2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学技术大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Patients usually describe the feeling as _______ and in some cases it can trigger depression.问题1选项A.distractingB.distortingC.distressingD.disabling【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. distracting 使人分心的 B. distorting （v.）使变形，扭曲，使失真C. distressing 使人痛苦的，令人苦恼的 D. disabling （v.）使丧失能力，使伤残【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析解题思路】横线处形容the feeling，结合it can trigger depression，可知这种感觉让人感到极其不适，distressing符合语境，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境句意】患者通常描述这种感觉很痛苦，在某些情况下，这种感觉会引发抑郁2. 填空题One night, standing out on the deck, I felt destroyed by my burden. I was about $50,000 in debt. My publisher and my agent were at me constantly, to ask when I would finish this endless book. A B C D【答案】D to ask改为asking【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。
解题思路】D部分是句子的非谓语动词，ask和此句的主语My publisher and my agent是主动关系，所以用现在分词asking句意】一天晚上，我站在甲板上，觉得不堪重负我当时欠了5万美元我的出版商和经纪人不断地问我，什么时候能写完这本永无终止的书3. 填空题The commission has ruled that the donations by Bear wood Corporate Services were “legal and _______” after a 14-month investigation. (permit)【答案】permissible【解析】【考查点】形容词解题思路】根据横线前的and，可知legal和横线处表示并列，所以横线处应为形容词，并且意思和legal对应，permissible意思为“（法律或规则）容许的，许可的”，符合语境句意】经过14个月的调查后，委员会裁定认可贝尔斯登公司服务公司捐赠的合法性4. 单选题The cars handle well and have a striking design, with “butterfly” doors that _______ up and open.问题1选项A.switchB.sweepC.swingD.swell【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. switch （使）改变，转变 B. sweep 打扫，清扫C. swing （使）摆动，摇摆 D. swell （使）凸出，鼓出【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。
解题思路】根据关键词butterfly，可知车门的设计就像蝴蝶一样，结合后面and open，可知横线处指的是车门打开的方式，swing符合语境，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境句意】这款车操作良好，设计引人注目，它的蝴蝶门可以向上摇，然后打开5. 单选题Despite the recession in Brazil, many job hunters are taking their last savings and investing in English lessons because so many _______ employers want workers with a knowledge of English.问题1选项A.prevalentB.proficientC.prospectiveD.prominent【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. prevalent 普遍存在的，盛行的 B. proficient 熟练的，娴熟的，精通的C. prospective可能的，潜在的 D. prominent 著名的，杰出的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析解题思路】根据关键词job hunters，可知这些求职者学英语是为了找工作，雇主是谁还没有确定，prospective符合语境，因此C选项正确。
干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语境句意】尽管巴西经济衰退，许多求职者还是把最后的积蓄花在了英语课程上，因为很多潜在雇主都想要会英语的员工6. 单选题Vince Cable’s decision not to come to Oxford because of a peaceful protest is one of the most cowardly acts by a British politician in living memory.问题1选项A.sensibleB.effectiveC.fearfulD.cautious【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. sensible 明智的，理智的 B. effective 有效的C. fearful 惧怕的，胆怯的，担心的 D. cautious 小心的，谨慎的（谨慎说话和行事，尤其是为了避免危险或错误）【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析解题思路】cowardly的意思为“胆小的，怯懦的”，指的是因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学是懦弱的行为，fearful与之词义相近，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符句意】文斯•凯布尔因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学，这是人们记忆中英国政治家最懦弱的行为之一。
7. 填空题The family is a cooperative enterprise which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. A B C D【答案】A which改为where或for which【解析】【考查点】从句解题思路】it is difficult to lay down rules是修饰enterprise的定语从句，enterprise表示地点，所以可以用where引导结合固定句型It is difficult for sb. to do sth.，此题为for enterprise，在这里for which相当于where。
句意】家庭是合作式企业，很难制定规则，因为每个家庭都需要找到适合自己的办法来解决属于自己的问题8. 填空题These drugs ________ alertness, elevate mood, and decrease fatigue and the need for sleep, but they often make users irritable and talkative. (height)【答案】heighten【解析】【考查点】动词解题思路】These drugs为句子主语，横线处为谓语动词结合语境，这里先列出了这些药物的治疗功效，然后列出药物副作用，其中一个功效就是_____警觉性，heighten的意思为“（使）加强，提高，增加”，符合语境句意】这些药物会提高警觉性，改善情绪，减少疲劳和睡眠需求，但它们往往让服用者易怒并且健谈9. 填空题Once inside the virtual classroom, you have access to a chat feature, an ________ white board and a video window where they can see and hear the tutor in live video and audio. (interact)【答案】interactive【解析】【考查点】形容词。
解题思路】横线部分和white修饰board，指的是用来上课的交互式白板，interactive意思为“交互式的”，符合语境句意】一旦进入虚拟教室，你就可以使用聊天功能、交互式白板和视频窗口，学生就可以看到导师的实时视频，听到音频10. 填空题The professional fields that deal with ethical issues in medicine including medicine, nursing, law, sociology, philosophy, and theology, though in the late 20th century medical ethics has come to be recognized as its own discipline. A B C D【答案】B including改为include【解析】【考查点】动词。
解题思路】B部分在句子中是谓语动词，时态为一般现在时，主语The professional fields为复数，这里应该用include句意】处理医学伦理问题的专业领域包括医学、护理、法律、社会学、哲学和神学，尽管在20世纪后期，医学伦理已经被视为一门独立的学科11. 填空题The origin of contemporary sociological references to social structure can be traced to Emile Durkheim, who argued that parts of society are interdependent and that this interdependency imposes structure for the behavior of institutions A B C Dand their members.【答案】D for改为on【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。
解题思路】impose sth. on sb./sth.意思为“把……强加于……”，此题正确用法为impose structure on the behavior句意】当代社会学对社会结构可以追溯到埃米尔•迪尔凯姆，他认为社会的各个部分相互依赖的，这种相互依赖将结构强加在机构及其成员的行为12. 单选题The rule will no longer permit us to use as evidence statements that have been obtained using cruel, inhuman, or degrading interrogation methods.问题1选项A.punchingB.disturbingC.questioningD.rejecting【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. punching 拳打，以拳痛击 B. disturbing 打扰，干扰C. questioning 正式提问，质询 D. rejecting 拒绝接受，不予考虑【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】interrogation的意思为“审问”，这里指不能用残忍、不人道或有辱人格的审讯方法，questioning与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。
干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符句意】该规则不再允许我们使用通过残忍、不人道或有辱人格的审讯方法获得的证词作为证据13. 单选题Dr. Goebbels wrote that “we do not belong to those dreamers and illusionists who prophesy the collapse of the British Empire tomorrow”.问题1选项A.swearB.condemnC.predictD.crave【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. swear 咒骂，诅咒 B. condemn 谴责，指责C. predict 预言 D. crave 渴望，热望【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】prophesy的意思为“预告，预言”，指的是我们不是空想家和魔术师，对大英帝国的未来进行预言，predict与之词义相近，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符句意】戈培尔博士写道，我们不是那种预言大英帝国明天就要瓦解的空想家和魔术师14. 填空题Sedona, located in Arizona’s high desert, is famous for its ________ beautiful red-sandstone formations. (startle)【答案】startlingly【解析】【考查点】副词。
解题思路】横线处修饰形容词beautiful，所以应该用副词，startlingly意思为“惊人地”，在这里强调美丽的程度，符合语境句意】塞多纳位于美国亚利桑那州的高沙漠地带，以美丽的红砂岩而闻名15. 单选题Although blemished by the debt and deficit problems, the economy in Belgium was generally healthy. Both industrial production and overall gross domestic product were expected to rise by 1.6 percent for 1992.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.crushedC.stimulatedD.spoiled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. accumulated 积累，积聚 B. crushed 压坏，压伤C. stimulated 激发（某事物） D. spoiled 破坏，搞坏【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】blemished的意思为“破坏……的完美，玷污”，和economy构成动宾搭配关系，这里指的是经济受到债务和赤字问题的负面影响，经济遭到破坏，spoiled与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。
干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符句意】尽管受到债务和赤字问题的影响，比利时的经济总体健康预计1992年的工业生产和国内总产值都将增长1.6%16. 填空题The wide application of electronic computers in science and technology will freeman from the labor of complicated measurement and _______. (compute)【答案】computation【解析】【考查点】名词解题思路】and前后表示并列，横线处应该和measurement都是名词，结合关键词computers，可知横线处单词表示计算的意思，computation意思为“计算”，符合语境句意】电子计算机在科学技术方面的广泛应用将使人们从复杂的测量和计算中解放出来17. 单选题For perplexed policymakers in Washington, they meant scrambling from one policy to another in an effort to respond to a highly confusing economic situation.问题1选项A.disturbedB.puzzledC.irritatedD.enchanted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbed 有精神病的，心理不正常的 B. puzzled 困惑的，迷惑不解的C. irritated 烦恼的，恼怒的 D. enchanted 中魔法的，着了魔的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。
解题思路】perplexed的意思为“困惑的，迷惑不解的”，修饰policymakers，指的是这些制定政策的人很困惑，自己也没搞清楚状况，puzzled与之词义相近，因此B选项正确干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符句意】对于华盛顿困惑的决策者来说，这意味着匆忙地从一项政策转向另一项政策，以应对高度混乱的经济形势18. 填空题Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means which other basic American values such A B C Das individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.【答案】D which改为by which【解析】【考查点】从句。
解题思路】D部分到句子结尾是修饰means的定语从句，means为事物，引导词用which，结合短语by means，确定by which正确句意】由于竞争被大多数美国人视为进步和繁荣的主要来源，具有竞争力的商业机构受到尊重竞争不仅本身有好处，它还是一种维护其他美国价值观的方式，如个人自由、机会均等、勤奋工作等19. 填空题Reading and comprehending a large number of documents and reports—many of them specialized and technical—is a vital task that is intrinsic to fulfilling management and ________responsibilities. (execute)【答案】executive【解析】【考查点】形容词解题思路】intrinsic的用法为be intrinsic to sth.，形容词fulfilling修饰management，意思为“令人心满意足的”；根据关键词and，可知responsibilities和management是名词，横线处和fulfilling为形容词，executive意思为“执行的”，符合语境。
句意】阅读和理解大量的文件和报告——其中许多是专业和技术性的——是一项至关重要的任务，是实现管理和执行职责所固有的20. 单选题Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkey’s aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkey’s social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding, of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intergroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets ever more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities perse.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ________.2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkey’s behavior?3. The passage suggests that investigators of monkey’s social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because ________.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to ________.问题1选项A.advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behaviorB.comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeysC.discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggression among monkeysD.examining the effects of competition on monkey’s social behavior问题2选项A.Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.B.Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild.C.Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.D.Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys.问题3选项A.aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeysB.successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey groupC.most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulsesD.most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them问题4选项A.keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groupsB.control aggressive behavior among group membersC.prevent the domination of that group by anotherD.prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ________. 本文作者主要关注的是________。
A. advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior A. 提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法B. comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys B. 比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法C. discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggression among monkeys C. 讨论研究人员关于猴子间攻击性的理论的发展D. examining the effects of competition on monkey’s social behavior D. 考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题解题思路】文章第一段讲述研究人员对猴子间的攻击性很感兴趣（struck by monkey’s aggressive potential），并且展开调查（first investigations）；第二段讲述研究人员最初的观点（Investigators initially believed），这个观点在实验中（experiments like Southwick’s）受到质疑（doubted）；第三段讲述对野生动物和灵长类群体攻击性的研究（Studies）和得到的证据（evidence）；第四段解释研究结果（These studies of intruders suggest）。
综上所述，本文围绕研究猴子间攻击性的过程为中心展开讨论，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法”：文中没有提到此新方法，属于无中生有；B选项“比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法”：文中没有对这些方法进行比较，属于无中生有；D选项“考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响”：竞争是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkey’s behavior? 以下哪个选项最恰当地总结了文章中缺乏食物对猴子行为影响的发现？A. Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives. A. 缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励。
B. Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild. B. 在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强C. Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. C. 缺乏食物可能会暂时增强猴子之间的攻击性，但也会导致冲突的减少D. Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys. D. 缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。
解题思路】根据题干中信息词food deprivation定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“减少空间或不给猴子喂食（withholding），只能暂时增强（temporary increases）猴子群体内部的攻击性事实上（Indeed），缺乏食物不仅没有增强攻击性（failed to increase aggression），而且在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreased frequencies of aggression）结合第三段第一句“对极端缺乏食物条件下的野生动物的研究同样表明（likewise revealed），饥饿的猴子几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性互动（little energy remaining for aggressive interaction）可知缺乏食物可能会在短期增强攻击性，但会导致冲突减少，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励”：对应第二段倒数第二句“奖励对竞争的激励作用开始受到怀疑（the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted）”，可知这里的激励作用受到质疑，不是真实的，属于反向干扰；B选项“在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强”：缺乏食物在长期来看，会降低攻击性，对于野生环境同样适用，属于反向干扰；D选项“缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率”：对应第二段最后一句“缺乏食物在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreased frequencies of aggression）”，可知降低了攻击频率，属于反向干扰。
第3题:【选项释义】The passage suggests that investigators of monkey’s social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because ________. 这篇文章表明，猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子的攻击性行为特别感兴趣，因为________A. aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys A. 攻击性是猴子最常见的社会行为B. successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group B. 为奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序C. most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses C. 大多数猴子具有潜在的攻击性，然而，它们生活在社会群体中，如果不控制它们的攻击性冲动，社会群体就不能正常运转D. most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them D. 大多数猴子是群居的，但它们经常对进入已存在的社会群体的新来者进行攻击【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。
解题思路】根据题干中信息词interested in aggressive behavior定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“研究猴子社会行为的研究人员一直被猴子的潜在攻击性（monkey’s aggressive potential）以及随之而来的对其攻击性行为进行社会控制的需要（need for social control of their aggressive behavior）所吸引（struck）”，可知研究人员猴子的攻击性行为感兴趣的原因是，它们具有潜在的攻击性，并且需要控制攻击冲动，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“攻击性是猴子最常见的社会行为”：文中没有提到猴子最常见的社会行为是攻击性行为，属于无中生有；B选项“为奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序”：文中没有提到为了得到奖励而竞争决定了猴群中的社会秩序，属于无中生有；D选项“大多数猴子是群居的，但它们经常对进入现有的社会群体的新来者进行攻击”：对应第三段倒数第二句“引发攻击的最有效刺激之一（most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression）是将入侵者引入一个有组织的群体”以及第四段第二句“当一只新动物进入一个已存在的社会组织时，新来者会遇到更严重的攻击（the newcomer meets ever more serious aggression）。
可知这是在说猴子在什么时候最具有攻击性，而不是研究人员对猴子的攻击性感兴趣的原因，属于偷换概念第4题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to ________. 从文章中可以推断出，为了________，在一群猴子中建立和维护社会秩序必不可少A. keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groups A. 防止猴子走失并加入其他群体B. control aggressive behavior among group members B. 控制群体成员的攻击性行为C. prevent the domination of that group by another C. 防止一个群体被另一个群体控制D. prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another D. 防止不同群体之间为奖励而激烈竞争【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。
解题思路】根据题干中信息词social order定位到第四段第一句，该处讲到“必须建立社会秩序以控制动物之间的关系（control interanimal relationships）。