2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Peler Eigen, 65-year-old, chairman of Transparency International, the global anti-corruption watchdog, is proud of a large photograph on his office wall. It pictures him alongside Mwai Kibaki, the Kenyan president, and James Wolfensohn, president of the World Bank.The picture, taken shortly after Mr. Kibaki’s inauguration in January, shows the three men in friendly discussion at a meeting in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital. “This photo is very special because it shows how far Transparency International has come since we set it up 10 years ago，” says Mr. Eigen with a smile.Before leading a group of friends in 1993 to form TI in a one-room Berlin office, Mr. Eigen worked at the World Bank for 25 years. His final position was senior programme manager in east Africa, based in Nairobi.（1） “I was told that fighting corruption was not part of the bank’s mandate,” he says.This led him to leave Kenya and the bank and start campaigning.The picture shows how things have come full circle.（2 ） About 60 people work in the head-quarters in west Berlin. TI’s annual Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking national corruption levels, has become a benchmark for many governments.（3） “This would have been unthinkable” a few years ago, Mr. Eigen says.A series of closed-door meetings in the mid-1990s in Berlin with chief executives from leading German multinationals laid the groundwork for international action. “ We moved the executives from being defensive to admitting that there was a big problem.（4 ） “Ti’s solution was joint pressure from the companies on the government to sign the OECD convention against bribe-paying and, later, the signing of agreements between companies not to use bribery to win contracts.（5 ） Mr. Eigen argues that TPs approach, based on “building coalitions, not on confrontation,”has brought results.问题1选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题2选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题3选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题4选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.问题5选项A.TI now has a global reach in its information campaigns and lobbying work, supporting national groups in more than 100 countries.B.Then came the important question: how do we stop bribing without losing business to companies that still do it?C.One example is the German chapter of TI, which has more than 30 member companies, including Siemens, Lufthans, BASF and Daimler Chrysler.D.There, he observed not only corruption in his dealings with the government of Danjel Arap Moi, president at the time, but also the unwillingness of the bank to do anything about it.E.TI has been instrumental in putting corruption on the world agenda, including in the United Nations.F.TTs approach of working closely with companies to combat corruption contrasts with the tactics of many other pressure groups.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:E第4题:B第5题:F【解析】1.联系上下文。
空格句子的前句提及Peter Eigen曾经的职务，后句提及反腐并不是银行的工作结合前后文可以判断，空格处句子应含有corruption和bank这样的单词选项D符合条件2.分析原文第五段的内容可知，本段内容主要是关于TI公司的发展现状选项A与段落意思一致3.联系上下文空格前一句讲到了公司提供的年度腐败指数成为很多政府的基准后一句提到这在几年前还难以置信前后两句都是谈论的公司影响力由此可知，空格处句子也应该与公司影响有关选项E中提及公司的反腐已经提上世界日程，包括联合国符合语境4.联系上下文空格前一句中提到“a big problem”，接下来的内容就与这一重要问题相关选项B中的then came the important problem与前文遥相呼应5.联系上下文空格后一句提及公司的策略(approach)是公司之间的合作(coalitions),而非对抗空格所在句中应出现approach这一单词，选项F中的working close与coalition呼应2. 填空题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. (66) What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. (67) Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquainting skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.(68) At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.(69) What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”. (70)A. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.B. But clearly there was more than lack of language here.C. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak.D. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking.E. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.F. Experts suggested that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.【答案】66.B67.D68.F69.C70.E【解析】【选项释义】A. Sensitivity to the child’s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. A. 对儿童的非语言信号的敏感度对语言的成长和发展至关重要。
B. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. B. 但显然这里不只是缺乏语言C. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. C. 最近的证据表明，婴儿天生就有说话的能力D. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. D. 尽管如此，有些孩子在说话方面还是比较落后E. And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. E. 而更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑有能力从周围的声音混合物中挑出语言的秩序来分析，以新的方式组合和重新组合语言的各个部分。
F. Experts suggested that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. F. 专家们认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的，但也有这样的情况：一个孩子的语言能力开始得很晚，但最终却变成了高智商66.【考查点】上下文关联解题思路】第一段提到“如果一个孩子没有听到母语，他会说什么语言（language）”，下文由说到“缺少的是良好的母亲教育（good mothering）”，这是两种不同的事物，由此可知空格处包含了一个转折的逻辑关系，B选项中的“But（但是）”表示转折，同时“缺乏语言（lack of language）”也和下文的“缺少（missing）母亲教育”相对应因此B选项“但显然这里不只是缺乏语言67.【考查点】上下文关联解题思路】下文说到“最常见的原因（reason）是母亲对婴儿发出的信号不敏感”，由此可知空格处应该提及了某一问题，而下文是对该问题的原因分析。
D选项中的“有些孩子在说话方面还是比较落后（backward）”就是该原因导致的问题因此D选项“尽管如此，有些孩子在说话方面还是比较落后68.【考查点】上下文关联解题思路】空格后按照时间顺序列举了婴幼儿学习语言的不同阶段，F选项中的“speech stages（语言阶段）”和下文中“twelve weeks（十二周）、twelve months（十二个月）、eighteen months（十八个月）、three（三岁）和four（四岁）”相对应因此F选项“专家们认为，语言阶段是以固定的顺序和固定的年龄达到的，但也有这样的情况：一个孩子的语言开始得很晚，但最终却变成了高智商69.【考查点】上下文关联解题思路】本段将猴子的大脑和人类的大脑进行对比，从生物学的角度阐释了人类语言的习得能力，C选项中的“born with the capacity to speak（天生就有说话的能力）”表明了人类语言的习得能力是与生俱来的因此C选项“最近的证据表明，婴儿天生就有说话的能力70.【考查点】上下文关联解题思路】上文说到“能使（enables）孩子把对玩具熊的视觉和感觉与‘玩具熊’的发音模式联系起来”，这是人类习得语言的能力，E选项中的“ability to pick out an order in language（有能力挑出语言的秩序）”与上文的“enables（能使）”相对应，都说明了人类天生具有说话的能力。
因此E选项“而更令人难以置信的是，年轻的大脑有能力从周围的声音混合物中挑出语言的秩序来分析，以新的方式组合和重新组合语言的各个部分3. 单选题Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but it is difficult to appreciate just how much trouble until you read the report from the Modem Language Association (MLA).The report is about Ph. D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you’re unlikely to find a tenure-track position.The core of the problem is the job market. The MLA report estimates that only sixty per cent of newly-minted Ph. D.s will find tenure-track jobs after graduation. If anything, that’s wildly optimistic: the MLA got to that figure by comparing the number of tenure-track jobs on its job list with the number of new graduates. But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting.Different people will tell you different stories about where all the jobs went. Some critics think that the humanities have gotten too weird—that undergrads, turned off by an overly theoretical approach, don’t want to participate anymore, and that teaching opportunities have disappeared as a result. Others point to the corporatization of universities, which are increasingly inclined to hire part-time, “ adjunct” professors, rather than full-time, tenure-track professors, to teach undergrads. Adjuncts are cheaper ；perhaps more importantly, they are easier to hire.These trends, in turn, are part of an even larger story having to do with the expansion and transformation of American education after the Second World War. Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational. Before the war, relatively few people went to college. Then, in the nineteen-fifties, the Baby Boom pushed colleges to grow rapidly, bulking up on professors and graduate programs. When the boom ended and enrollments declined, colleges found themselves overextended and competing for students. By the mid-seventies, schools were seeking out new constituencies—among them, women and minorities—and creating new programs designed to attract a broader range of students.Those reforms worked: about twice as many people attend college per capita now as they did forty years ago. But all that expansion changed colleges. In the past, they had catered to elite students who were happy to major in the traditional liberal arts. Now, to attract middle-class students, colleges have had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business. As a result, humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university.1.What does the word “appreciate” mean in Paragraph 1?2.What has made Ph. D. programs unpopular?3.The MLA report about the employment rate is too optimistic because it（ ）.4.University job openings are diminishing due to the fact that（ ）. 5.According to Paragraph 5, the American educational institutions （ ）over the past decades. 6.The final paragraph suggests that current liberal arts majors（ ）.问题1选项A.Enjoy.B.Overlook.C.Investigate.D.Understand.问题2选项A.They no longer save your time.B.They cannot guarantee a secure job.C.They are competitive and time-consuming.D.They are not subsidized by the government.问题3选项A.overestimates the job marketB.fails to account for former graduatesC.does not include all kinds of jobsD.excludes newly-graduated Ph. D.s问题4选项A.the scale of universities is shrinkingB.adjunct professors are likely to take full-time jobsC.fewer undergraduates want to major in humanitiesD.some theoretical approaches have been proven wrong问题5选项A.have resulted in tenure-track professorsB.have attracted more male and elite studentsC.have been expanding to overseas countriesD.have begun to offer a variety of vocational programs问题6选项A.are more desirable than ever beforeB.will cater to middle-class studentsC.are less appealing than business majorsD.are as competitive as business majors【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D第6题:C【解析】1.词汇推断题。
根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第一段第一句根据“Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but it is difficult to appreciate just how much trouble until you read the report from the Modem Language Association (MLA).（每个人都知道英语系有麻烦了，但是在你读到来自现代语言协会(MLA)的报告之前，你很难理解到底有多大的麻烦句中appreciate与句中know为同义词，即“理解，明白”的意思从而得出本题答案2.细节事实题根据题干信息，将信息点定位在原文第二段第一句到第二句根据“today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you’re unlikely to find a tenure-track position.（如今，获得博士学位可能需要近十年的时间，而且，在你的课程结束时，你不太可能找到一个终身职位。
从而得出本题答案3.细节事实题根据题干关键词“MLA report”将信息点定位至原文第三段最后一句根据 “But that leaves out the thousands of unemployed graduates from past years who are still job-hunting.（但这还不包括过去几年来仍在找工作的数千名失业毕业生即可得出本题答案4.细节推断题根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第四段根据 “Some critics think that the humanities have gotten too weird” “overly theoretical approach” “teaching opportunities have disappeared”（ 一些批评家认为人文学科已经变得太奇怪了，“过于理论化的方法”，“教学机会已经消失了”）”,即可得出本题答案5.细节事实题根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文第五段根据 “Essentially, colleges grew less elite and more vocational.（从本质上讲，大学变得不那么精英化，而是更加职业化。
即可得出本题答案6.细节推断题根据题干信息，将信息点定位至原文最后一段根据 “colleges have had to offer more career-focused majors, in fields like business（大学不得不提供更多以职业为导向的专业，比如商科）” “humanities departments have found themselves drifting away from the center of the university（人文学系发现自己正在远离大学的中心）” 即可得出本题答案4. 单选题She depicted the ________ life of human beings, and particularly their moral stresses and strains.问题1选项A.outerB.innerC.superiorD.inferior【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. outer 外表的，外边的 B. inner 内部的，内心的C. superior 更好的，更高的 D. inferior 较差的，较低的【考查点】形容词辨析。
解题思路】空格处作定语修饰下文的“life（生活）”，表示她描绘了人们什么样的生活，由“moral stresses and strains（道德压力和紧张）”可知，这是对此种生活的举例，道德压力和紧张都属于人的内心精神状态，所以本句说的应该是人的内心世界inner指私密的、没有展示给他人的部分，因此B选项inner“内部的，内心的”最符合题意干扰项排除】A选项outer“外表的，外边的”指远离中心或在某物的外部，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“内心世界”而不是“外表世界”；C选项superior“更好的，更高的”指在品质上更好或在级别上更高，不能和“moral stresses and strains（道德压力和紧张）”相对应；D选项inferior“较差的，较低的”指在品质上更差或在级别上更低，不符合题干的语义逻辑句意】她描绘了人类的内心世界，特别是他们的道德压力和紧张5. 单选题Every month the old couple put aside a little sum of money which （ ） urgent use.问题1选项A.means forB.means toC.is meant forD.is meant to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。
mean for “对……意味着”；mean to “对……重要”；be meant for “为……做准备”；be meant to “打算，意欲”句意：这对夫妇每个月都会存一小笔钱，以备急需时用选项C符合题意6. 单选题What is perhaps of great importance is the fact that she challenged the decision of her employers and won the case（ ） .问题1选项A.in the extremeB.to the pointC.against all oddsD.around the comer【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配in the extreme “非常，极度”；to the point “ 中肯，切题”；against all odds “困难重重”；around the comer “即将到来”语境为：最重要的或许在于，她敢于质疑雇主的决定，并且克服重重困难最终获得胜利选项C符合句意7. 单选题She has helped thousands of men and women（ ） with things that bother them and that they could not talk about with others.问题1选项A.come to the pointB.come to termsC.come into forceD.come into contact【答案】B【解析】考察动词短语辨析。
come to the point 切入要点；come to terms处理；处置；come into force生效； come into contact取得联系句意：她帮助成千上万的男女解决了那些困扰他们并且无法跟别人谈起的事情，让他们走出了困境选项B符合句意8. 单选题In Second Nature，Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain function are accessible, reinforced by concrete examples and metaphors.Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. Our consciousness ( a “ first-person affair ” displaying intentionality, reflecting beliefs and desires, etc. )，our creativity, even our value systems, have a basis in brain function.The author describes three unifying insights that correlate mind matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections ( circuits) if their firing patterns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections). Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brain region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers.Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile, he is comfortable hazarding a guess: “All of our mental life... is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain. ” Despite this optimism about the explanatory powers of neuroscience, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of mind in neurological terms. Indee。