英语写作句法多样化专题 (Syntactic Variety)1. 并列关系a) 并列大量名词: n1, n2, n3, …, and nni. A, B, C, … and other Xs…ii. X, such [Y] as A, B, C…, …b) 并列名词性成份: n. + what/how/whether/if… [并列复杂句]i. what = something thatii. how = the way/manner in whichc) 并列形容词性成份i. a1 and a2 + nii. a1 + yet/but + a2 + niii. a1, a2 + n + that…iv. a1, a2, so a3 that/as to…d) 并列副词性成份i. ad1 and ad2ii. ad1 + yet/but + ad2iii. ad1, ad2, prep.iv. ad1, ad2, so ad3 that/as to…e) 并列动词i. 并列动词a) …v1…, v2-ing…, v3-ing…b) S1 + v1-ing, S2 + v2 …ii. 并列句子a) …, and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequently…b) not only/simply/merely… but also/…as well/even…c) neither… nor…d) not that… but that…f) 并列从句: … that…, and that…[并列复杂句]i. that引导的宾语从句ii. that引导的定语从句iii. that引导的主语从句2. 重复成分a) 重复形容词i. … a. …, so a. that/as to…b) 重复名词 (同位语结构)i. … n., n that…ii. 原样重复iii. 同义重复a) 归纳b) 演绎3. 从句a) whether/if/what/how做宾语b) when/whenever; while + -ing/-edc) if/whether + adj.d) what/how/when/where + to…4. 倒装a) 否定词(组)位于句首b) 比较句中的第二个句子c) 虚拟语气条件句中(Had/Were/Should)d) 表语提前的倒装i. prep.: Among…ii. adj. phrase: Equally important is …iii. -ing phrase: Matching… is …iv. as: Obvious as it is, this cause has always been neglected.5. 分割效果1. 并列a) 并列大量名词: n1, n2, n3, …, and nnv. A, B, C, … and other Xs…vi. X, such [Y] as A, B, C…, …History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, and other abstract subjects have to be learned from books, or primarily from books.Some knowledge, such abstract subjects as history, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, has to be learned from books, or primarily from books.It is necessary for everyone to read imaginative literature, such as poetry, novels, or mythology.It is necessary for everyone to read poetry and other types of imaginative literature such as novels and mythology.1. 并列b) 并列名词性成份: n. + what/how/whether/if… [并列复杂句]i. what = something thatii. how = the way/manner in whichMost parents educate their children merely by instinct rather than by proper pedagogy, and usually do not care about their relationship with children and how such neglect influences the future development of their children.Most students are eager to obtain knowledge, but they lack the sense of what is good, or what is necessary and how such a deficiency in the concept of viewing the situation as a whole would mislead them.1. 并列c) 并列形容词性成份i. a1 and a2 + nii. a1 + yet/but + a2 + niii. a1, a2 + n + that…iv. a1, a2, so a3 that/as to…a small town à a small and peaceful towna good teacher à a good and very impressive teachera stupid decision à a stupid and incorrigible decision…simple yet effective methoda direct and simple yet magically effective methodan irrational yet understandable decisiona fair and balance, yet undesirable decisionobvious yet not the most significant reasonexpensive yet worthy courseslow yet indispensable processA weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life.[T0105-P02-L3]Most students can hardly stand for his typically dry and dull lectures that would normally continue at least several quarters without giving any essential information.The impact that technology has had on our daily life and society in general, is undeniable. It will become even greater as computers get faster, smaller, smarter, and so inexpensive that virtually everyone will be able to own one.A class led by a lethargic teacher could be extremely dull, dry, and so boring that drives everybody in the class into sleep.Learning in essence is a process that is time-consuming, painstaking, and so hard that virtually only persistent few can finally have a sense of real achievement.1. 并列d) 并列副词性成份i. ad1 and ad2ii. ad1 + yet/but + ad2iii. ad1, ad2, prep.iv. ad1, ad2, so ad3 that/as to…A conscientious teacher always prepares his lecture carefully, intelligently, and with the full consideration of all possible aspects concerning the subject.1. 并列e) 并列动词i. 并列动词a) …v1…, v2-ing…, v3-ing…ii. 并列句子b) …, and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequently…c) not only/simply/merely… but also/…as well/even…d) neither… nor…e) not that… but that…f) 并列从句: … that…, and that…[并列复杂句]iii. that引导的宾语从句iv. that引导的定语从句v. that引导的主语从句An absent-minded teacher lacks drive to make class intensely focused, often preparing nothing in advance, wandering among random topics, thus wasting and killing times of industrial students.l 主语相同的两个句子并列，“and”对应的中文应该是“也”。
Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are the major source from which people obtain knowledge.书本记录着思想和理念，也是人们获取知识的主要来源 thereforel 2. …, and thus … consequently subsequently as such Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are therefore the major source from which people obtain knowledge.书本记录着思想和理念，所以也是人们获取知识的主要来源History has to be vague and ambiguous, and is therefore/thus so interesting that many are obsessed, because people always cannot help trying to know the truth.历史必然模糊含混，也正是如此，它才那样有趣以至于很多人都被深深的吸引，因为人们总是忍不住要追寻真理。
Chinese children unfortunately have few rights to make their own decisions, and subsequently often have to do things that they do not enjoy doing at all.很不幸孩子们很少有自作主张的权利，也因此常常只能去做自己不喜欢做的事情Modern vehicles have extended the range of people’s activity, and thus made much more goods available to local markets.现代交通工具延伸了人们活动的范围，也因此使市场上的商品数量增加了It is the nature of human that determines that people tend to trust themselves rather than others, and consequently they often misguide by their own feelings rather than reasons.这是人性所决定的：人们倾向于相信自己而不是相信别人，也因此常常被自己的感觉所误导，而不是遵循理智。
3. 元素并列的其他手段肯定句: also; as well; too; equally; of equal importance…否定句: either, neither; norA good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will also make people healthier.A poor environment will not make people happier.A bad environment will not make people healthier either.或Nor a bad environment will make people healthier.4. not… but计算机不仅给人们带来了方便，还是人们学得更多Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.补充: 分割效果1) 主语和谓语动词之间2) 助动词和实意动词之间3) 系动词和表语之间 only also…not simply but … as well. merely even…not that… but that…Not that emails or telephones have made people less personal, but that people themselves have become less personal. One of several possible reasons is that people usually lack of adequate communicating skills.A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will make people healthier as well.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will even make them more productive.2. 重复成分a) 重复形容词vii. … a. …, so a. that/as to…b) 重复名词viii. … n., n that…In fact, history is interesting, so interesting that many are obsessed by it, because people always cannot help knowing the truth.Parents or other adults often give merely a casual answer to a serious question from a curious child, an answer that makes no sense at all, and might have unforeseeable negative consequence in the future.3. 从句a) whether/if/what/how做宾语a) when/whenever; while + -ing/-edb) if/whether + adj.c) what/how/when/where + to…d) …, n + of + which…深入研究转折1. 形容词的转折并列simple yet effective methoda simple, direct, practical yet magically effective methodirrational yet understandable decisiona fair and balance, yet undesirable decisionobvious yet not the most significant reasonexpensive yet worthy courseslow yet indispensable processA weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story....2. 包装（反复取非）History is useful.History is not useful.It is commonly believed that history is not useful. However, this is a prevailing misunderstanding.Hypocrites lie.Hypocrites do not tell the truth.Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit.Hypocrites have many forms, but they have one thing in common: Hypocrites do tell the truth when and only when they have convinced that by doing so they can benefit.Although most people were hostile to the hypocritical behaviors, and believe profoundly in the sacredness of truth and the inviolable freedom of those who dare to tell the truth, they often betray their principle, dignity, and in effect become accompanies of other hypocrites. Hypocrites have many forms, but always have one thing in common: they essentially have no principle at all. They tell the truth when and only when they feel the truth is on their side, otherwise they would refuse rather than accept the truth, or remain silence even choose to lie for the sake of their own safety if they find they are threatened, even when that threat is at most potential.It’s fortunate that our society always has a small portion of citizens who always try to insist their principles and struggle to defend even when tremendous cost is anticipated. When nearly everyone in this society had learnt to remain silence, Doctor Jiang Yan Yong stood out and shouted the truth about SARS. When nobody in this country is not afraid of AIDS, Doctor Gao Yao Jie is rushing around to help the helpless. When most people in this country believe money is everything, and should be made by whatever means is possible, Zhou Li Tai, as a lawyer, is persistently fighting for the weakest group who might be incapable of paying his consultant fee.Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will also make people healthier.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will even make people more productive.Modern transportation vehicles such as automobiles have not only made more goods available in the local markets, but they have also lowered the price of the products in the markets.。