2022-2023年考博英语-中国科学技术大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 填空题Concerns about research ethics were further heighted by a research project called the Tuskegee Study, sponsored by the United States Public Health Service to assess the clinical course of syphilis. A B C D【答案】A heighted改为heightened【解析】【考查点】被动语态。
解题思路】此句为被动语态，指的是人们对研究伦理的担忧进一步被加剧，应该用heighten的过去分词heightened句意】一个名为“塔斯基吉研究”的研究项目进一步加剧了人们对研究伦理的担忧，该研究项目由美国公共卫生局资助，旨在评估梅毒的临床病程2. 单选题Dr. Goebbels wrote that “we do not belong to those dreamers and illusionists who prophesy the collapse of the British Empire tomorrow”.问题1选项A.swearB.condemnC.predictD.crave【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. swear 咒骂，诅咒 B. condemn 谴责，指责C. predict 预言 D. crave 渴望，热望【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】prophesy的意思为“预告，预言”，指的是我们不是空想家和魔术师，对大英帝国的未来进行预言，predict与之词义相近，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符句意】戈培尔博士写道，我们不是那种预言大英帝国明天就要瓦解的空想家和魔术师。
3. 单选题Experts said that many ailments associated with a loss of normal tissue may be treatable in this manner.问题1选项A.symptomsB.faultsC.risksD.disorders【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. symptoms 症状 B. faults 责任，过错C. risks 危险，风险 D. disorders 不适，疾病【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析解题思路】ailments的意思为“轻病，小恙”，指的是这种方式或许可以治好某些疾病，disorders与之词义相近，因此D选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符句意】专家说，许多与正常组织损失相关的疾病或许可以用这种方式治疗4. 填空题In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation more than by the “battle of the sexes”. A B C D【答案】D more than改为rather than【解析】【考查点】句间逻辑。
解题思路】by cooperation和by the “battle of the sexes”相对应，形成对立的逻辑关系，rather than符合逻辑句意】在这样的家庭中，成长中的男孩和女孩比他们的父母更容易接受平等的观念，并为参与一个以合作为特征的世界做好充分准备，而不是“性别之战”5. 填空题Contraction of front and side parts of the brain—as cells die off—was observed in some subjects in their thirty, but it was still not evident in some sixty—and seventy-year-olds. A B C D【答案】C thirty改为thirties【解析】【考查点】固定表达。
解题思路】in one’s thirties意思为“在某人三十多岁时”，这里指的年龄是概数句意】有的人大脑前部和侧部的收缩——随着细胞的死亡——在三十多岁时就能被观察到了，但是也有些人直到六七十岁依然不明显6. 单选题The physical devastation caused by the Civil War, the freeing of the slaves, and the chaos of the Reconstruction era had ruinous effects on Mississippi’s economy.问题1选项A.impactB.disorderC.offenceD.folly【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. impact 巨大影响，强大作用 B. disorder 杂乱，混乱C. offence 犯罪，罪行 D. folly 愚笨，愚蠢的想法（或事情、行为）【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析解题思路】chaos的意思为“混乱，杂乱”，指的是重建时期的混乱，disorder与之词义相近，因此B选项正确干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符句意】南北战争造成的物质破坏，奴隶解放和重建时期的混乱给密西西比的经济带来了毁灭性的影响。
7. 单选题The many rivers of Chile are relatively short, generally rising in the Andes and flowing west to the Pacific. In the northern and central regions the rivers are fed primarily by the perpetual snow cover of the Andes.问题1选项A.everlastingB.expansiveC.outwardD.movable【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. everlasting 永久的，永恒的，经久不变的 B. expansive 广阔的，辽阔的C. outward 表面的，外表的 D. movable 可移动的，活动的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析解题思路】perpetual的意思为“持续的，长久的”，用来形容snow，指的是安第斯山脉的永久性积雪，everlasting与之词义相近，因此A选项正确干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符句意】智利的许多河流相对较短，大多发源于安第斯山脉，向西流向太平洋。
在北部和中部地区，河流的主要水源是安第斯山脉的永久性积雪8. 填空题Economists are now realizing the full extent which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational A B Ccorporations take full advantage of it. D【答案】A which改为to which【解析】【考查点】从句。
解题思路】A部分到句尾是定语从句，从句原本为the communications revolution has affected the world economy to the full extent，其中to the full extent的意思为“充分地，最大程度地”，【句意】经济学家们现在认识到通讯革命很大程度地影响着世界经济信息技术使贸易得以跨越地域和工业边界扩展，并且跨国公司已经充分利用信息技术9. 单选题Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society’s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. Truly we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object’s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in anti-social acts.1. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that ________.2. According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they ________.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on ________.4. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they ________.问题1选项A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt each other’s feelings问题2选项A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD.know what is vital to the progress of society问题3选项A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences问题4选项A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that ________. 在没有情感的世界里，人们无法生存的原因是________。
A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objects A. 他们不能分辨物体的质地B. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them B. 他们不知道什么对他们是有益的，什么是有害的C. they would not be happy with a life without love C. 如果没有爱，他们的生活就不会幸福D. they would do things that hurt each other’s feelings D. 他们会做一些伤害彼此感情的事情【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据题干中信息词stay alive定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“人类生存的机会几乎为零（survive are next to zero），因为（because）情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具（emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation）紧接着在下一句提出情感为什么是生存所必须的，也就是“情感以重要的方式为我们构建了世界（Emotions structure the world）”；然后在该段倒数第三句点出情感对于在社会生存的作用，也就是“与物体和事件的情感经历使我们产生了一种社会认同感，即认为某些事情和行为是好的，其他的则是坏的（agreement that certain things and actions are ‘good’ and others are ‘bad’）”，可知情感可以让人知道什么是有益的，什么是有害的，这是情感对于生存很重要的原因，因此B选项正确。
干扰项排除】A选项“他们不能分辨物体的质地”：对应第二段第四句“的确，我们会考虑物体的质地（texture），但一个物体的物理特性并不重要（less important）”，物体的物理特性并没有什么妨害，更不是让人无法生存的原因，属于反向干扰；C选项“如果没有爱，他们的生活就不会幸福”：对应第一段第一句“想象一个突然失去情感的世界——一个人类感觉不到爱和幸福（feel no love or happiness）的世界生活不幸福，并不等同不能生存，属于偷换概念；D选项“他们会做一些伤害彼此感情的事情”：没有感情，就不存在伤害感情这件事，属于曲解原文第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, people’s learning activities are possible because they ________. 根据文章，人们的学习活动得以存在，因为他们________A. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive A. 认为情感是他们生存的基础B. benefit from providing help and support to one another B. 从互相提供帮助和支持中获益C. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing C. 享受因为做正确的事而得到的奖励D. know what is vital to the progress of society D. 知道什么对社会进步至关重要【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。
解题思路】根据题干中信息词learning activities定位到第一段第四句，该处讲到“他们不会学习：因为这个没有情感的世界缺少奖励（rewards）和惩罚，他们无法从经验中获益（benefit from experience）可知人们学习是因为学习的经验让他们进步，学习带来奖励，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“认为情感是他们生存的基础”：情感是生存的基础，不代表就要学习，属于偷换概念；B选项“从互相提供帮助和支持中获益”：对于学习而言，是通过学习的经验带来好处，而不是相互帮助带来好处，属于偷换概念；D选项“知道什么对社会进步至关重要”：文中没有提到学习对社会进步的重要作用，属于无中生有第3题:【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on ________. 从文章中可以推断，社会的经济基础依赖于________A. the ability to make money A. 赚钱的能力B. the will to work for pleasure B. 为娱乐而工作的意志C. the capacity to enjoy incentives C. 享受奖励的能力D. the categorizations of our emotional experiences D. 我们的情感经历的分类【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。
解题思路】根据题干中信息词economic foundation of society定位到第一段倒数第二句，该处讲到“社会的经济基础将被摧毁（Society’s economic underpinnings would be destroyed）：由于挣1000万美元并不比挣10美元更令人愉快，人们将没有工作的动力（no incentive to work）可知社会经济基础依赖于人们工作的动力，也就是享受奖励的动力，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“赚钱的能力”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“为娱乐而工作的意志”：文中的奖励不是娱乐，而是正确做事带来的好处，人们为奖励工作，属于偷换概念；D选项“我们的情感经历的分类”：对应第二段第五句“在我们的家庭、社区和整个社会中，我们也会根据情感进行分类这里为第二段中心句，也就是第一句“情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具”而服务，跟社会的经济没有关系，属于偷换概念第4题:【选项释义】The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they ________. 一个物体的情感方面比它的物质方面更重要，因为它们________。
A. help society exploit its members for profit A. 帮助社会利用其成员牟利B. encourage us to perform important tasks B. 鼓励我们执行重要的任务C. help to perfect the legal and penal system C. 有助于完善法律和刑罚制度D. help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us D. 帮助我们调整自己的行为以适应周围的世界【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据题干中信息词physical aspects定位到第二段第四句，该处讲到“一个物体的物理特性并不重要（physical aspects are less important），重要的是它对我们做了什么或能做什么——伤害我们、让我们吃惊、激怒我们或让我们快乐（hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful）结合该段第六句“与物体和事件的情感经历使我们产生了一种社会认同感（social feeling of agreement），即认为某些事情和行为是好的，其他的则是坏的。
我们把这些分类运用到社会生活的方方面面，从我们吃什么食物，穿什么衣服到我们如何信守承诺，以及哪种人会被社会接受（our group will accept）一个物体重要在它的情感方面，而这些情感帮助判断自己的行为是否被周遭环境接受，从而进行调整，因此D选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“帮助社会利用其成员牟利”：对应文章倒数第二句“社会利用我们的情感反应和态度来维持自身发展（maintain itself）”，社会用人们的情感来维持其自身的稳定与发展，而不是牟利，属于偷换概念；B选项“鼓励我们执行重要的任务”和C选项“有助于完善法律和刑罚制度”：对应文章最后一句“社会（It）对执行重要任务的人给予高额奖励（rewards），利用法律和刑罚制度使人们不敢从事反社会行为（make people afraid to engage in anti-social acts）这里具体点出社会为了维持自身发展所做的事情，而非物体的情感方面所做的，属于张冠李戴10. 单选题Part of the motivation for exploring the Kuiper Belt was the recognition of just how little we know about this cold, dark region at the fringe of our solar system.问题1选项A.coreB.edgeC.visionD.formation【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. core （物体的）中心部分 B. edge边，边缘C. vision 视力，视野 D. formation 组成，形成【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。
解题思路】fringe的意思为“（地区或群体的）边缘”，这里指的是对太阳系的边缘了解不多，edge与之词义相近，因此B选项正确干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符句意】探索柯伊伯带的部分动机是意识到我们对太阳系边缘这片寒冷、黑暗的区域知之甚少11. 单选题In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private internet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.1. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.2. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.3. In the view of Net purists, ________.4. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.问题1选项A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners问题2选项A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so问题3选项A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests问题4选项A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________. 谈到可用于营销的技术，作者暗示________。
A. the technology is popular with many Web users A. 这项技术受到许多网络用户的欢迎B. businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions B. 企业对网上交易的可靠性有信心C. there is a radical change in strategy C. 战略发生了根本性的变化D. it is accessible limitedly to established partners D. 它仅限于建立的合作伙伴【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据题干中信息词technology available for marketing定位到第三段第一句，该处讲到“互联网商务（Internet commerce）模式的另一个重大转变是关于市场营销可用的技术（technology available for marketing）”，结合该段第二、三句“直到最近，网络营销活动的策略（strategies）还集中在将顾客‘拉’到网站上（‘pull’ customers into sites）。
但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经使得公司可以直接将信息‘推’给顾客(‘push’ information directly out to consumers)，直接把营销信息传递给目标顾客可知营销最大的转变是策略性的根本性变化，因此C选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“这项技术受到许多网络用户的欢迎”：对应第四段第一句“推送技术为许多网络用户不齿（contempt of many Web users）可知网络用户不欢迎这个技术，属于反向干扰；B选项“企业对网上交易的可靠性有信心”：对应第二段第二句“许多公司（many companies）仍然对使用网络犹豫不决，因为他们怀疑其可靠性（because of doubts about its reliability）可知企业不认为网上交易非常可靠，属于反向干扰；D选项“它仅限于建立的合作伙伴”：对应第二段最后一句“有的公司（Some companies）为了规避风险，只与已确立合作的商业伙伴（established business partners）进行交易可知这是部分公司，而非所有，属于以偏概全第2题:【选项释义】We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________. 我们从这篇文章的开头了解到，网络商业________。
A. has been striving to expand its market A. 在努力扩大市场B. intended to follow a fanciful fashion B. 试图采用一种不切实际的方式C. tried but in vain to control the market C. 试图控制市场，但失败了D. has been booming for one year or so D. 已经繁荣了一年左右【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词the beginning of the passage定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“在网络商业的第一年左右，大部分的行动都围绕开发消费者市场而努力（efforts to tap the consumer market）可知网络商业努力扩大市场，因此A选项正确干扰项排除】B选项“试图采用一种不切实际的方式”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；C选项“试图控制市场，但失败了”：扩大市场不等同于控制市场，属于偷换概念；D选项“已经繁荣了一年左右”：这里指的是在做网络买卖的头一年左右，需要扩大市场，而不是繁荣了一年，属于偷换概念。
第3题:【选项释义】In the view of Net purists, ________. 在网络纯粹主义者看来，________A. there should be no marketing messages in online culture A. 在网络文化中不应该有任何营销信息B. money making should be given priority to on the Web B. 应该优先考虑在网上赚钱这件事C. the Web should be able to function as the television set C. 网络应该能起到电视机的作用D. there should be no online commercial information without requests D. 没有请求就不应该有网上商业信息【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题解题思路】根据题干中信息词Net purists定位到第四段最后一句，该处讲到“这是让网络纯粹主义者感到恐惧（horrifies Net purists）的设想”，结合该段第二、三句“网络文化非常看重这样一种观念，即信息是通过特定的要求才会出现在屏幕上（information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request）。
一旦商业推广开始不请自来地充斥屏幕（commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited），网络和电视之间的区别就消失了可知网络纯粹主义者只想看自己要求看的内容，不想看到未经自己允许就随意弹出的商业广告，因此D选项正确干扰项排除】A选项“在网络文化中不应该有任何营销信息”：如果想要通过广告了解某商品，这广告是网络纯粹主义者想要看到的，本选项太过绝对化，属于推理过度；B选项“应该优先考虑在网上赚钱这件事”：文中没有提到网络纯粹主义者对于通过网络赚钱这件事的看法，属于无中生有；C选项“网络应该能起到电视机的作用”：他们不希望网络和电视一样，广告不请自来，肆无忌惮，属于反向干扰第4题:【选项释义】We learn from the last paragraph that ________. 我们从最后一段中得知________A. pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce A. 在网上发布信息对互联网商务来说必不可少B. interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers B. 对客户来说，交互性、热情服务和安全性很重要C. leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago C. 领先的公司几十年前就开始涉足网络D. setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power D. 建立网上销售点与计算成本无关【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。
解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词last paragraph定位到第五段第二句，该处讲到“。