2021考研英语一真题及答案20年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 英语(一)试题 Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the follog tet.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to note that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can＇t remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance＇s name, or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.“ 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 . Neuroscientists, eperts who study the nervous system, are increasingly shog that there＇s actually a lot that can be done.It 6 out that the brain needs eercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can signifantly improve our bas cognitive 8 .Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain.To a certain etent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.11 , because these connections are made through effort and practe, scientists believe that intelligence can epand and fluctuate 12 mental effort. Now, a new Web-based pany has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training program“ designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 . The Web-based program 15 you to systematally improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement.Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 eercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why 2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses 3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While 4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damang[D]obscure 5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook 6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures 7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations 8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion 9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process 10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]ecel[D]feature 11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However 12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of 13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around 14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]fleibility 15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows 16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace 17.[A] to[B]with[C]for[D]on 18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually 19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take 20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiar Section Ⅱ Reading prehension Part A Directions：Read the follog four tets.Answer the questions after each tet by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Tet 1 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Echequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV rester for online job search, and start looking for work will they be elible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? More arent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance.“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed.“We’re doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, plete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the tapayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your ine from the generous state.It is financially terrifying psychologally embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and etraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and etraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted; you are now ecluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial ine to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has diseared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency- permanent dependency if you can get it-supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever- tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never hened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster hens.Even the very phrase ‘jobseeker’s allowance’-invented in 1996- is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU. 21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to . [A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits. [B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking. [C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily. [D]guarantee jobseekers’ letimate right to benefits. 22.The phrase “to sign on” (Line 3,Para.2) most probably means [A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre. [B]to accept the government’s restrtions on the allowance. [C]to rester for an allowance from the government. [D]to attend a governmental job-training program. 23.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme? [A] A desire to secure a better life for all. [B] An eagerness to protect the unemployed. [C] An urge to be generous to the claimants. [D] A passion to ensure fairness for tapayers. 24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel [A]uneasy. [B]enraged. [C]insulted. [D]guilty. 25.To whh of the follog would the author most probably agree? [A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness. [B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment. [C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs. [D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional. Tet 2 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible eception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for plaint than Amera. During the decade before the econom crisis, spending on legal serves in Amera grew twe as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead bee the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this.One is the ecessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most Ameran states: a four-year undergraduate degree at one of 20law schools authorized by the Ameran Bar Association and an epensive preparation for the bar eam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on of undergraduate debts.Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar eam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the etra training could cut their debt mountain by a third. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrtive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Ecept in the Distrt of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethally. In fact, allog non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve serves to customers, by encourang law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ effiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions.Amera should follow. 26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to [A]the grog demand from clients. [B]the increasing pressure of inflation. [C]the prospect of working in big firms. [D]the attraction of financial rewards. 27.Whh of the follog adds to the costs of legal education in most Ameran states? [A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies. [B]Admissions roval from the bar association. [C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major. [D]Receiving training by professional associations. 28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system orinates from [A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance. [B]the rid bodies governing the profession. [C]the stem eam for would-be lawyers. [D]non-professionals’ sharp critism. 29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrtive” partly because it [A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession. [B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares. [C]aggravates the ethal situation in the trade. [D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits. 30.In this tet, the author mainly discusses [A]flawed ownership of Amera’s law firms and its causes. [B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in Amera. [C]a problem in Amera’s legal profession and solutions to it. [D]the role of undergraduate studies in Amera’s legal education. Tet 3 The US$3-million Fundamental physs prize is indeed an interesting eperiment, as Aleander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature artle in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many, like the Fundamental Physs Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Inter entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists ted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.The new awards are an eercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status of peer-reviewed research.They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-vers seem as scattered as the critism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some letimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it es to acknowledng the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rh individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time, rather than intention, has ven them letimacy. As much as some scientists may plain about the new awards, two things seem clear.First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention e to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to critize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-vers’ money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such fts with gratitude and grace. 31.The Fundamental Physal Prize is seen as [A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’ wealth. [B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize. [C]an ele of bankers’ investment. [D]a handsome reward for researchers. 32.The crits think that the new awards will most benefit [A]the profit-oriented scientists. [B]the founders of the new award. [C]the achievement-based system. [D]peer-review-led research. 33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typal case whh involves [A] controversies over the recipients’ status. [B] the joint effort of modern researchers. [C] letimate concerns over the new prizes. [D] the demonstration of research findings. 34.According to Paragraph 4, whh of the follog is true of the Nobels? [A]Their endurance has done juste to them. [B]Their letimacy has long been in dispute. [C]They are the most representative honor. [D]History has never cast doubt on them. 35.The author believed that the new awards are [A]acceptable despite the critism. [B]harmful to the culture of research. [C]subject to undesirable changes. [D]unworthy of publ attention. Tet 4 “The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the Ameran Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in Amera.Regrettably, however, the report＇s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2021, leading congressional Democrats and Republans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others“ to “maintain national ecellence in humanities and social scientif scholarship and education.“In response, the Ameran Academy formed the mission on the Humanities and Social Sciences.Among the mission＇s 51 members are -tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business eecutives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, mus and journalism. The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, partularly Ameran history and Ameran government; and encourages the use of new dital technoloes.To encourage innovation and petition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent currula that improve students＇ ability to solve problems and munate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day.The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the epansion of study abroad programs. Unfortunately, despite 2 years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter“ never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The mission ignores that for several decades Amera＇s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don＇t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on cus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehles for publizing “progressive,“ or left-liberal propaganda. Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive publ poly as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classal liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance —as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes letimate, intellectual investigation. The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. 36.According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report? [A] Crital [B] reciative [C] Contemptuous [D] Tolerant 37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to [A] retain people’s interest in liberal education. [B] define the government’s role in education. [C] keep a leading position in liberal education. [D] safeguard individuals rights to education. 38.According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests [A] an eclusive study of Ameran history. [B] a greater emphasis on theoretal subjects. [C] the lation of emerng technoloes. [D] funding for the study of foreign languages. 39.The author implies in Paragraph 5 that professors are [A] supportive of free markets. [B] cautious about intellectual investigation. [C] conservative about publ poly. [D] biased against classal liberal ideas. 40.Whh of the follog would be the best title for the tet? [A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter” [B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter” [C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education [D] Progressive Poly vs.Liberal Education 答案21-25 BCAAB 26-30 DCBAC 31-35 ABDAA 36-40 ABCBB Part B Directions： The follog paragraphs are ven in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent tet by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boes .Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Some archaeologal sites have always been easily observable—for ele, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of za in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England.But these sites are eceptions to the norm .Most archaeologal sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident.Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digng of the Meo City subway in the 1970s. [B] In another case, Ameran archaeolosts Rene million and George Cowll spent years systematally ming the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Meo near what is now Meo City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word.The researchers med not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment plees where mon people lived. [C] How do archaeolosts know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typally, they survey and sle (make test ecavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where ecavation will yield useful information.Surveys and test sles have also bee important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeologal sites. [D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copn, Honduras, have located hundre。