CanniblismCanniblism巴西食人主巴西食人主义翻译观义翻译观Background InfromationBackground InfromationIn In the the 1920s,1920s,although although Brazil Brazil had had been been independent independent politically,politically,its its culture culture was was depend depend on on the the colonizers colonizers culture culture as as well as other European culture.well as other European culture.In In order order to to get get rid rid of of the the embarrassing embarrassing situation,situation,Brazilian Brazilian cannibalism cannibalism brought brought forward forward totally totally new new ideas ideas“devouringdevouring”the the European culture.European culture.Thus,Thus,Brazilian Brazilian Cannibalism Cannibalism tends tends to to help help to to improve improve the the situation situation where where the the weak weak cultures cultures cannot cannot speak speak for for themselves themselves being confronted with the main stream culture.being confronted with the main stream culture.Oswald de AndradeOswald de Andrade(1890-1954)a Brazilian poet and polemicist1890-1954)a Brazilian poet and polemicist；one of the founders of Brazilian modernism one of the founders of Brazilian modernism；Manifesto Antropofago Manifesto Antropofago，19281928Manifesto AntropofagoManifesto AntropofagoThe The event event of of the the Portuguese Portuguese bishop bishop in in 16th 16th century:century:a a Brazilian Brazilian Indian Indian clan clan called called TupiTupi cannibalized cannibalized a a Portuguese Portuguese bishop.bishop.For For the European the European settlers:savage,uncivilizedsettlers:savage,uncivilizedFor the Tupi Indians:out of love,respect and nourishmentFor the Tupi Indians:out of love,respect and nourishmentThree types of persons:those who are Three types of persons:those who are physically robust socially respected telepathic One does not eat people one does not respect BassnettManifesto AntropofagoManifesto Antropofago：SignificanceSignificanceBrazilian Brazilian Cannibalism Cannibalism began began to to develop develop since since the the appearance appearance of of Manifesto Manifesto AntropofagoAntropofago,which which marked marked the the rise rise of of Brazilian Brazilian culture.culture.Only Only could could Brazil Brazil get get rid rid of of the the European European influences influences through through“devouring”“devouring”，it it can can reshape reshape their their own own cultural cultural identitiesidentities。Reshape Reshape their their own own cultural cultural identities.identities.In In the the meantime meantime“the“the devouring devouring could could be be considered considered as as the the act act of of respect respect and and violation of European codes”violation of European codes”宣言的发表标志着巴西文化的诞生。这不仅使这场持续近十年的反思达到了高潮，也使参与这场反思的学人们达成了基本的共识或得出了结论，即巴西只有“吃掉”欧洲才能摆脱“欧洲意识”，在文化上找到自我;“吃掉”应同时被理解为背离和尊重。The Campos BrothersThe Campos BrothersAugusto de Campos and Harold de CamposAugusto de Campos and Harold de CamposOn Translation as Creation and CriticismOn Translation as Creation and Criticism,1963,1963 Officially Officially introduced introduced the the main main concept concept of of cannibalism cannibalism translation translation studies.studies.They They used used the the metaphor metaphor of of Cannibalism Cannibalism to to describe describe the the translation translation activities activities from from colonist colonist languages languages to to Brazilian.Brazilian.They They remarked remarked that that all all translation translation is is recreation recreation and and criticism”.criticism”.翻译赋予文本新的生命，翻译可用“吃人”(cannibalism)一词概括。然而，吃不是占有原文，而是解放原文，是译者吃、消化原文后，让自己获得自由，进行创造性翻译”.Campos Cannibalism TheoryCampos Cannibalism TheoryEmpowering Empowering act act(获获得得力力量量的的行行为为)：A translator eat the original text to taste the original idea and therefore to get power to recreate,the same as Tupi people by“cannibalism”to obtain strength.Nourishing Nourishing behavior behavior(滋滋养养行行为为):):before translating,a translator absorbs nutrition from the original text.After the translation,he uses it to nourish to target text.Act Act of of affirmative affirmative play play(积积极极行行为为):):translation is to confirm the“future generations”of the original text,to give life to the original text in the target text context.Act Act of of blood blood transfusion transfusion(输输血血行行为为):):similar to nourishing behavior,a translator absorbs the essence of the original text to make vital the target text.ConclusionConclusionCannibalism advocates actively absorbing foreign culture,especially nutrition of the advanced culture to nourish themselves,instead of regarding the advanced culture as the absolute truth.食人的象征行为不仅表现了一种自信，更重要的是在翻译中，译文可以不亦步亦趋地跟在原文后面，成为原文的影子。同样，巴西也不能成为宗主国葡萄牙的附庸。这样，原文与译文的关系、宗主国与殖民地的主次关系可以完全颠倒过来，不是没有原文就没有译文，而是没有译文就没有原文