2020/12/1 1 英 语 语 音 English phonetics 2020/12/1 2 第一章：国际音标 International Phonetic Alphabet 1886年，欧洲各国的语音学教师在英国伦敦成立了 “ 语音学教师协会 ” （ The Phonetic Teachers Association） ,后改名为 “ 国际语音学协会 ” （ International Phonetic Association）这个协会成立的主要目的是考 虑建立一套科学的，能代表口头交际中实际发音的注音符号和考虑如何把语 音学的知识有效地应用在英语教学上 “ 国际语音学协会 ” 的语音专家们主张设计一套能够适用与英语以及其他各 种重要语言的音标，并于 1888难月发表了他们共同制定的第一套国际性的音 标，定名为 “ 国际音标 ” （ Inter-national Phonetic Alphabet），简称 IPA. 自 1888年制定国际音标至今，根据英国标准音（ Received Pronunciation, 简称 R.P.）国际音标已经被更好的发展和完善了。
最著名的首推英国语音学 教授 Daniel Jones 2020/12/1 3 简介： 1. 英国标准音 (Received Pronunciation) The Queens English Standard Pronunciation Received Pronunciation BBC 2. Daniel Jones Daniel Jones: 著名的英国语音学教授，是科学地完善国际音标 的语音学权威他所编著的 Everymans English Pronouncing Dictionary 自 1917年首次发行第一版到 1977年，已经发行了 14 版在本课程中，凡是用到 Daniel Jones 音标的时候，统一简 写为 D.J.音标 3. 英语音标组成 英语中共有 12个单元音， 8个双元音和 24和辅音 2020/12/1 4 单元音 ( the pure vowels) 前元音 ( the front vowels) 4 后元音 ( the back vowels) 5 中元音 ( the central vowels) 3 双元音 ( the diphthongs) 合口双元音 ( the closing diphthongs) 5 集中双元音 ( the centering diphthongs) 3 辅音 (the consonants) 爆破音 ( the plosive consonants) 6 摩擦音 ( the fricative consonants) 10 破擦音 ( the affricate consonants) 2 鼻音 ( the nasal consonants) 3 舌侧音 ( the lateral consonants) 1 半元音 ( the semi-vowels) 2 2020/12/1 5 front vowels Symbol key word i: sheep I ship e bed A bad 2020/12/1 6 发音器官： 1 上唇 2 下唇 3 上齿 4 下齿 5 上齿龈 6 硬腭 7 软腭 8 舌尖 9 舌中 10 舌后 11 舌根 12 口腔 13 鼻子 14 鼻腔 15 声带 2020/12/1 7 back vowels Symbol key word B: caq C : noq C not U: fool U book 2020/12/1 8 central vowels Symbol key word Q but : giql ago 2020/12/1 9 closing diphthongs Symbol key word ei take U no aI like aU now CI boy 2020/12/1 10 centering diphthongs Symbol key word I heqe Z theqe U pooq 2020/12/1 11 /i:/ e me she these Pete evening ee meet keen greet breeze speech ea tea pea lead read teach please peak each ei receive deceive perceive ie believe relieve relief field i police eo people 2020/12/1 12 /i/ i this it is in with middle e English England pretty ui building o women 2020/12/1 13 /e/ e met well yet very lecture spend ea ready peasant already measure pleasure ai again said ay says a any many 2020/12/1 14 /A/ a am bag hand thank campus factory family Saturday 2020/12/1 15 /B:/ a answer ask class glass task staff plant bath ar bar park hard large pardon dark au aunt laugh ear heart er clerk sergeant al palm calm 2020/12/1 16 /C/ o on off not lot job a wash what want watch ow knowledge 2020/12/1 17 /C:/ a water halt false al all tall call talk walk aw dawn drawn augh daughter caught or or nor born lord ore before ough ought bought thought our four 2020/12/1 18 /u/ o wolf woman oo book cook good oul could should would u full pull put July 2020/12/1 19 /U:/ o do to lose move prove oe shoe oo cool moon room too afternoon school u blue rule June 2020/12/1 20 /Q/ o none son come brother mother other another u sun bus study husband 2020/12/1 21 /:/ er her certain terminal ear early learn ir girl first bird shirt ur nurse turn turn fur further or work world worse worm world wordy 2020/12/1 22 // a about ago China breakfast o oppose second method propose u support suppose suspect campus ar collar forward er mother teacher better or doctor monitor actor factor ur surprise surrender survival ou famous our colour 2020/12/1 23 /ei/ a take makename plane change strange label table ai wait rain pain afraid grain train raise ay may way day play say ei eight neighbor reign ey they grey 2020/12/1 24 /u/ o no home post hold notice notebook oa boat coat road ow low know bowl sow show ou shoulder 2020/12/1 25 /ai/ i I wife nice tide like find kind mind y my by why style supply uy buy 2020/12/1 26 /au/ ou loud house round shout thousand ow bow now down crowd 2020/12/1 27 /Ci/ oi oil boil toil spoil voice oy boy toy joy annoy enjoy 2020/12/1 28 /I/ ea idea really theatre ear hear near year clear appear ere deer cheer engineer ere here 2020/12/1 29 /e/ air air airport chair fair pair stair are care pare fare compare ear bear ere there eir their 2020/12/1 30 /u/ ua February oor poor moor our tour tourist ure sure 2020/12/1 31 plosive consonants Symbol key word p pen b bag t too d do k key g go 2020/12/1 32 fricative consonants Symbol key word f five v very s see z zoo F she V pleasure W thank T that q qed h he 2020/12/1 33 affricate consonants Symbol key word tF cheap dV jacket tq tqee dq dqeam ts cats dz beds 2020/12/1 34 nasal consonants Symbol key word m me n no N sing 2020/12/1 35 lateral consonants Symbol key word l like deal 2020/12/1 36 semi-vowels Symbol key word w we j year 2020/12/1 37 Some skills of the pronunciation of plosive consonants: 1 舌侧爆破 /pl-/ place plane plate please plosive plain pleasure plant /kl-/ clear clean close clue 2020/12/1 38 2 鼻腔爆破 /-tn/ written button certain frighten /-dn/ hidden garden burden pardon 2020/12/1 39 美式发音 American English 英式读音根据的是 English Pronouncing Dictionary 英语正音辞 典 。
它们代表了被称为 “ Received Pronunciation”（ RP）（标准读 音）的读音，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用 美式读音代表了一种（有时是两种）在美国人中较通用的读音，通常用 KK音标标示，即由美国语言学家 John S.Kenyon 和 Thomas A Knott 研 究出来的音标 早在 1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的 语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号 (IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet) ，希望以一个符号代表一音， 并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便 国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标 (DJ) 和美式发 音的 KK音标，前者乃根据 Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者则是根据 John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott二氏的美语发音字典 (A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956)。
值得一提的是， KK音标所使用的符号均从 前面提到的国际音标符号 (IPA) 而来， Kenyon & Knott二氏仅将其中 适用于美式英语的符号截取出来 2020/12/1 40 Comparisons of D.J. and K.K. front vowels D.J. K.K. Key words i: I bee I 0 sit e G set A $ sad 2020/12/1 41 back vowels D.J. K.K. key word B: Aq caq A calm C : oq/ Cq noq C thought C A not U: u fool U ? book 2020/12/1 42 central vowels D.J. K.K. key word Q Q but : giql Q sister D ago 2020/12/1 43 closing diphthongs D.J. K.K. key word ei e take U o no aI a0 lik aU a? no CI C0 boy 2020/12/1 44 centering diphthongs D.J. K.K. key word I 0r heqe i idea jQ familiaq Z Zq theqe U ?q pooq ? actual oq/Cq noq 2020/12/1 45 Triphthongs 三元音 D.J. K.K. Key words ei eQ playeq U oQ follower aI a0r fiqe aU a?Q hour CI C0Q employeq 2020/12/1 46 semi-vowels D.J. K.K. key word w w we hw when j year 。