优势与此同时，他们的全球兄弟将继续主导全球商业由此可推断出C选项“中国和印度大学的毕业生将在发达经济体受到重视”符合题意A选项“四级分类更适合描述目前的劳动力”；B选项“国家象征分析家将在即将到来的全球化中扮演至关重要的角色”；D选项“工程师和计算机科学家将在不同的文化中扮演不同的角色”因此C选项正确7. 单选题Those who ______ energetically into the matter have prospects of finding other more convenient solutions.问题1选项A.wanderB.penetrateC.concentrateD.emphasize【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析A选项wander“徘徊；漫步；迷路；离题”；B选项penetrate“渗透；穿透；洞察”；C选项concentrate“集中；浓缩；全神贯注；聚集”；D选项emphasize“强调，着重”句意：那些积极钻研这一问题的人有希望找到其他更方便的解决办法因此B选项正确8. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ______ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。
A选项elitism“精英主义；杰出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄辩；雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人因此D选项正确9. 单选题The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons’ personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.1. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why ______.2. In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards ______.3. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from _______.4. By saying “...statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers” (Para. 2), the author means ______.5. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?问题1选项A.the mortality rate can not be predictedB.the death toll remained stable year after yearC.a quota for each type of death has not come into beingD.people lost their lives every year for this or that reason问题2选项A.have helped solve the problem of so high death rateB.have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past centuryC.have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deathsD.have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths问题3选项A.our innate desire for riskB.our fast and reckless drivingC.our ignorance of seat belt benefitsD.our instinctive interest in speeding问题4选项A.wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of viewB.deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing themC.deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat beltsD.wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents问题5选项A.Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others.B.Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care.C.Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart.D.Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。
根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists...No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.（死亡率的可预测性长期以来一直困扰着社会科学家……没有人为每种死亡类型设定一个限额他们只是年复一年地遵循着一种一成不变的模式由此可知B选项“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”说法正确A选项“死亡率无法预测”，文章的意思为死亡人数年复一年保持稳定，所以社会科学家很难预测死亡率的变化，并不是说死亡率不可预测，所以A选项说法错误；C选项“还没有形成每种死亡类型的限额”和D选项“人们每年因为这个或那个原因而失去生命”虽然文中都有提到，但这些都是死亡人数保持稳定的原因，不是主要困扰社会科学家们的问题因此B选项正确2.细节事实题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time.（他注意到，整个世纪以来，尽管在这段时间里发生了所有的技术进步和安全标准提高，西方世界的暴力和意外死亡死亡率一直保持着奇怪的稳定。
由此可知技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数，所以D选项“没有达到降低死亡人数的效果”说法正确A选项“帮助解决了高死亡率的问题”、B选项“在过去的一个世纪中对死亡率的解释很奇怪”以及C选项“减少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事实，因此D选项正确3.判断推理题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger...It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.（根据这一理论，人们本能地生活在一定程度的风险中当某物变得更安全时，人们会以某种方式绕过该措施，重新确认原来的危险水平……这样看来，我们对危险有一种天生的需求由此可知A选项“我们天生的冒险欲望”说法正确。
B选项“我们的快速和鲁莽驾驶”；C选项“我们对安全带好处的无知”；D选项“我们对超速的本能兴趣”文章虽然都有提到，但那些都并不是体内风险平衡理论主要阐述的导致交通事故的根本原因，因此A选项正确4.判断推理题根据题干可定位到文章第二段“If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers.（例如，如果他们被要求系上安全带，他们会感到更安全，因此会开车更快一点，更鲁莽一点，从而从统计学上抵消了安全带带来的好处由此可知从统计学的角度说，开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加抵消了系保险带引起的死亡人数减少的好处，所以C选项“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全带的好处”符合题意A选项“从统计的角度来看，系安全带没有任何好处”和B选项“系安全带和不系安全带造成的死亡是一样的”以及D选项“系上安全带不一定能减少交通事故的死亡人数”都不是作者想要表达的意思。
因此C选项正确5.判断推理题根据最后一段“people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition.（性格多疑的人比性格开朗的人更容易过早死亡）”可知A选项“对他人表现出足够的信任而不是怀疑”说法错误，文章提到的是要保持性格开朗，C选项“培养乐观的性格，永不气馁”正确；根据最后一段“it isn’t simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care.（这不仅仅是坚持某些预防措施的问题：吃正确的食物，不吸烟，小心驾驶可知B选项“吃低脂肪的食物，小心驾驶”说法错误，正确的食物不等于低脂肪的食物；根据文章最后一句话“Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.（往好的方面看，它似乎可以延长你的寿命。
可知D选项“看到光明的一面，发展一个平衡的风险水平”说法错误，后半句文章没有提到因此C选项正确10. 单选题Two equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific organization. One is white, the other black. Does the color of their skin matter?Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding “no”. Those who progress in science do so because of their work, not their pigmentation. Science is meritocratic and objective. It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.Well, let’s think about this. If science really is so meritocratic, where are all the black Nobel prizewinners and fellows of the Royal Society? The black chairs of government scientific panels? The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfields? When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe’s largest 100 companies, it was shocked to unearth only six board members of non-European racial origin. One shudders to think what a similar survey of upper echelons of European science would。