山西大学继续教育学院毕 业 论 文类 别 函 授 站 点 临汾教学点 年 级 2013级 专 业 英语教育 层 次 专升本 姓 名 张佳佳 学 号 手 机 15135788450 论文题目 Nobility and Pragmatism in British Food Culture论 文 评 语建议成绩 答辩教师 年 月 日Nobility and Pragmatism in British Food CultureAbstract In British national Character, there are two distinctive aspects: nobility and pragmatism. British’s nobility and pragmatism is not acquitting themselves well in all aspect of social life, but also show themselves in the British food culture. Britain has a long food and drink culture. In the long development, British food and drink forms its own system and become an important part in the world. The character of nobility and pragmatism show themselves in many British foods and drink. The afternoon tea is the representative of showing nobility. Pragmatism mainly embodies in the pursuing of nutrient in food material, the simple cooking method and the idea of eating of BritishBritish’s nobility and pragmatism which reveal in British food and drink is significant. They give other countries’ people who have not been to Britain a good impression. Foreigners realize British’s nobility and pragmatism through Britain’s food and drink and get a good impression about Britain. That good impression contributes to improvement of Britain’s national status. Keywords: British food; National Character; nobility; pragmatism; 英国饮食文化中的高贵与务实 摘 要 英国人的民族性格中有非常与众不同的两点：高贵与务实。
英国人高贵与务实不仅表现在社会生活的方方面面，其中也包括表现在饮食方面160;英国有很长的饮食文化历史，在漫长的发展过程中，英国饮食形成了自己的体系，也变成了世界饮食中重要的一部分，英国人民族个性中的高贵和务实在英国的许多食物中都得到了表现，其中高贵品质主要表现在下午茶中，务实品质主要表现在对食物原料营养的追求，对简单烹饪方法的追求以及在饮食观上的体现160;饮食中所表现出来的英国人民族个性中的高贵与务实有一个重要的意义那就是给没有去过英国的外国人一种好的印象外国人通过英国的饮食了解到英国人的高贵与务实使他们对英国产生一种好的印象这种好的印象有助于英国国际地位的提高160; 关键词：民族个性; 英国； 茶；食物; 高贵; 务实ContentsAbstract 3摘 要 4Contents 5Nobility and Pragmatism in British National Character 81.1 The Source of Nobility in British history 81.2 Pragmatism in British History Culture 9Nobility in British Drink—Afternoon Tea 102.1 Nobility in the Origination and Development of Afternoon Tea 102.2 Nobility in the Etiquette of Afternoon Tea 13Pragmatism in British Food and British’s Food Conception 153.1 Pragmatism in Food Materials and Cooking Methods 153.2 Pragmatism in British’s Food Conception 18The Significance of Nobility and Pragmatism in British Food and Drink 204.1 The Significance of Nobility in Food Conception 204.2 The Significance of Pragmatism in Food Style 21Conclusion 22Bibliography 25Introduction Britain is one of Western European countries, its location on the west side of the Atlantic continental, its 50 degrees N latitude in the north, due to the regulation of the North Atlantic ocean currents and westerly winds blowing throughout the year, a cool, temperate maritime climate with rain throughout the year. Major developments are: planted forage crops and pasture, and the development of dairy farming, but because of their own food and livestock products are not self-sufficiency, to rely on imports, so much so that the dishes are cooked by external information on the ring shadow. However, the UK itself is a historical, cultural history of the country, so how much food they still retain the old tradition of eating habits and cooking skills in clever. Logically speaking: the British are generally more popular way of cooking: braise, grill, fried and fried. Of meat, seafood, game has a unique way of cooking; However, they have beef in special preferences, such as barbecue beef (ROASTED BEEF), when the food is not only accompanied by seasonal vegetables, baked potato, also will add a little mustard on steak sauce; the use of the sauce is like butter and wine; the spices on the meat like Kou, cinnamon and other fresh spices. Better known British food dish are: beef, kidneys sent (STEAK KIDNEY PIE), fried fish row (ENGLISH FISH CHIP), Royal cream of chicken (CHICKEN A LA KING) and so on. British like hunting, hunting in only once a year period, there are many hotels and restaurants will launch a game dinner, such as deer (VENISON), rabbits (HARE), pheasant (PHEASANT), goat (WILDSHEEP) such as cooking. And general cooking game, the berries are used or some gin and wine, this practice is to remove the smell of mutton smell the food itself. They are very particular about breakfast, but oh! British restaurants in the supply of a wide variety of meals have fruit juice, fruit, eggs, meat, wheat porridge, bread, jam and coffee. And nowadays the popular afternoon tea (HIGH TEA) is passed from the United Kingdom, there are more well-known Victoria-style VICTORIAN STYLE), the content can be said to be all-inclusive, including all kinds of small points, sponge cake，fruit tarts ( TARTE) and sandwiches. Nobility and pragmatism are the two distinct aspects in British national character. The two are developing from British long history and give great impact to the society. They also influence British food and drink. Britain is a notion who is crazy for nobility. In the British food and drink, afternoon tea is the most excellent representative to embody nobility, one of the reasons why afternoon tea is so popular is that enjoying afternoon tea just like enjoying a noble life. For most ordinary British that enjoying afternoon tea just likes enjoying a moment of noble life. British food’s material cooking method and British people’s idea of eating embody Britain’s pragmatism. They pursue nutrient but not taste. British people do not care about taste. They believe nutrient is more important than taste. British’s nobility and pragmatism which display in British food and drink has a significant meaning. They give other countries’ people who have not been to Britain a good impression. That good impression is a national treasure because it helps Britain to improve its national status in the world.Chapter One Nobility and Pragmatism in British National Character There are two things which differ remarkably in the English notional character: nobility and pragmatism. The juxtaposition of the two features is rather rare in other countries as well as their national characters. They are the most important two features which distinguish the English nation out of others. 1.1 The Source of Nobility in British history Nobility, part of the English national character, is generally recognized. The reason for the formation of the unrivalled nobility dates back to the period one thousand years ago when England was invaded by France. The French aristocrats disdained the populace of England. They were unwilling to live like these English common people. Though their own special life style and experience, the French aristocrats displayed their nobility. For the ancient Englishmen, the graceful life style of the French aristocrats was the aspiration for the entire Anglo-Sax on nation. This is the root of the Englishmen’s longing for graceful life. In the following years, this peculiar aspiration of the English people has gradually turned into a national habit. The monarchy existed in England more than one thousand years. The upper class always has great influence on the average people. For example, Knife and fork placement are great importance to the traditional British table manners who understand these may be regarded as the details of many educated people here and briefly explain the need for the rest of the British in the practice. Dinner for eight shaped, half-way if the temporary dining rest for a short knife and fork points can put a plate and fork blade tip relative to "A" shape or "eight"-shaped, knife toward himself, that still continue to eat . If you are talking, you can hold knife and fork, no need to go, but need to make gestures, it should be put down knife and fork, do not be armed with knife and fork, waving in the air shaking. The English society pursues the noble life of the upper class with the greatest enthusiasm of the world. The English people regard it as some kind of fashion. Though the pursuit of aristocratic, they have already brought the quality of dignity into the standard to judge whether a man is well educated. After more than on thousand years accumulation, the quality of nobility has branded deeply on the mind of both the English aristocrats and the populace. As a result, nobility has become a very important part of the English national character nowadays. 1.2 Pragmatism in British History Culture Pragmatism, which is an indispensable part of the English national character, is generally recognized. It is a nation where daydream and empty talks can hardly existed. People there like to try their best to realize what they think about. In the history of the country, English people always emphasize the spirit of pragmatism. Especially in the period of industrial revolution, the quality of pragmatism has been full demonstrated. They did all kinds of creation and invention with the spirit of pragmatism. From the invention of various machines to the progress of politics, science and literature, the quality of pragmatism developed tremendously during that period. The change which took place in every aspect of the country enhances the importance of pragmatism in the mind of English people. In British food culture they consider the cuisine is a sense. They think whether the colors and the taste of the food are delicious, the nutrition is the most important. Though sometimes the taste is not very well, they still eat all the food because these foods have much nutrition. Secondly they think the food is used for eating when hungry. So they usually choose the meat or the beef. Meanwhile the food industry has developed, such as canned, although taste, but saves time machine-made, and nutrition. Consequently, pragmatism becomes one of the most valued qualities of English people. Even today, England is still one of the most powerful countries in the world. Its prosperity is indispensable with the quality of pragmatism. The two distinctive aspects in national character show themselves in all aspects of the society. At the same time, nobility and pragmatism reveal themselves on British food and drink. Chapter Two Nobility in British Drink—Afternoon Tea There is a lot of British beverage producing impact on noble manner of aristocracy, especial afternoon. Afternoon tea is the very representative. 2.1 Nobility in the Origination and Development of Afternoon Tea Afternoon tea began in Victoria Times. A noble woman felt very dull at afternoon. On some day’s afternoon, she got very hungry. So she asked her servant to give her a cup of tea and some sandwiches. Then, she sat on a comfortable chair and ate sandwiches slowly. In the process of eating she found it was really making her pleasant. That time was no longer dull. Thus she decided to drinking tea and eating food in every day’s afternoon. The long afternoon became more interesting because of afternoon tea. Later when her friends went to her house she entertained them tea and cakes in afternoon. All of her guests liked such kind of entertainment. Gradually, drinking afternoon tea became popular in aristocracy. After many years, ordinary people were also drinking afternoon tea too. In the long development, afternoon tea is the proud. Now it becomes popular in the world. In fact, the most popular style to drink tea is high tea but high tea is often a misnomer. Most people refer to afternoon tea as high tea because they think it sounds regal and lofty, when in all actuality, high tea, or meat tea is dinner. High tea, in Britain, at any rate, tends to be on the heavier side. After British took afternoon tea to America, American hotels and tea rooms, on the other hand, continue to misunderstand and offer tidbits of fancy pastries and cakes on delicate china when they offer a ―high tea.Afternoon tea (because it was usually taken in the late afternoon) is also called low tea because it was usually taken in a sitting room with drawing room where low tables (like a coffee table) were placed near sofas or chairs generally in a large withdrawing room. Britain is traditionally brewed in a warmed china teapot, adding one spoonful of tea per person and one for the pot. Most British like their tea strong and dark and with add a lot of milk. About one hundred years ago, Britain gradually developed into a system of making tea. At that time people thought the mil should poured into the cup first, so as not to crack the porcelain. The traditional way of making tea is: 1. Boil some fresh cold water. 2. Put some hot water into the teapot to make it warm. 3. Purl the water away 4. Put one teaspoon of tea-leaves per person, and one tea-spoon into the pot. 5. Pour boiling water onto the tea. 6. Leave for a few minutes. 7. Service .It is amazing that a plain afternoon tea has such complicated procedure. That complicated procedure has a close relationship with British tradition. Watching carefully the method to making afternoon tea, people will find every step are courteous and not fall into a flutter. It seems that the traditional afternoon tea cares about how to show a series of noble manner but not care how complicated the procedure is. Such custom comes from Britain’s tradition of nobility. British are particular about their life and pay attention to education and bearing. They think drinking tea could show their bearing. Britain is a country which attaches importance to tradition of noble. They used to show their noble in the life. So, the afternoon tea can be considered as the time to show their bearing. Those are three different afternoon teas: Cream tea, Light tea, Full tea. Everyone has its different taste. Some have heavy taste and some are light; some have cream and some have sweet. Everyone could choose the best according to his taste. Such difference proves British are particular about their life quality. A noble woman who lived in Victoria Times was the first one who enjoyed afternoon tea. Them the afternoon tea became a trend. At last it developed into a custom of the whole nation. Although afternoon tea has not been confined to the noble, but its noble origination decided its noble blood. In face, in ordinary British’s eyes that drinking tea is a noble movement. People transmit the noble element carefully which lives in the afternoon tea. A district’s food and drinking culture infect the local people in some degree. In the passed hundred years, both noble and common people both were influenced by noble manner of afternoon tea, but also they are just taking shape a national nature- looking for the noble character. In England, the traditional time for tea was four or five o’clock and no one stayed after seven o’clock. Most tea rooms today serve tea from three to five o’clock. The menu has also changed from tea, bread, butter and cakes, to included three particular courses severed specifically in this order. Savories – Tiny sandwiches or appetizers Scones – Served with jam and Devonshire or clotted cream Pastries – Cakes, cookies, shortbread and sweet British people are so loving their tea, even the afternoon tea becomes a national movement at about 5’clock in afternoon. Today British families do not have time for afternoon tea at home, but in the past it was a tradition. It became popular about one hundred and fifty years ago, when rich ladies invited their friends to their houses for an afternoon cup of tea. They started offering their visitors sandwiches and cakes too. Soon everyone was enjoying Afternoon tea. Therefore, the authentic afternoon tea has a series of etiquette. When they are drinking afternoon tea, they show their polite thoroughly. No matter the noble or ordinary people, who want to drink afternoon tea he or she must know the etiquette of afternoon tea. 2.2 Nobility in the Etiquette of Afternoon Tea The etiquette of drinking afternoon is as follows. Pick up your cup and saucer together – holding the saucer in one hand and cup in the other. The best way to hold a tea cup is to slip the index finger through the handle, up to almost the fist knuckle, then balance and secure the cup by placing the thumb on the top of the handle and allowing the bottom of the handle to rest on the middle finger. Hold the cup lightly, by the handle – the pinky doesn’t have to be extended (contrary to popular belief, the ring and pinkie fingers should not be extended, but should rest by curving gently back toward your wrist). Hold the saucer under the cup while people sip tea. When stirring the tea, please do not make noises by clink the sides of the cup while stirring. Gently swish the tea back and forth being careful no to touch the sides of the cup if possible. Never leave the spoon in the cup and be sure not to sip the tea from the spoon either. After stirring, place the spoon quietly on the saucer, behind the cup, on the right hand side under the handle. Milk is served with tea, not cream. Cream is too heavy and masks the taste of the tea. Although some pour their milk in the cup first, it is probably better to pour the milk in the tea after it is in the cup in order to get the correct amount. When serving lemon with tea, use lemon slices, not wedges. Either provide a small fork or lemon fork for the guests, or have the tea server can neatly place a slice in the tea cup after the tea has been poured. Be sure never to add lemon with milk since the lemon’s citric acid will cause the proteins in the milk to curdle. Because of afternoon tea firstly prevail in aristocracy, so it must succeed to the etiquette of the noble people. Now in some degree people can say the etiquette of afternoon tea is complex. During the time people drink tea, people have to abide by the processes and be attention to what people should do or what people should not do. Though the etiquette is tiresome, the humble people always like to pursue it. Because they think it is a noble style. In Britain’ history, the humble people are always tending to imitate noble’s life style. In 19th century, with the rising of the bourgeoisie the Britain’s economy, society and culture were changed. The new richer wanted to mould their new statues of society desperately. Because they desired change their past image. So, trends imitating of culture, imitating noble’s life style were popular in British society. Everyone can see today’s Britain: upper-class is still deeply influencing today’s country. And now, more and more lower-0class people inherit upper-class’ noble character. The whole nation has this kind of idea – I want to be a noble. Chapter Three Pragmatism in British Food and British’s Food Conception There are many kinds of food in Britain. The most famous food includes dessert and pub food. Those food’s materials and cooking method could embody British’s Pragmatic. 3.1 Pragmatism in Food Materials and Cooking Methods British food is pay important attention to nutrient. So, British adopt a variety of raw materials. In the British food, those foods who adopt a single material are very few. Generally speaking, almost all food uses many different materials. Those materials include vegetable, fruits, rice, flour, meet, milk, egg and so on, which almost cover all of the raw materials of food. Now, there list some food’s ingredient and cooking method. From them that people could find British food adopt a variety of food materials. Hasty pudding is a simple and quick (thus the name) steamed pudding of milk, flour, butter, eggs, and cinnamon. Bake。