2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解精练（3）(V)科普知识（阅读理解）由 (xx河北石家庄高三质检二)改编Fish have different personalities which change as they experience life’s highs and lows according to British biologists.Researchers identified different“personalities”in their fish by observing the boldness or shyness of individuals,according to The Nature.Like people,some fish are very confident in the face of novelty(新奇事物)or conflict;while others are silent and shy.The scientists selected particularly bold and shy rainbow trout,and tested whether they changed their outlook depending on what life threw at them.They arranged some fish to fight and others to watch to see how both the participants and observers responded to victories and defeats.Winning or losing a fight,or even watching fellow fish overe the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures studied in the lab.The researchers made fish pete with much larger or smaller opponents to ensure that they would win or lose their fights.These bold fish that won their fights tended to be even bolder when later presented with a novel food item;losing their fight caused them to be much more cautious. Fish also learn by watching others.Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery object were much more nervous when later given a novelty item for themselves.Predictably,shy fish that won a fight also gained more confidence,but surprisingly,shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food,Sneddon said,adding that this could be due to what she calls a “desperado effect”(亡命徒效应).The new research suggests that animals can gradually adapt their personalities.The results echo the effects that life experience can have on human.1.What does the underlined word “creatures”probably refer to?( )A.Fish. B.Participants.C.Observers. D.Researchers.2.The third paragraph of the text is mainly about .A.a conclusion of the researchB.an explanation of fish charactersC.a statement of the experimentD.a description of fish fights3.What can we know from the research?( )A.Bold losing fish bee bolder when presented with a novel food item. B.Losing their fights causes the bold fish to be much more courageous.C.Bold fish watching a shy fish exploring a mystery get less nervous.D.Shy fish losing fights grow more confident in exploring new food. 4.What’s the main idea of the text?( )A.Fish have stress in the fierce fights.B.Fish care about winning or losing a fight.C.Fish have adaptable personalities.D.Fish can learn a lot by watching others.语篇解读:英国的生物学家通过实验证明,“鱼”具有适应能力很强的特性,向我们揭开了鱼的世界的奥秘。
答案及剖析:1.A 词义猜测题由画线单词所在的句子...or even watching fellow fish overe the difficulties influenced the future behavior of the creatures...可知,打斗的双方和观战的全是鱼,故选A项2.C 主旨大意题由文章内容可知,作者先表明实验对象(虹鳟鱼),实验目的(whether they changed their outlook...),实验过程(鱼相互打斗,有观战鱼),实验结论(...influenced the future behavior of...),由此可知C项正确3.D 细节理解题由倒数第二段的...shy fish that lost their fights also grew bolder when exploring strange new food...可知D项正确由第四段的These bold fish that won their fights...losing their fight caused them to be much more cautious可排除A、B两项;由第五段的Bold fish watching a shy fish...more nervous 可排除C项。
4.C 主旨大意题由文章的首句Fish have different personalities which change as...和最后一段的第一句话...animals can gradually adapt their personalities...可知,作者用首尾呼应的方式点出文章的主题,故选C项疑难词汇解读】1.bold adj.&n.勇敢的;明显的;粗体Alice is a bold girl.爱丽丝是一个勇敢的女孩2.outlook n.观点,态度;前景He has a positive outlook on his life.他有一个积极的人生观长难句子分析】 and 科学家们挑选了特别勇敢的和害羞的虹鳟鱼,测试它们是否会因为生活的变化而改变它们看待事物的观点阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项xx广东省广州市调研测试】 As thousands of munities in the USA — especially in the South — became booming gateways for immigrant families from Central and South America during the 1990s and the early years of the new century, public schools struggled with the unfamiliar task of serving the large numbers of English learners arriving in their classrooms. Education programs needed to be built from scratch. “We had no teaching resources suitable for English learners here before. We had to develop them all ourselves,” a Texas principal said. Throughout the country, districts had to train their own teachers to teach English to non-native speakers or recruit teachers from elsewhere. School staff members had to figure out how to municate with parents who spoke no English. But even as immigration has slowed or stopped in many places, and instructional programs for English-learners have matured, serving immigrant families and their children remains a work in progress in many public schools, especially those in munities that are skeptical, or sometimes unweling, to the newers. One of the biggest challenges educators face, is municating effectively with parents who don’t speak English — an issue that, in part, has contributed to recent plaints of discrimination by Latino students in some cities. “The parents’ role is very important for the success of these students, but its also one of the most difficult things we’ve had to tackle,” said Jim D. Rollins, the president of the Springdale school district, where the 19,000-student school system has gone from having no English-learners 15 years ago to more than 7,500 now. “You have to make it a priority and work on it, work on it, and work on it.” Aside from the practical challenges, such as finding bilingual (会说两种语言的) staff members, guiding districts through such dramatic changes requires school leaders to bridge difficult political and cultural divides. For school leaders in the South, especially in the last few years, this difficult job has been made harder still by the negative attitudes of some locals towards immigrants. 36. According to the passage, what is the problem that public schools are facing? A. Handling more cases from the immigrant Mexican munities. B. Offering services to immigrant families in the southern states. C. Offering enough municative lessons to immigrant parents. D. Providing education for non-native English learners.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。
根据public schools struggled with the unfamiliar task of serving the large numbers of English learners arriving in their classrooms.公立学校目前面临的问题是为那些母语不是英语的学生提供教育，故选D37. The underlined part “built from scratch” (in Paragraph 2) probably means “________”. A. pletely new B. painful to make C. based on past experience D. constructed gradually 【答案】A【解析】短语猜测题根据We had no teaching resources suitable for English learners here before.因为以前没有过适合英语的初学者的教学资源，所以这个短语应是完全是新的，故选A38. What is one of the things the school leaders have done to deal with the problems? A. Provide more Spanish-only classes. B. Invite more teachers from other places. C. Train their teachers to speak Spanish. D. Use bilingual parents as part-time teachers.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。
根据Throughout the country, districts had to train their own teachers to teach English to non-native speakers or recruit teachers from elsewhere.主要问题是解决师资问题，需要更多的老师，需要邀请从外地来的老师，故选B39. What do we know about the immigrant parents? A. Many of them cannot speak English. B. Most of them think education is not important. C. Some of them feel skeptical about the local munity. D. Few of them have attended American schools. 【答案】A【解析】细节理解题根据School staff members had to figure out how to municate with parents who spoke no English.。
这些父母当然不会讲英语，故选A40. According to Paragraph 3, what has caused some of the recent plaints by Latino students? A. Discrimination by schools. B. Unfriendliness of the locals. C. Mismunication with parents. D. Poor government service.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题根据One of the biggest challenges educators face, is municating effectively with parents who don’t speak English — an issue that, in part, has contributed to plaints of discrimination by Latino students in some cities.由于学生的家长不会英语所以交流起来有一定的困难，容易引起误解，故选C。
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项xx广东省广州市调研测试】Steven Spielberg’s new movie Lincoln paints a vivid and breath-taking picture of the 16th U.S. president and his determination to end slavery. Spielberg based his film on parts of Team of Rivals, a book by Doris Kearns Goodwin. He makes Abraham Lincoln relevant today by presenting a cunning political mind trying to overe Washington’s all too familiar political divisions.In previous movies, Lincoln was shown as a simple yet almost perfect man. But Spielberg’s Lincoln is different. “I was determined to make a movie about a working president dealing with real problems. Not some angel,” Spielberg said.We watch the president first ending slavery and then the war.The film’s adviser, historian Eric Martin, explains how Lincolns thinking evolved.“His main objective when the war began was not the freeing of the slaves but to keep the country united. Lincoln realizes that in order to keep the country together, the question of slavery will have to be addressed,” Martin said.The film focuses on the last four months of his presidency.In the movie, the arguments among political enemies seem very similar to the problems we see in Washington today. The disagreements were bitter.The film turns to Lincoln’s relationships with his wife and kids, his beliefs and constant self-examination. Daniel Day-Lewis, the actor who plays Lincoln, offers an Oscar-worthy performance as the 16th President. Not only is his physical similarity to the president incredible, he is able to capture many of Lincoln’s mannerisms and his high-pitched, almost lady-like voice. “I found it very easy to play the role of Lincoln because the real man himself was so open. When I was researching his history to prepare for the part, one of the most surprising things I found was just how accessible he was. Even in war-time, when he was in great danger, he was always willing to meet with others and share his ideas,” Day-Lewis said.Spielberg’s Lincoln will head to the Oscars. But more important it will make history.41. What does Spielberg say is different about his movie of Lincoln? A. It is based on a book called “Team of Rivals”. B. It mainly shows how cunning Lincoln was. C. It focuses on how he worked as a politician. D. It describes how determined he was.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。
根据I was determined to make a movie about a working president dealing with real problems.主要集中于林肯是作为一个政治家是怎样工作的，故选C42. According to Martin, Abraham Lincoln ______. A. started the war to free the slaves B. ended slavery to keep the country united C. was killed because of his military failure D. was forced to free the slaves【答案】B【解析】细节理解题根据Lincoln realizes that in order to keep the country together, the question of slavery will have to be addressed,林肯要结束奴隶制度保持国家统一，故选B43. Which of the following is true about the actor who plays Lincoln? A. He looks very similar to Lincoln. B. His performance is very lady-like. C. He won an Oscar for his performance. D. He believed he really was Lincoln.【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。
根据Not only is his physical similarity to the president incredible, he is able to capture many of Lincoln’s mannerisms and his high-pitched, almost lady-like voice演员看起来要和真正的林肯长相相似，故选A44. What is the author’s opinion about the movie? A. It reflects historical facts. B. It is controversial. C. Its performances aren’t realistic. D. It is of high quality.【答案】D【解析】细节理解题根据Spielberg’s Lincoln will head to the Oscars. But more important it will make history.作者对这部电影的评价很高，故选D45. In what section in a newspaper can this passage most probably be found? A. People in history B. Entertainment C. Lifestyle D. Politics【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。
根据短文主要介绍了电影的内容可知应该出现在娱乐节目，故选B。