. 智能小车英文文献 Development ofan Vehicle System Intelligent Experiment vehicle tendtofocusontheresearchofvehicle testsonAbstract:Existing experiment systems dynamicsbyconductingperformance orsome ofthevehiclesoasto theentire ofthevehicle.Virtual is utilizedineverysystem parts improve performance technology widelyvariousvehicletest.beds.Thesetest-bedsare usedtosimulatethe theresearchondrivers’behaviors,or mainly drivingtraining.conduct virtualdemonstrations ofthe on theactive ofthe vehicleinthegive transportation environment.However,thestudy safety runningvirtualenvironmentisstillinsufficient.Avirtualscene roadsandvehiclesisdevelopedbyusingthesoftwareCreatorandVega, includingandradarsandcamerasarealsosimulatedinthescene.Basedon dSPACE’s simulationandits boardDS1l03.a rapidprototyping singlesimulation vehiclecontrol isset in modelisthenbuiltintoCcode,andthe modelincluding signals up MATLAB/Simulink.the systemdefinedfile(SDFlisdownloaded totheDSl103board throughthe experiment debugsoftware ControlDeskand iskept running. ismade Visual C++6.0.MATLAB API andVega API.Control signalsareread outby invoking libraryProgramming by mixingfunctionMLIB/MTRACE ofdsPAcE.Alltheinput,output,andsystemstatevaluesareacquiredbyarithmeticandaredynamicallyassociatedwiththe statusofthevirtualvehicle.An vehicle isthus virtue running intelligent experimentsystem developedby ofprogramand hasnotonly thedemonstrationfunction,suchasgeneraldriving,cruisecontrol,activeavoidingcollision,integration.Thesystem the virtuaI ofthe can beset toneeds.and thevirtualtestresultscanbebutalso functionof experiment.Parameters system according andstudiedandusedforthe withthe modeIs.111e reflectsthe ofthe vehicleinanalyzed comparison existing system running intelligentthevirtualtrafficenvironment.atthesametime.the isanew on the vehicletravelresearchand system attemptperformed intelligentprovidesalsoanewresearchmethodforthedevelopmentofintelligentvehicles.Keywords:intelligentvehicle,signalsintegration,mixprogramming,virtualexperiments simulators or vehicle dynamic simulation systems.For1 Introduction of Iowa of the United States example,the University developed the world’smost advanced the U.S.NationalThe developmentofintelligentvehiclerequires thatthe J Advanced DrivingSimulator(NADS)t4 in1999.TheStatestructureofthevehicleitselfandalsoitsrunningprocessbe Kev of Automobile Simulation of the interaction Laboratory Dynamicintelligentized80 as toimprove intelligent JilinUniversitydevelopedthelargestautomobiledynamicwithother vehiclesand the facilitiesinroad surrounding simulato一3JillC。
hinaattheendofthe20th to ensure the active of the century.Thesetraffic,and safety running areall withvisual simulators equipped displaysystem,and are two methodsvehicle.Generally,there corresponding a to therealcar isplacedon bench withsixscalablelegsfor developing vehicle test—beds.One isto modify or simulate thedynamic drivingprocessofthevehicle.Theconfigurearealvehicleforactualroadtesting.TheUnited most realisticground vehicle can thus and drivingexperienceStates,Europe,Japan[¨,and Tsin曲ua University¨1 be active of the relevant obtained;however,the safety runningJilin Universityt3]iIl China have carried out vehicle isnot taken into account at a11.In 2009.the made vehicles.Thecommonfeatureresearches,and sample Automobile Research Institute inofthese isthat are real of"Isinghua University projects they developedby using Chinaboughtadynamicvirtualdrivingtest-bedfromJapan.cars todo some safedrivingresearcheson certainaspects which hasiustbeen andinstalledSuccessfully, need debuggedof the real cal'.These test.beds generally high and is now being used fora number of researches on thetestson theactualroadsareinvestment,high.cost.and of ofChinaalso second methodisto establish drivers’drivingbehaviors.College Engineering highlydangerous.The is to Agricultural University making a virtual test.bedindoor test.beds virtual environments.Ford, by using conduct relatedtestsontractorsattheprovingground.The andother academicresearchRenault,Toyota,Honda major meritsoflow cost and ofthetest.bedintheinstitutions have established various of highersafety types driving make it conducts the laboratory widely utilized.Re£『61 research and development ofthe test.bedforthe hybrid electricvehicle basedon dSn~CE simulation experiment’Correspondingauthor.E—mail:yxh30@sina.com This is ResearchFundfortheDoctoral project supportedbySpecialized platform,which can examme the overallperformance ofProgram Education No.2007000601 ofHigher ofChina(Grant 1) 万方数据 CHINESE JOURNAL OFMECHANICAL ENGINEERING ・685・the in view of several modes. fiveabove.mentionedsottwaresframed thedottedlinesystem typical operating by on the active ofthe are installed inthe industrial control theObviously,the study safety running computer,andvehiclein controlsignalsofthehardwaresofthetest.bedareaccessed thevirtualenvironmentisstillinsufticient.anditis throughthedatapinsoftheDS1l03 board.Thereal—timeworthy to develop indoor test.beds to research on simulationofSimulinkmodelsneedsthesupportofthetoolintelligencevehicles. of real.time workshop(RTWl of MATLAB. dSPACEThis aims toestablishan rora paper experiment system toolinto integratesitsowncodegeneratoranddownloadingtest.bed、to thevehiclewith thetramc in integrate safety inSimulinkthevirtual thefactors of MATLAB.1U’I blocks.whichare embedded environment.preview intelligent and are used to the dSPACE thereal conditionsofthe implement functionality,running,simulate driving vehicle,and indoor research on theactive of the connect dSAPCE with RTW.RTW“Builds”Simulink perform safety model including RTI to C code.the system defined vehicle in the test—bedintelligent traveling by making can be downloadedtoDSl103 board, in file(SDF)generatedinteract with the vehicles or scenes the virtual toenvironment. andtheinterfaceControlDeskcallthenbeused conduct real.timeobservation on allvariables.andtheparametersInthisPaDer,section2brieflystatestIleoverallstructure can bemodifiedon.1ineif isthus to the software environment and the hardware necessary.It possibleincluding a theinfluencesofdifferentfactors. make carefulanalysisofconfiguration of the 3 experimental system.Section and dSAPCE function in Using m language library the hardwareanalyzes key technologies including signal MATLAB Command Window can access the datasimulation and vehicles running dynamics processing. 仃ansferred dSPACE blocks.thenthe between by responseSection4introducesthemixedprogramming skills.Finally, the external control signals of DS1l03 card pins andthefunctionandimplementationoftheexperimentsystem Simulinkmodel canbeachieved.Avirtualsceneiscreatedareexpatiatedon. byCreatorandVbgatogether,a“Project”isereatedbasing onMFC Document/ViewclassintheVC++6.0platform,2 Overall Structure the applicationprogramdevelopedthroughprogrammingby MATLAB withVega makes the test-bedas aThe environmentistheindustrial control combining development whole.and the virtual vehicle driving situation can becomputer Advantech 610H,and the single board system shown the device. through displayDS1l03ofthereal.timesimulationdevelopmentsystemofdSPACE.AU and DSP are on the same I/O integratedboard.whichisinsertedintothePC.16一bitISAbusslot嬲shown inFig.1.Inthefigure.theleftpictureistheboarditself,andthe isits of its3X 100 rightpicture I/0pinsSUB.Daccess.insertkeythroughthreeISAslots. Fig.2.Combinationofthehardwaresandsottwares ofthetest.bed Fig.1.PhysicalmaDofDSll03board 矗ditssi印alpins 3 Key Technologies IntheWindowsXP Pack 3.1 Virtualvisionsimulationand Professional(Service 2、system, simpledrivingweinstallthe soffwares:(1)VisualC++6.0。
the ofthevehicle following for MFC.based discussed the 3Ddevelopment platform Document/View Ref.[7]has modeling by using 3D MultiGen Creatortoconstructavirtualsceneandvehicles.programming;(2)MultiGen.Creator3.0.1,the modeling Vega 3.7the visual simulation and therealizationofthesimpledrivingofthevehiclebysoftware;(3)Paradigm is an scenemodelandvehiclemodelinplatform;(4)MATLAB 7.0.4/Simulink,which loading ParadigmVega. for dSPACE. and is used for Forthesafe ofavehicle,avirtuaIradartomeasureintegrated platform driving and MATLAB API the distancebetween vehicles and thespeed oftllefrontmodeling programming;(5)dSPACE vehicle and a virtual camera tocollect the environmentsoftwarepackages(version4.2),DSl103 boarddriver.AlldSPACE blocks including real.timeinterfaee(RTI)blocks signals around the vehicle ale installed.The flexibleof DS1l03 board are nested into Simulink after drivingandcontrollingofavirtualvehicleneedstheaidof beinginstalled and areused the same as Simulirtk blocks. the association between the test.bedhardware just dynamicControlDeskisthetestinterfaceofdSPACE. control and thevehicleinvirtualscene.aswellas signals Fig.2shows thecombinationofthehardwaresand the some model and of vehicles and algorithms parameterssoftwaresofthetest.bed.Ascallbe seenin也e figure.the roads. 万方数据 ・686・ YANG ofan VehicleExperiment Xinhong,etal:Development Intelligent System wheel anglesensor ofMazda6isselected.withthepower3.2 Achievementofcontrol dSPACE 5V and its two signalsby supply being output being orthogonalThe interfaceLYNX of 3.7has encoder and one another todeterminethe Paradigm vega specific pulses pulseconnection port leftfor the extemal 3D input device. ofthe center.The signalsareread position steering pulse byBesides the and themouse,therearealso other thecontrolmodel dSPACEandare with ke:yboard through processed devices such嬲the modular devices of differential basedon Simulinktoobtaininput helmet, operation directly and force feedback the wheel locationjoystick,touch devices,etc.The steering angle,steeringdirection,centralcommunication is realized through the host and computer rotatingspeedsignal.RS-232 COMl orCOM2 default.andtheselected port by 3.2.3 Brakedevicecan itsroleafterits pedal play driverisinstalled.Inorderto In order to facilitate control,the brake pedal is alldemonstratetheauthenticityofthe ofthetest.bed, operation electronic iustsimilartotheacceleratorthereal belowareaccessed. pedal pedal. signals Based on the above analysis.the Simulink model3.2.1 Accelerationpedalandelectronicthrottle control isestablishedasshown in including signals Fig.4.Acceleration isa Boschelectronic Inthe blocknamed withthe“DSl103”area11 pedal 6-pin pedal.The figure.anytwo position sensors which can reflectthe pedal stroke dSPACEblocks.outputtwoway voltages,with thevalue ofone voltage of theother.The electronic P282beingtwice嬲high鹊that PWMchanneIlthrottleisfrom Volkswagen.Thetwoway voltages,which 剁satrurac--lllon PWMchannel2 纽 PWM PWMcharmel nPlPOIDut 3areoutput two sensorsand thethrottle 1Peda仄lN]eedDe『一g|-l by position represent 阿U V.The PWMchannelqopening degree.sum closeto 5 throttleopening InronIe Cong DSlt03豇■砑雨 iscontrolled a DC brush motor the RealDegdegree by driving Bn’岸0 Saturation 卫耻L墨矛”reduction gearon thethrottlecontrol axis.Fig.3 isthe BIT群l P2A18 I一6‘伊、:l OutTorque o酮。
厂-CD BIT#2 theconnectionoftheelectronicthrottlediagrarnshowing 巴!s坚teer蜀ing.餍K/i.1t.. L同 BIT#3driven the acceleration circuit is by pedal.H—bridge L—J BIITTⅣ#54 谰w“吲rlineluded inthe throttle driver to the Scope jermlnator plate. According 阑/ BIT抖6 P1840 T鲥Dgpem.aIRVJdifferent boardsends BIT#7 pedal stroke,thedriver a different 臣区P DrouedutycycleofPWM wave tocontrolthemotortorqHe andthustodrivethethrottledeflection.ThecontrolstrategY is model Fig.4.Simulink includingcontrolsignalsPID contr01.ThethrottleseⅣoisfoundtobein closed-loopa stateafterseveral andcalibration. good filtering 3.3 Processingofthesimulationforvehicledynamics Thestudyof runningvehicles based on trafficmainly focuses onmacro.ievelinformationincludingpedestrians. vehicles,roads.However,this thevehicle paperemphasizes situationinthevirtualenvironment.Therefore.tlle running dynamic models of the entire vehicle and the major assembliesare ignored,only thedynamic andkinematic analysisisconsidered. Multi—group real experimental data of one engine, includingthethrottle and openingdegree,theenginespeed Fig.3.Diagramabouttheconnectionoftheelectronic the shown in a outputtorque,are Fig.5.For giventhrottle throttledrivenbytheaccelerationpedal opening degree and an engine speed,the corresponding engine torque can be obtained through and3.2.2 wheel fitting Signalsofsteering ofthe curve. interpolation engine Thesignalof wheel isusedtomeasurethe steering angle The the of followingEq.(1)嗍is mechanicalequation therotational ofthe wheel so asto the angle steering acquire vehicle’sforce:driver intention.The sensor for is steering measuringgenerallyinstalledbelowthesteeringwheelandtheformer ∑F=E一屏一Fi一民一巧一民, (I)side of the rack and the is determined gear signal to the encoder.A code discaccording photoelectric where只isthetractiveforce,Fristheinstalled on the steering column contains the encoded rollingresistance。
Firotational andother isthegraderesistance,凡isthe resistance,只 direction,rotationalangle information. aerodynamicwhich isthenscanned the istheaccelerationresistance,Fb isthe force.F by proximityoptocoupler.When brakingthe wheel sensorturnsatacertain andFbdonotexistatthesametime,andnoE existsonthesteering angle angle,the Calldetermine the absolute ofthe horizontalroad.processor present angle wheel the Fora of drivetrain’stransmissionsteering through pulsesequence.Here,asteering giventype vehicle,the 万方数据 CHINESE JOURNAL OFMECHANICAL ENGINEERn、『G ・687・ratio,transmission radius,etc.,areknown, VC++6.0 invokes MATLAB to access the data efficiency,wheelifthese andtheobtained in involvestheirmixed fivemethodsH as parameters enginetorque Fig.5 programming.andareallputinEq.(1),itisvery easytofindtheacceleration, foIlowscanbeusedtorealizethisinvoking:velocityanddisplacementofthevehicle. (1)Reading脚filesingeneralC++program; (2)C/C++callingMATLAB“engine”functions; (3)VC++calling the library functions which are converted from“m”file by the“mcc”command of MATLAB“Compiler'’: (4)VC++callingaCOM componentwhichiscompiled from“m”filebv“COMCompiler'’ofMATLAB: (51VC++callingthe“MathLibrary”directlyifalarge numberofmathematicalcalculationsareinvolved. Ⅳ队TfileasaformatinCommand WindowofMATLAB E—vbl厶u isnot suitabletobe usedin VC++application program, and few mathematical calculations are needed in the program:therefore,onlythethreemethods inthemiddle are useful. Because of software compatibility and identification issues.it is found that only the second oftheRPMandthe corresponding Fig.5.Meshes torque method.that is l103 the“engine”functions reading DS todifferentthrottleopeningdegree board interface data through MLIB/MTRACE. is ofMATLAB successful.Therefore.the“engine”functions are used for programming.The header file“#include3.4 Mixed withVC++6.0 programming tobeaddedinthe <engine.h>”isneeded programming.and thelibrary“englib.1ib”shouldalsobeaddedin“Setting”.If3.4.1 Obtainingcontrolsignalswith陀++丘O Therearethree toreadthese inVC++6.0 “mx”functionsareused.“#include<matrix.h>”isaddedto ways signals the“Header file”.and“libmx.1ib’’to the‘‘Library’’asshown inFig.6: respectively.Thesemaybechangedfordifferentversions.(1)By MATLAB API and“rn’’language invokingMLIB/MTRACE.VC++6.0 can access DSll03 board 3.4.2 InteractionofMATLABAPlandVegaAP/indirectly. MLIB/MTRACE is the dSPACE library The“Libraries”.the“Header files”infunction.whichaims atthe seamless between the“SeRing”of integration bechosenMATLAB anddSPACE.and calledbvMATLAB. VC++6.0 shouldbeset.andsome itemsshould easily and added in“Options”according totheneeds.Basedon(2)vc++6.oaccesses DSl103boardbvCLIB.CLIB,alsodSPACE function.includesasetofCfunctions VC++6.0.a“Project”is established from MFC librarywhich canallow toaccessthe AppWizard (exe), and MFC single document multipleprograms processorsimultaneously.Andthereal.timesimulationinteractionis interface(SDI)1'01is to API191. adopted program.MATLABconductedbetween thehostand the the which isassociatedwiththecontroI processor,without signals,orVegaAPI[“J, ofMATLAB.Therefore.thismethodismuchparticipation which isusedtocontrolvirtualenvironments.isselectedsimpleranddirect. accordingtoneeds,andtheytogethercanrealizedynamic(3)VC++6.0 accesses DS1103 board through CAN drivingofVega.communication.AIthoughdSPACECAN module hasbeen Atier the creation of the virtual environment,thenestedintheSimulinkblocks.anotherCAN cardisneeded of the control the mixedto hostboard integration signals,and serve asthemediumbetweenthecomputer of the softwares, an vehicleand ll rateis 1 programming intelligent DS 03board.CAN signaltransmitting only experiment system as shown in Fig.7 is eventually the formertworatesare l00 weMb/s,while Mb/s,and developed.have no CLIB.Therefore.the firstone is a balancedselectionofallthreemethods. Fi。