Lesson 2,非谓语,非谓语动词的时态与语态 1.动词不定式 例句：(1)Tell her we shall be delighted to come. (2)She is waiting to hear your answer. (3)She is said to have written a new book about peasants. (4)She seemed to have heard about it already,. (5)He felt ashamed to have done such a thing. (6)They seem to be getting along quite well. (7)Its an honor for me to be asked to speak here.,2分词 例句：(1)They sat facing each other. (2)Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. (3)He asked who was the man being operated on. (4)The new-type machine-tools produced by the factory are all of the first class.,3.动名词 例句：(1)I dont like troubling you.（与谓语同时） (2)They are all interested in climbing mountains.（现在或未来） (3)I have no idea of their having done such a thing. (4)He didnt mind being left at home.,（注）在某些动词后（或成语中），我们常用或可以用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作在谓语之前发生。
例如： (1) He apologized for interrupting us. (2)On returning home, he found his mother seriously ill. (3)Excuse me for coming late.,非谓语动词的用法 作主语： 1不定式作主语 表1 To +V+V When(疑问副词)+to+V+V For Sb.+to+V (1) To persevere means victory. (2) When to start remains undecided. (3) For us to be red and expert is not only necessary but also possible. （注）不定式作主语，常用it 做形式主语改写成下列句型,表2 1.It is +N+to+V 2.It takes sb.+some time+to+V 3.It is +Adj.+for+to+V 4.It is +Adj+of sb.+to+V (1) It is our duty to support their struggle for liberation. (2) It only took us a year to complete the project. It is hard for me to master English.,（注）用于这一句型的形容词只限于下列几个：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, impossible, unnecessary, important, 它们的共同特点是表示客观情况，不能改写成be of sb. +to +V (1) Its kind of you to think so much of us. (2)Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. （注）后跟of sb.的形容词:kind, good, nice, clever, silly, wrong, right, wise, unwise, foolish, stupid, lazy, careless, cunning, rude, honest, naughty, impolite, considerate 以上在动词不定式前的for sb.或of sb都可看成它的逻辑主语。
2动名词作主语 表1 Doing.+V (1) Reading is an art. (2) Seeing is believing.,表2 Its no good/no use/fun/a good pleasure/a waste of time/a bore+doing (1) Its no use arguing about the point. (2) Its no good waiting here, lets walk home. (3) Its fun having guests for the weekend. (4) Its a waste of time arguing about it. We dont think its a bore doing the same kind of work everyday.,表3 There is no+doing (1) There is no telling what he is going to do. (2) There is no saying what may happen. 表4 Its+Adj. (nice, dangerous, tiring, senseless, expensive, enjoyable)+doing (1) It will be nice seeing them again. (2) Its expensive running this car. Itll be enjoyable studying and working.,(注)（1）用it 做形容词，把动名词置于句末。
这通常适用上面这样一些形容词或名词之后 Important, essential, necessary则不适用 （2）动名词作主语和不定式作主语的区别： 1） 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作试比较： Smoking is prohibited here. It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 2） 动名词作主语通常不与特定动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式作主语往往与特定动作执行者联系在一起试比较： Living in the West End has its disadvantage. 指一般情况，对许许多多的人而言 To live in the West End was the height of Mrs. Jamesons ambition. 对某个特定动作执行者而言,作表语 1不定式作表语 表示具体动作时，特别是表示将来动作时，多用不定式作表语 1.To+V+is +to+V( 一是条件，一是结果) 2.Pron. (N)+is (seem) +to+V(包括不定式完成式或被动态) 3.What clause +is+to+V (表语说明主语内容),(1) To do two things at a time is to do neither. (2) She seemed to have heard about it already. The book seems to have been translated into many languages already. (3) What I would suggest is to start work at once. (注) to be的过去时，有时可和不定式的完成式构成谓语，表示一个想做而未做成的事。
He was to have given the first talk, but he came late.,2动名词作表语 表示抽象的一般行为时，多用动名词作表语 (1) Our work is serving the people. (2) His hobby is collecting stamps. (He is collecting stamps.) （注）进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的动名词做表语，说明主语的情况或性质,3分词作表语 现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征能引起别人的感情 过去分词作表语，表示主语受外界作用所处的状态 (1)The present situation is encouraging. (2)This lecture was boring. (3)We are all pleased. (4)She looked disappointed.,作定语 1不定式作定语 1.S+V+O（N）+to+V(主动态) to+V(被动态) to+V+Prep. in(on) which +to +V 2There is (are) +N+to+V (1) She has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. Do you have anything more to say? （主动，动宾） (2) Have you anything to taken to the city?（被动） (3)She has a lot of things to attend to.,(4) It was a bad season in which to have outings. (5) There is no time to lose (to be lost). （注）1.不定式做定语和被修饰词之间： （1） 表示将来的动作 （2） 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系 （3） 抽象名词后做定语，相当于一个形容词。
（4） 不及物动词做定语，要加适当的介词，和被修饰词形成逻辑上的动宾关系 2.不定式做定语，在句中与被修饰词间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词与词又有逻辑上主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义仍用主动态（例句1）如又有动宾关系而无逻辑上主谓关系，则仍用被动态见例句2） 3.There is (are)的句型中，不定式含被动意思，用主动或被动形式均可2分词（现在，过去）作定语 1). doing/used/Adv.+jused+N 2). N+doing phrase/used phrase (注)过去分词做定语： 1动作发生在谓动之前有被动含义见例句2中第2句） 2没有一定的时间性（见例句2中第3句） (1) All moving bodies have energy. This is rather complicated problem. Electricity remains the widely used form of energy in industry. (2) Here is a letter announcing his arrival. This is a book written by a peasant. He is a man loved by all.,非谓语动词做定语时，请特别注意下列情况 当非谓语动词与修饰的 词与词之间是被动关系时，有三种情况 1..指过去发生的动作时，用过去分词做定语 The question discussed is of great importance. 2指正在发生的动作时，用现在分词被动态定语 The question being discussed is of great importance. 3.指将来发生的动作时，用不定式被动态做定语 The question to be discussed tomorrow is of great importance.,作宾语 1.不定式作宾语 表1 S+V +TO+V在此句型中，要求不定式做宾语的动词有：manage, try, ask, offer, agree, expect, promise, want, begin, desire, learn, arrange, hope, like, wish, decide, afford, pretend, (1) He offered to help us. (2)We must try to become one with the masses. (3)I did not expect to find you here. (4)He pretended not to see me.,表2 S+V+it +OC+to+V (1)The workers think it necessary to increase production. (2)Do you consider it impossible to get everything ready in time? 表3 S+V+疑问代词/疑问副词+to+V 要求when, how, whether, where, which, what,who (whom)等+to +V做宾语的动词有： know, tell, teach, explain, discuss, consider, discover, guess, observe, find out, understand, wonder,I dont know what to do. Where to go. Whom to ask. When to stop. How to get there Which one to buy Which one to buy Whether to laugh at or cry When I heard the words （注）在此句型中，if 不能代替whether ，疑问副词why 不能和不定式在一起做宾语用于该句型。
表4 Prep. But/except/besides+to+ V/+V (1) He desired nothing but to succeed. (2) He did nothing but cry. (3) Mary did nothing except clean the dishes (4) The windows were opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning. (5) That afternoon I had nothing to do besides answer. （注）在这些介词前无实意动词 do ，后跟不定式如有实意动词 do ，则跟动词原形,表5 cannot but cannot help but +V cannot choose but (1)I can not but admire the rich content of the book. (2)I cannot help but laugh. (3)They could not choose but obey.,2.动名词作宾语 S+V+doing在此句型中，要求动名词做宾语的动词有： Mind, miss, enjoy, give up, allow, avoid, admit, finish, escape, stop, practise, delay, deny, fancy, insist on, favour, appreciate, postpone, resent, mention, dislike, resist, risk, suggest, save, put off, consider, bear, understand, endure, imagine, need, deserve, cant (couldnt) help, want, require,(1) He avoided giving us a definite answer. (2) I enjoy working with you. (3) Have you finished correcting the students papers? (4) My pen needs filling. (5) The point deserves mentioning. （注）以表示事物的名词或代词it 做主语时，在 want, need, deserve, require, bear 等动词后，尽管表示的是被动意思，我们却用动名词的主动形式。
形容词 worth 后的情形也是这样表2 S+V+it+OC+(doing) I dont think it worth while spending so much time on that problem. 表3 Have作“有 ”解时，后接情感名词，（后面的介词in常省略），再接动名词 Have difficulty/ trouble/ fun/ a hard time/ a good time + (in) +doing We had difficulty (in) solving the problem.,（注）1 有些动词后可跟不定式做宾语，又可跟动名词做宾语，意义区别不大例如Begin, start, continue, commence, neglect, plan, cant bear等 He began (started) borrowing money=He began (started) to borrow money. 2. 以下一些动词后跟不定式或动名词做宾语，差别则很明显，如： remember forget + to +V(表示动作尚未发生) regret +doing (表示动作已经发生) (1)I must remember to take my notebooks with me. (2)I remember seeing her once somewhere.,(3) She forgot to tell her mother about it. (4)She forgot telling her mother about it. (5) I regret not going there. (6) I regret to say that I cant attend your party. Mean to +V表示打算做某事 Mean to+ doing表示意味着 Try to +V表示设法做某事 Try to doing表示试一试 1)I did not mean to hurt your feeling. 2)A break down on our way home would mean our walking for hours. 3)Try to solve the problem. 4)Try using another way.,Like, love, hate, prefer to do较具体的行为 Like, love, hate, prefer doing较抽象，倾向概念 （注）如果这些动词前有 should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。
如：I should like to see him tomorrow. 1)I like to swim this afternoon. 2)I like swimming in the sea. 3)I hate to say, but really I cant go. 4)I hate speaking before a big audience 5)They prefer to stay at home today. 6) They prefer walking to cycling.,Feel like +N（好象） Feel like doing（想要） 1) It feels like rain. 2) I dont feel like going to the movies. Stop/leave off to +V（停下来去做某事） Stop/leave off doing（停止做某事） 1) They stop to talk. 2) They stop talking. 3) They left off to fish. 4) They left off fishing.,表4 Prep.+doing (1) He resented of having been idle in his youth. (2) You should work this evening instead of watching TV. (3) He did it without being asked to. （注）动名词逻辑主语一般用法如下： 1.物主代词(my, your, hisetc.) 2.有生命的或视为有生命的名词用( s) +doing 3.无生命的名词，抽象名词，不定代词,1)I insist on his going. 2)I didnt tell you of your wifes being late. 1)We are glad of the examination being over. We were surprised at her beauty being made so much of. 4)I cannot think of anything else being wanted.,做宾语 补足语： 1不定式做宾补 表1 V+O+to+V 要求verb to +V作宾补的动词有： Advise, cause, allow, ask, encourage, get, expect, force, wish, want, intend, invite, mean, permit, persuade, forbid, warn, tell, compel, remind, teach, urge, hove, have, like, prefer. (1)They asked him to design a new workshop. (2)We cant allow the rain to spoil our day. (3)Id love them to come tonight.,表2 V+O+ to be要求verb to be 作宾补的动词有：consider, declare, find(=consider), prove, think, know, believe, imagine, judge, suppose, feel (1) We know/believe/judge him to be reliable. (2) I should imagine/suppose him to be above 50. （注）1. consider, declare, find, prove, think等动词后的to be往往省略。
如果不定式为完成式就不能省，如： we consider heat (to be) a form of energy. We consider him to have been foolish.,2.know后要求不定式作宾补的其他用法： have known +O+to +V或 V have never known +o+V never knew +O+V 宾补为完成式或know转为被动态时，作宾补的不定式必须带to 1）I have known him (to) say this before. 2)Ive never known him behave like this. 3)I never knew him do anything without a very good reason. 4)I have never known her to have failed. 5)He has never been known to say this before. (passive voice),表3 V+O+V要求不带to的动词做宾补的动词有:have, make, let., see, hear, feel, notice, observe, watch, listen to, look at 1) Make foreign thing serve China. 2) I didt hear anyone say anything about it. 3) It is quite amusing to look at other people play chess. (注)1）这种句子如变成被动语态，to 不能不要 They were made to work day and night.,1） help 后的宾补，可带to或不带to My brother often helps me (to) mend my bike. 表4 V+Prep.+O+to+V要求不定式作宾补的成语动词： Call on, count on, rely on, depend on, care for, ask for , wait for , long for, prepare for, wish for 1)You can count on us to give you full support. 2)You cant rely on him to assist you. 3) Shall we ask for Mary to come too?,2.分词作宾补 V+O+doing/used要求分词步宾补的动词有： 1.See, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等表示感觉，心理状态的词 2.Have, set, keep, get, catch, need, leave,等表示“致使”意义的动词 1)I saw a light burning in the window. 2)Can you smell anything burning ? 3)Look at the rain falling in torrents. 4)They found the lost child hiding in the cave. 5)I wont have you doing that. 6)With the works he set all of us laughing. 7)You wont catch me doing that again.,8)His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose. 9)We must get the machine repaired soon. 10)I found my home town almost completely rebuilt. （注）不同的词做宾补的区别： 1)感觉动词后的宾补，既可以是不带 的不定式，又可以是分词。
不定式表示动作的完成，即全过程，分词表示动作的进行，即非全过程 2)过去分词做宾补，强调动作的完成，表动作的结果，和逻辑主语的关系是被动的见例句9，10） 3)have 后面用过去分词做宾补时，通常表示宾补的动作不是主语做的，而是 别人完成的，如：Ill have my hair cut this afternoon.,作状语： 1不定式做状语 表1 目的状语 To+V, S+V S+V+O, to+V(so as to, in order to) 1) To get the best results, use clean water. 2) He went home to see his mother. 3) I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you. 4) We go to school in order to get knowledge.,表2 原因状语 be+Adj.+to+V be+P.P +to+V V+to+V 本句型所示的不定式多是在表示感情的形容词，过去分词或动词之后，它们是： glad, happy, sorry, sad, surprised, shocked, astonished, delighted, pleased, weep, cry, laugh, smile 1)Im very glad to see you. She will be sorry to hear that. 2)I was surprised to see her there. 3)She wept to hear the news.,表3结果状语 1. Only +to+V 2. Adj. (adv)+enough+ (for+O)+to+V 3. too +adj.(adv.) +to+V 4. so+adj.+as+to+V 1) He worked hard only to fall again. She hurried back only to find her mother dying in a hospital. 2) He is old enough to retire. This room is large enough for us five to sleep in. 3) Im too tired to work any more. Germs are too small to be seen with the naked eye. 4) Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?,表4反射不定式作状语 S+be+Adj.+to+V 本句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，不定式说明作表语的形容词，成为形容词的状语。
主动态具有被动含义，不定式不能改为被动态在该句型中被使用的形容词只有： easy,hard, difficult, dangerous, expensive, fit, possible, impossible, comfortable, dirty,(1)This question is impossible to answer. (2)English is difficult to learn. (3)Cars can be dangerous to drive. (4)A lorry in good condition is easy to drive. (5)The room is comfortable to live in. 2.分词作状语 Participial phrase+S+V 分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，该短语修饰谓语动词，表示时间，原因，让步，条件，伴随情况等,(1)Walking along the street yesterday, I met a friend of mine.时间 (2)Seen from space, our earth looks like a blue blanket.时间 (3)Not hearing from her parents, she is in low spirits.原因 (4)Having been written in haste, the book has many faults.原因 (5)Studying hard, you will pass the entrance exam.条件 (6)Born in better times, he would have been famous.条件 (7)Weighing three hundred pounds, the piano is not too heavy for me to move.让步,(8)The train starts at 6, arriving there at 7.伴随情况 （注）有时分词短语前可加连接词如： as, after, before, when, while 等 1)When used, energy is often changed from one from into another. 2)While working in the factory, we learned from the workers.,3.独立分词结构作状语 分词作状语时，有时它可以有自己的逻辑主语。
这种主语常常是名词或代词主格，放在分词短语前面这种带有自己逻辑主语的分词短语就叫独立分词结构它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随等意 N(Pron.)+participle, S+V S+V, N(Pron.)+participle,(1)The question being settled, they went back to their post. (2)The last train having gone, I have to wait until tomorrow. (3)Weather permitting, the ship will leave the harbour at dawn. (4)We redoubled our efforts, each man working-like two. (5)All the data having been collected, they began to write the report. (6)Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.,（注）表示伴随情况，原因等独立结构，有时也可以用with的复合结构来代替。
它既可放在句前用逗号隔开，也可放在句尾，有时用逗号隔开，有时不用逗号 With+O+OC （分词/副词或形容词/介词短语/不定式） ,S+V,1)With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountain.现在分词 2)The paper deals with microwaves, with particular attention paid to radio location.过去分词 3)He went to bed with the light still on.副词 4)He went away with the windows open.形容词 5)They are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work.不定式 6)She came in, with a book in hand.介词短语,。