推理判断题高考导航：《考试大纲》指出，阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即理解作者所要传达的信息在实际的阅读中，有时考生需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性等推理判断题和主旨大意题一样，也是比较难的一类题2013年各地的高考英语试题中大概有2-10题在做这类阅读理解题时，推理判断涉及的范围很广，主要包括细节推断、预测推断、对文章来源或读者对象的推断、写作意图推断以及态度倾向推断和评述性推断等重点一 细节推断细节推断要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等考生一般可根据短文提供的信息或者生活常识，进行推理判断考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断题干中主要会出现下列动词：infer, indicate, imply, suggest, conclude, assume主要设题形式：It can be inferred from the passage/text that ______.The author strongly suggests that ______.It can be concluded from the passage that _______.The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _______.The writer implies but not directly states that ______.Which of the following statements does the passage support?The writer talked about ... because he/she thought ______.What does the author imply about newspapers?KenyaKenya is the destination for those seeking an African experience. It has everything you might want to do. Generally volunteers in Kenya work in orphanages(孤儿院)or with local children living in slums(贫民窟). There is a great demand for volunteers in Africa because many people live in poverty, so if you truly feel like making a difference to a community, then Kenya should be at the top of your list.…1t can be inferred from the passage that volunteers in Kenya mainly work with _ . A. animals B. plants C. children D. the elderlyIt takes confidence to be a kid. Whether going to a new school or stepping up to bat for the first time, kids face a lot of uncharted territory.Naturally, parents want to instill a can-do attitude in their kids so that they'll bravely take on new challenges and, over time, believe in themselves. While each child is a little different, parents can follow some general guidelines to build kids' confidence.Self-confidence rises out of a sense of competence. In other words, kids develop confidence not because parents tell them they're great, but because of their achievements, big and small. Sure, it's good to hear encouraging words from mom and dad. But words of praise mean more when they refer to a child's specific efforts or new abilities.When kids achieve something, whether it's brushing their own teeth or riding a bike, they get a sense of themselves as able and capable, and tap into that high-octane fuel of confidence.Building self-confidence can begin very early. When babies learn to turn the pages of a book or toddlers learn to walk, they are getting the idea "I can do it!" With each new skill and milestone, kids can develop increasing confidence.Parents can help by giving kids lots of opportunities to practice and master their skills, letting kids make mistakes and being there to boost their spirits so they keep trying. Respond with interest and excitement when kids show off a new skill, and reward them with praise when they achieve a goal or make a good effort.With plentiful opportunities, good instruction, and lots of patience from parents, kids can master basic skills — like tying their shoes and making the bed. Then, when other important challenges present themselves, kids can approach them knowing that they have already been successful in other areas.…1.What should parents do to increase kids’ confidence?A. Provide more chances to show their talent.B. Encourage kids to try some difficult tasks.C. Offer kids some advice when it is necessary.D. Praise kids for overcoming difficulties they meet.2. Kids can face new challenges bravely because ______.A. they know they will get help from their parents B. they are eager to explore new things around themC. they have mastered skills to overcome difficulties D. their teachers have taught them to believe in themselves重点二 对文章来源或读者对象的推断推断文章的来源或者读者对象要求考生具备一定的常识。
因此，考生本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普知识、小说、童话、广告、教材、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等有基本的了解，这样才能在做题时根据文章的特点选出最佳答案主要设题形式：This passage would most likely be found in _____.In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?The passage is probably taken out of _____.Where does this text probably come from?Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert （警觉）. Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze（凝视） starts to lose its focus — until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects (a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise （同样地） when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.63. Where does this text probably come from?A. Science fiction. B. Children’s literature. C. An advertisement. D. A science report.Fast food giant, McDonald’s said on Tuesday that they would be cutting out excess calories in their kids’ menu choices starting in September. McDonald’s will reduce the amount of French fries in Happy Meals and will also include sliced apple “dippers” in every meal. McDonald’s say it will still include the ever-popular toys with each meal. “We are going to introduce more food groups such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains,” said Cindy Goody, McDonald’s senior director of nutrition. After getting much of the blame for childhood obesity, fast food chains, especially McDonald’s, began selling more nutritious menu items. But the restaurant was most criticized for its marketing which is often aimed at young children. Some cities, such as San Francisco, California, have banned toys from all kids’ meals that didn’t meet strict nutritional guidelines for fat, salt and sugar content（含量）because the prizes attracted more children to the fast food. McDonald’s felt public pressure to change their offerings. It reduced French fry portions from 2.4oz to 1.1oz in every meal. This decreases calorie content by about 20 percent, which means a new Happy Meal is less than 600 calories. Currently, the unhealthiest Happy Meal consists of a cheeseburger, fries and 1 percent chocolate milk, which contains 700 calories and 27 grams of fat.Which part is this passage taken from in a newspaper?A. Travel and leisure. B. History and politics.C. Culture and customs D. Diet and health.重点三 写作意图推断写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。
作者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点这种题型要求考生不但要能理解文章的大意，还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力主要设题形式：What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?The purpose of the text is to get more people to _____.The writer of the story wants to tell us that _____.The fact... is mentioned by the author to show ______.The writer talks about ...in order to ______.The author writes the last paragraph in order to ______.Home to me means a sense of familiarity and nostalgia(怀旧). It's fun to come home. It looks the same. It smells the same. You'll realize what's changed is you. Home is where we can remember pain, live, and some other experiences; We parted here; My parents met here; I won three championships here. If I close my eyes, I can still have a clear picture in mind of my first home. I walk in the door and see a brown sofa surrounding a low glass-top wooden table. To the right of the living room is my first bedroom. It's empty, but it's where my earliest memories are....Sometimes when I feel lost, I lie down and shut my eyes, and I go home. I know it's where I'll find my family, my dogs, and my belongings. I purposely leave the window open at night because I know I'll be blamed by Mom. But I don't mind, because I want to hear her say my name, which reminds me I'm home.46. What is the author's purpose of writing this passage? A. To express how much she is attached to her home. B. To declare how much she loves her first house. C. To describe the state of her family. D. To look back on her childhood.Having a great collection of books at home doesn’t really mean that you are a person who has a passion for literature and reading． It can be a family inheritance or it can be just to impress people around you by the fact that you are a person of culture…From my point of view, literature is very important in our life． For example, reading is a means of gaining culture and enriching our knowledge in different areas． It can help us have a great imagination and it makes things easier when it comes to make compositions on different themes． It gives you the possibility to speak about science, even if you don’t work in this domain, or you can express your opinion about a political aspect, just because you have read something connected to that．Secondly, literature offers us the possibility to enter the world of imagination, and to leave the real one for a couple of hours...In conclusion, I would like to say that literature is the perfect means to enrich our culture, to express ourselves correctly, to have a rich vocabulary, to be able to interfere in conversations in different fields of interest and to really be considered an erudite person．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To tell the readers an interesting story.B. To explain the true meaning of reading.C. To advise people to like reading.D. To stress the importance of literature.If a vacation in Florida is in your future, you may be feeling happy with what to do there. All it takes is a little awareness about the available activities and some careful planning before boarding the plane.The most popular reason why families choose Florida for a vacation is to visit Disney World. If you are headed to Orlando, the chances are Disney World is on your list of things to do while in town...All over Florida there is spring training camps for Major League Baseball...Finally, if you are a shopper, Florida is the place for you. The state offers some of the best places for shopping in the country and because the temperatures are usually pleasant, you can walk around the outdoor centers for hours at a time in comfort. If you love great bargains and you want to find some in one place, plan a shopping excursion(短途旅行) in Florida with your friends or family.What purpose is the text written for?A. Introducing the history of Disney WorldB. Advising people to travel to AmericaC. Giving ideas for a Florida vacationD. Encouraging people to do shopping重点四 态度倾向推断和评述性推断态度倾向推断题主要考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度；此类试题要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。
评述性推断题要求考生对文章所交代的人或事进行评价，因此，做此类试题时考生要注意作者对相关人或事的细节描写主要设题形式：The attitude of the author towards something is _____.The writer of the passage seems to think that ______.What is the author’s opinion on cramming?What’s the writer’s attitude towards...?What do we know about somebody in the passage?Somebody can be said _____.What does the author think about the present generation?About twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio（影棚）to take part in a crowd-scene. Although our "act" would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.We all stood at the far end of the studio as workmen prepared the scene, setting up trees at the edge of a winding path. Very soon, bright lights were turned on and the big movie-camera was wheeled into position. The director shouted something to the camera operator and then went to speak to the two famous actors nearby. Since it was hot in the studio, it came as a surprise to us to see one of the actors put on a heavy overcoat and start walking along the path. A big fan began blowing tiny white feathers down on him, and soon the trees were covered in "snow". Two more fans were turned on, and a "strong wind" blew through the trees. The picture looked so real that it made us feel cold. The next scene was a complete contrast(对比).The way it was filmed was quite unusual. Pictures taken on an island in the Pacific were shown on a glass screen. An actor and actress stood in front of the scene so that they looked as if they were at the water's edge on an island. By a simple trick like this, palm trees, sandy beaches, and blue, clear skies had been brought into the studio! Since it was our turn next, we were left wondering what scene would be prepared for us. For a full three minutes in our lives we would be experiencing the excitement of being film “Stars”!What would happen in the "three minutes" mentioned, in the last paragraph?A. A new scene would be filmed. B．More stars would act in the film.C．The author would leave the studio. D．The next scene would be prepared.难点速通： 难点一 如何排除干扰项在阅读理解中，干扰项的设置其实是有规律可循的。
如果做题时考生能够敏锐洞悉题干要求，准确捕捉干扰项的错误信息点或不符合题目要求的信息点，就能迅速排除干扰项，提高解题的准确率一般来说，阅读理解题中客观事实题的干扰项有以下几个特点：1.推测意义与文章表层意义有区别 根据文章、段落或句子推断出的意义通常不可能在文章中直接找到，因此，考生在阅读文章时要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础在此基础上，考生通过分析、判断从而作出符合逻辑的推断No one knows for sure when advertising first started. It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them. That led to the concept of specialization, which means that people would specialize, or focus, on doing one specific job.Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr. Fielder, for example. He did everything connected with farming. He planted seeds, tended the fields, and harvested and sold his crops. At the same time, he did many other jobs on the farm. However, he didn’t make the bricks for his house, cut his trees into boards, make the plows (犁), or any of other hundreds of things a farm needs. Instead, he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things.Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr. Plowright. Using what he knew about farming and working with iron, Mr. Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier. Mr. Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows. Perhaps, he thought, other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.How did Mr. Plowright let people know what he was doing? Why, he advertised, of course. First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers. That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door. It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr. Plowright and his really good plows.Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago. Even before most people could read, they understood such signs. Shopkeepers would carve into stone, clay, or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.A medium, in advertising talk, is the way you communicate your message. You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols. The second medium was audio, or sound, although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today. Originally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell, were used to get people’s attention.A crier, in the historical sense, is not someone who weeps easily. It is someone, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods. Perhaps the crier described the goods, explained where they came from, and praised their quality. His job was, in other words, not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.43. The writer makes up the two stories of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Plowright in order to __________.A. explain the origin of advertising B. predict the future of advertisingC. expose problems in advertising D. provide suggestions for advertising44. In ancient Egypt, a crier was probably someone who __________.A. owned a ship B. had the loudest voiceC. ran a shop selling goods to farmers D. functioned like today’s TV or radio commercial误区警示： 三种特点须知晓 熟记巧避干扰项推理判断题的干扰项的设置通常有以下特点：第一，它和文章的内容之间有一点点的区别，而考生往往忽略了这些细微的区别；第二，干扰项和文章的内容一模一样，但是仔细看题干就会发现题干问的重点和干扰项是不相关的；第三，干扰项和文章的某些内容一样，属于文中已言明的事实，是不需要推理的。
而推理判断题的推理要以原文为依据，再进行适度引申2. 张冠李戴即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起：题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点3. 偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变Then, only one month later, I lost it. I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning. I was sad and searched everywhere for it. But it seemed to have disappeared. Eventually, I gave up and stopped looking for it. And two years later, we sold the house and moved away.Years passed, and a couple of moves later, I was visiting my parents' when Mum told me that she had something for me. It wasn't my birthday, nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift-giving occasion. Mum noticed my questioning look. " You'll recognize this one," she said, smiling.Then she handed me a small ring box. I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside. The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecorations, which included replacing the carpets. When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom, they found the ring. As it had my initials carved into it, they realized who owned the ring. They'd had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother. And it still fits me.58. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. The writer's family moved several times.B. The writer never stopped looking for her ring.C. The writer's ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.D. The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.4. 无中生有这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。
其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干再其次，干扰项也可能与文章内容没有任何联系5. 鱼目混珠鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在特定语境中的具体含义6. 扩缩范围为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文章范围的限定，有时通过加上almost, all, nearly, more than, normally, usually等词语对文章加以限制扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法After the death of her second husband, Greek shipping magnate（巨头）Aristotle Onassis, Jacqueline’s close friend and former White House social secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career（职业）in publishing. After consideration, Jacqueline accepted it. Perhaps she hoped to find there some idea about how to live her own life. She became not less but more interested in reading. For the last 20 years of her life, Jacqueline worked as a publisher’s editor, first at Viking, then at Doubleday, pursuing（追求）a late-life career longer than her two marriages combined. During her time in publishing, she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books. Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes. She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyer’s and Jose Campbell to transform their popular television conversat。