中学英语语法,第一讲 主谓一致 时态语态第一节：主谓一致,主谓一致是指： 在英语句子中，谓语受到主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致 三个原则：语法一致、内容一致、就近一致语法一致之单数情况,1、单数主语，即使后面带有with, along with, as well as, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including, in addition to等，谓语动词仍用单数： Air， as well as water， is matter.,真题训练,2. E-mail, as well as telephones,_____ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play Answer:A,语法一致之单数情况,2、and 连接的并列主语，主语表示的是同一人、同一事物，同一概念，谓语动词用单数 对比： The actor and director has come. The actor and the director have come.,语法一致之单数情况,3、不定式（短语）或动名词（短语）或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Serving the people is my biggest happiness. To be or not to be, that is a question. .,真题训练：,5. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday_____ yet.(2003 上海春) A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided,,语法一致之单数情况,4、主语被each, every, no等修饰时，谓语用单数 Each of them has a book. They each have a book.,真题训练：,Every possible means_____ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.(2000上海卷) A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used,,语法一致之单数情况,5、被百分数+n.等修饰，谓语动词由其所修饰名词决定。
Only 20% of the work was done yesterday. About one third of the books are worth reading.,真题训练：,,The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third ____used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.(2006浙江) A. is B. are C.was D.were 解析：分数或者百分数做主语的时候，数由其代表的名词决定真题训练：,_____ of the land in that district_____covered with trees and grass. (2000 上海) A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are Answer:C,语法一致之其他情况,1、复数情况名词scissors, clothes, trousers, goods 等作主语时，谓语用复数。
2、none 做主语时，可用复数或者单数但是在代表不可数的事物时是看做单数，谓语动词用单数 none of them is (are) perfect. none of this worries me.,练一练,None of the men ______ a poem, and none of the women _____ singers. A. become; become B. becomes; becomes C. become; becomes D. becomes; become,真题训练：,1. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. （2005上海） A. work B. working C. is working D. are working Answer：C,主谓一致之内容一致,1、the 加上形容词，表示一类人的时候，谓语动词用复数如，the rich富人，the old老人. the rich are rich.,,2、and 连接的成对名词，习惯上被看做是一个整体，如, bread and butter, knife and fork, 谓语动词用单数。
Bread and rice a knife and fork,主谓一致之内容一致,3、不定数量的词组，a part of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of, 谓语动词的单复数情况取决于量词后面的名词 A part of the books have been sold out. A part of the watermelon has been consumed by Peter.,4、表示金钱、时间、距离、度量等作主语，即使是复数，也看做整体概念，谓语动词用单数真题训练,The village is far away from here indeed. Its _____ walk.(2004春上海) A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours 也可以表示成 a four-hour walk,区分,,真题训练,8. The number of people invited_____ fifty, but a number of them_____ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. are; are Answer： C,主谓一致之就近一致,1、here, there, where引导的倒装句中，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
Here comes the bus, Here you are. There goes the bell.,主谓一致之就近一致,2、用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also,等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致 Neither the students nor the teacher knows about this. Not only you but also I am here.,3. No one in the department but Tom and I_____that the director is going to resign.(2004上海春) A. knows B. know C. have known D. an to know 表示排除的but except 等也不影响前面的主语真题训练：,第二节：时态语态,现在完成时,过去进行时,状语从句的动词时态,,考查比例较大的几点,考点分布,破题策略,,时间线索,一般现在时的用法,1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.,一般现在时的用法,3） 表示格言或警句例如： where there is a will, there is a way. 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性例如： Ann writes good English but does not speak well.,一般现在时关键词,Often Usually Always Sometimes every day once a week on Sundays never,真题举例,1、Books of this kind ___ well.(1999上海) A.sell B.sells C. are sold D is sold,,现在进行时,说话时正在发生的动作 We are learning English.,,说话时不一定正在进行，但在现阶段正在进行的动作 More and more people are paying attention to their health.,现在进行时,现在进行时带有强烈的感情色彩（可褒可贬） He always asks questions. 他总是提问题。
无感情色彩） He is always asking questions. 他老爱提问题表示强烈的感情色彩）,真题训练,1. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology___ rapidly. A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change ANSWER: A, 表示当前正在发生的事情真题训练,Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People____to ask how I am going to spend the money. A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D are phoning Answer: D 暗示说话人对于主语行为的感情色彩现在完成时,表示动作已经完成，强调过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果一般过去时仅仅说明动作在过去，不强调对现在的影响。
常与一些时间状语连用：如：already; yet; by this time; just; ever; never; now; before; lately 等回顾：,5. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday_____ yet.(2003 上海春) A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided,真题训练,We ____our new neighbors yet, so we dont know their names.(2006春 上海) A. dont meet B wont meet C. havent met D. hadnt met Answer: C,现在完成时,2. 完成时表示过去已经开始，持续现在的动作 有些瞬间性动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用要连用时需用状态动词成对的词有： Become/be; die/be dead; leave/ be away; join the army/serve the army,现在完成时,Open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall He has come here for 2 weeks.（错） He has been here for 2 weeks（正） Its two weeks since he came here.（正） 练习：They have left only for 5 minutes. They have been away only for 5 minutes.,瞬间动词,他五天前借了一本书。
He borrowed a book five days ago. 他这本书已经借了有五天了 He has kept the book for five days.,,他五天前买了一本书 He bought a book five days ago. 他这本书已经买了五天了 He has had the book for five days.,常考考点,In the past In the last,,+时间段,He has been working in this factory in the past / last ten years.,真题训练：,1.The unemployment rate in this district ___ from 6% to 5 % in the past two years. A. has fallen B. had fallen C is falling D.was falling Answer: A,真题训练：,（2007上海）With the help of high technology, more and more new substances in the past years. A. discovered B. have discovered C. had been discovered D. have been discovered,,真题训练：,John and I _____ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _____ each other a couple of times before that. （2002上海） A .had been, have seen B. have been, have seen C. had been, had seen D. have been, had seen,,,,真题训练,2. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945. and their power ______ increased enormously ever since.（2004 上海） A. is B. was C. has been D. had been Answer: C,,3. It is the first/secondtime that 的定语从句中 一般用 现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have been here.,,另外：“It is/ has been + 一段时间+ since 从句”中，从句动词通常用过去时，主句用完成时 It has been 4 months since his mother died.,,我成为一个学生有八年了 I have been a student since 2002. I have been a student for 8 years. I have been a student since 8 years ago. It has been 8 years since I became a student.,现在完成时标志词归纳,Already/since/yet/recent So far Up till now Up to the present In/for/during the past/last few days/weeks/months/years,一般过去时,一般过去时表示过去某个时间完成的动作，或者一度存在的状态 My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He worked there for a few months and then went to America.,真题训练,1.the year 2002____ remarkable changes in a Shanghais landscape. (2005 春 上海) A. sees B. has seen C.saw D. had seen Answer: C 目睹、经历,过去时间的标志词,真题训练,More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year. （2005上海） A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent,过去时间的关键词,,真题训练,---- oh, it is you! I ___ you. ---- Ive just had my hair cut, and I am wearing new glasses.（1996 上海） A. didnt recognize B. hadnt recognized C. havent recognized D. dont recognize,小归纳,表一般过去时的常考标志词 Last: week, month, year, night Yesterday: morning, afternoon, evening 介词+时间点：at eight oclock, in 2008,真题训练,When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike ____ to become a world champion by his coach and parents. A. expected B. was expecting C. was expected D. would be expected Answer: C 一般过去时的被动语态。
过去进行时,1. 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作这一特定的时间可与时间状语连用如：at that time; at 8 oclock; when,,2.过去进行时常用于由when、while、as引导的时间状语从句中，表示背景，引出由一般过去时表示的新动作或： 过去进行时（表示背景）+when+ 一般过去时（新发生的动作）此时when 相当于at that time; just then.,真题训练,The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it. A.was travelling B. travelled C. had been travelling D. was to travel Answer: A,,Last month, I visited her, and she ____ a book, but I dont know whether she has finished it or not. A. was writing B. wrote C. has written D. had written.,,过去完成时,过去完成时是以过去为基点，表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去的某一段时间或动作之前。
Had done I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had given to half a dozen other groups.,真题训练,（2000上海春季）The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ___ . A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked,,真题训练,（1999上海）He ___ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment. A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got,,No sooner...than...一就,,He ___ to the lab than he sets out to do the experiment. A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got,真题训练,He ___ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.(2002 上海) A. has no sooner got B. no sooner got C. will no sooner get D. had no sooner got,真题训练,John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it ____ seriously. (2007春 上海) A. damage B. was being damaged C. had damaged D. had been damaged,将来时态,一般将来时 用现在进行时表示最近计划或安排要进行的动作，也可以用be +going to do。
Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane is taking off. 将来进行时表示将来要进行的动作Will &shall,一般情况： shall第一人称 will第一、二、三人称 特殊情况： Shall（第二、三人称）：意愿、决心，允诺，命令 Nobody shall be late for the meeting.,will & be going to,be going to：经过计划和考虑 will：未经过计划、临时做出的决定,辨一辨,I have bought some bricks and I _________ build a house with them. Can somebody lend me a hand? I ___.,am going to,will,will & be going to,2)在条件从句中只能用be going to, 不能用will 如果你今天要去图书馆还书的话，能不能帮我借本书？ If you are going to return books in the library today, could you borrow a book for me?,其他表示将来时的词组,1）be to + 动词原形 用法： 安排、命令 In future you are not to go out alone. 将来肯定会发生的事 I am still to return one day!,其他表示将来时的词组,2）be about to + 动词原形 用法：强调紧接现在马上要发生的事 Lets go! The plane is about to take off. The plane is to take off.,时间标志,Soon in the future Tomorrow Next month/year,真题举例一：,---- your job ___ open for you return. ----thank you.(2003 上海) A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept Answer A,真题训练,At this time tomorrow ______over the Atlantic. A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were to fly Answer B 将来进行时表示将来要进行的动作。
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