科技英语标点符号用法（以钢铁专业为例）THE INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PUNCTUATION USAGE FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY科技英语标点符号用法 （以钢铁专业为例）标点符号是现代英语书面语必不可少的部分，而国内一般英语语法书对标点符号的介绍均较简略；现已出版的英汉科技词典，附录多为化学元素表、度量衡表等，未见将英语标点符号用法作为附录的有鉴于此，笔者以近年国外英文原版钢铁专业文献为素材，广泛搜集英语标点符号的用法、用例，归纳、整理成文其中部分内容，鲜见或未见于国内版英语语法书因此，本英语标点符号用法对于从事科技汉英互译将会有所裨益 1逗号（,）1.1用于分隔句首状语In 1996, China overtook Japan to become the world’s largest producer of crude steel.1996年，中国粗钢产量超过日本，成为世界上最大的产钢国To lower the hydrogen content in liquid steel from an initial≤8ppm to a final≤1.5ppm, a degassing time of 18 minutes is necessary under a vacuum of 1 mbar.为将钢水含氢量由开始时≤8ppm最终降至≤1.5ppm，在真空度1 mbar的情况下，脱气时间必须达18分钟。
Depending on the metallurgical requirements, the complete cycle times for the VD process can range between 25 and 55 minutes.视冶金要求不同，VD法全循环时间为25至55分钟1.2用于分隔并列成分Annual average production, fuel rate, blow-in date, working volume, wind rate, oxygen enrichment, hot blast temperature and slag basicity for all operating blast furnaces are shown in Table II.全部在产高炉的年平均产量、燃料比、开炉日期、工作容积、风量、富氧度、热风温度和炉渣碱度均列于表IIOf these, the productions of steel sheet pilings, H-sections, large-scale sections, steel plates, steel strips, etc. increased, while those of medium and small sections, ordinary steel wires and steel rounds decreased .其中，薄钢板桩、H型材、大型型材、钢板、带钢等的产量提高，而中小型材、普通钢丝和圆钢产量降低。
注意：在中国人写的英文中，用顿号（、）分隔并列成分的情况时有发生须知：英文中是没有顿号的1.3用于分隔附加说明的词语和独立成分Molybdenum, up to 2.5 per cent, is also added for still greater corrosion resistance required, for example, in commercial and industrial sinks, superheater tubing in power stations and the cladding of buildings in polluted atmospheres.为了进一步提高必要的抗蚀性，还可添加高达2.5%的钼，如商业和工业用污水槽、电站过热器管线以及大气污染区内建筑物防护层等均应如此1.4用于分隔非限制性定语从句The DC EAF will be fed with scrap and a 60 percent hot DRI charge, which will be supplied by a new HYLIII direct reduction plant now under construction.该直流电弧炉将使用废钢和60%的热态直接还原铁为炉料。
直接还原铁将由一座在建的希尔III直接还原厂供货1.5用于分隔同位语Nucor Corp., world’s largest mini mill, is planning to build a new thin slab caster.世界最大的小钢厂——纽柯公司目前正计划新建一台薄板坯连铸机Copper, one of metals, has a good electric conductivity.铜是一种金属，它具有良好的导电性1.6用于引出直接引语，常于用said等词之后He said, “The coke oven – BF – BOF route appears to be the most likely process route.”他说：“看来，焦炉——高炉——氧气顶吹转炉流程是最有吸引力的生产流程1.7当直接引语前置时，其句末句号应改为逗号；同时，引述分句（REPORTLING CLAUSE）中的主谓词序常倒装“The coke oven – BF – BOF route appears to be the most likely process route,” said he.1.8标写日期和地址On April 22, 1997, Chaparral Steel announced plans to build a million-ton structural steel mill in the eastern U.S.1997年4月22日，查帕拉尔钢公司宣布了将在美国东部建设一座一百万美吨生产能力结构钢钢厂的计划。
本例英文原文摘自美刊IRON AND STEEL ENGINEER，1997，NO.7，故ton译成美吨1美吨约等于907.2KgIron & Steelmaker (ISSN 0275-8687) is published monthly by the Iron & Steel Society, 410 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendate, PA 15086 -7512, U. S. A.《钢铁生产者》（ISSN 0275-8687）是月刊，由（美国）钢铁学会出版该学会地址：410 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendate, PA 15086 -7512, U. S. A.1.9用于分隔多重前置定语a US$17 million, 240 – tonne, ladle metallurgy facility 一台价值1700万美元的240吨钢包冶金设备a new 135-tonne, d-c, twin-electrode, 150-Mva, EAF一座新建的135吨，150Mva直流双电极电弧炉a single-strand, 750,000-tonne/year, slab caster一台年产量750000吨的单流板坯连铸机2句号（.）2.1用于陈述句末尾In 1992, trials were conducted with a 100 percent scrap charge in the EOF.1992年，在这座最佳节能炉中进行了若干次全装废钢冶炼试验。
Mold fluxes have a decisive effect on both the efficiency of the continuous casting process and the surface quality of the steel product.结晶器保护渣对于连铸效率和钢材表面质量均具有决定性影响2.2用于缩略语之后Fig.ll——Blast furnace process control图II——高炉过程控制3分号（;）用于分隔并列成分The ladle furnace is equipped with:—— Water – cooled electrode arms;—— Powder injection equipment;—— Wire feeding machine;—— Automatic argon coupling device.钢包炉装备有：——水冷电极臂；——喷粉设备；——喂线机；——氩气自动接通装置注意：分号的作用介于逗号和句号之间，故有时还用来分割带有逗号的并列成分，例如：The main casting machine components include: steel structure; ladle turret; tundish; mold, oscillating system; secondary cooling system; straightener; torch cutting machine; hydraulic, lubrication, electrical and cooling water systems.连铸机主要部件包括：钢结构、钢包回转台、中间包、结晶器及振动装置、二次冷却系统、矫直机、火焰切割机以及液压、润滑、电器和冷却水系统。
4冒号（:）4.1用于不用引号的直接引语之前，且引述分句中的引述动词可省略 I＆SM: What do you think the future holds for the iron and steel industry?I&SM*（记者）问：您对钢铁工业的未来有何看法？SCHEEL: I don’t see iron and steel being supplanted by alternative materials. That doesn’t mean we have to get lazy or less technically sophisticated in the future.SCHEEL答：我不认为钢铁材料能被其他材料所代替但这并不意味着将来我们对（钢铁）技术精益求精的追求可稍有懈怠 I&SM即美国著名钢铁杂志Iron & Steelmaker的缩写4.2用于列举事物The new stove has the following features:·High heat efficiency(>85%).·Compact design (one sixth conventional volume).·Low investment (half conventional cost).新热风炉具有下述特点：·热效率高（＞85%）·设计紧凑（普通热风炉容积的六分之一）·投资低（普通热风炉投资的一半）4.3引出说明性词语Plate mill: screwdown electrical upgradeMeltshop: install ladle metallurgy facilityCaster: upgrade mold oscillation system钢板轧机：压下装置电器设备改造冶炼车间：安装钢包冶金设备连铸机：改造结晶器振动系统4.4分隔标题和副标题Ladle and Tundish Heating: Innovation and Revolution钢水包和中间罐加热：创新与革命EAF Process Control: Beyond 2000电弧炉过程控制：2000年以后4.5在部分书刊中用于分隔表的序号与说明词Table 1: Production of steel in Italy(Mt)表1：意大利钢产量（百万吨）TableⅡ: Comparison between predicted and experimental RTD parameters for the single strand slab casting tundish表Ⅱ：单流板坯连铸中间包钢水停留时间分布参数预测值和实验值比较5问号（?）用于问句之后How do you view the relationship between integrated mill and mini mill?您如何看待钢铁联合工厂和小钢厂之间的关系？What are your thoughts about the Iron and Steel Society?您对钢铁学会的看法如何？6破折号（——）6.1用于分隔附加说明的词语Examples of DC electric arc furnaces include:·Nucor —— 100-tonne twin-shell.·Tuscaloosa —— 150-tonne twin-shell.直流电弧炉实例包括：·纽柯公司——100吨，双壳·塔斯卡卢萨公司——150吨，双壳6.2分隔同位语BOF steelmaking without hot metal——the Z-BOP process不用铁水的BOF转炉炼钢法——Z-BOP炼钢法6.3用于分隔标题与副标题Challenges and opportunities——A report on the 3rd FT/CRU global steel conference挑战与机遇——第三届FT/CRU全球钢铁会议报告Development in the North American iron and steel industry——1998北美钢铁工业的发展——19986.4在部分书刊中用于分隔插图序号与说明词Fig.3——Strip crown control图3 带钢凸度控制Fig.5——Temperature field of mould wall for thin slab caster 图5 薄板坯连铸机结晶器壁的温度场6.5用于分隔姓名与所在单位E·R·Case —— Armco Inc.E·R·凯斯 —— 阿姆科公司6.6用于段落小标题与段落正文之间 “Casting”——The construction of new intermediate and thin slab casters, and billet casters continues by integrated, specialty and mini mills. The status of new continuous casting plants reported in 1997 follows:连铸——钢铁联合公司、特殊钢公司和小钢厂继续新建中厚板坯连铸机、薄板坯连铸机和小方坯连铸机。
据1997年报道，新建连铸机情况如下：7引号（“”）7.1用于直接引语He said, “The mold is the heart of the continuous casting machine.”他说：“结晶器是连铸机的心脏Before we started making steel beams in 1982, imports accounted for about 41% of the market,” said Wroble.罗布尔说：“1982年在我们生产钢梁之前，进口量约占市场的41%7.2用于引述谚语、俗语等There is a saying, “There are many ways to skin a cat.” The same could be said for producing a heat of steel.俗语道：“猫皮剥法不止一种”，炼钢方法岂能相同英文原文摘自一篇讨论炼钢流程的论文此处意指应根据实际情况确定生产流程，不能固守一法不变)7.3加在词或词组的两端，用于表达特定意义或引起人们的注意When polished or freshly cut, metals show distinct“metallic lustre”.金属经过抛光或刚切割后会放出特有的“金属光泽”7.4在文末参考文献中，用于引出文献标题或书名G.Schipper, “Practical Method to Calculate Effects of Work Roll Cooling on Strip Shape and Crown,” Ironmaking and Steelmaking, Vol.23, No.1, 1996, pp.66-68G.希珀，工作辊冷却对带钢形状和凸度影响的实用计算方法，炼铁与炼钢，23卷，No.1, 1996, pp.66-68“World Steel in Figures 1995,” International Iron and Steel Institute, Brussels, Belgium 1995世界钢铁统计——1995，国际钢铁协会，比利时，布鲁塞尔，1995(注意：在中国人写的英文中，用中文书名号《》代替英文“”号的情况时有发生，须知：英文中是没有《》号的。
)8连字号(-)8.1用于复合词的连接mini-mill小钢厂post-combustion二次燃烧Oxygen-fuel burner氧燃烧嘴in-mold induction stirring结晶器内感应搅拌8.2用于连接缩写词BF-BOF route高炉–氧气顶吹转炉流程DRI-EAF steelmaking route直接还原铁–电弧炉炼钢流程8.3用于字母与数字之间，表示序号或型号系列H-4 blast furnaceH-4号高炉HYL-III DRI plant希尔–Ⅲ直接还原铁厂8.4用于以两个公司名称命名的新公司名称中Nucor-Yamato Steel Co.纽柯–大和钢公司(指美国纽柯公司和日本大和公司合资创建的公司)8.5用于数字和计量单位之间，表示设备的的吨位、生产能力、载重量、规格等30-tonne EOF30吨最佳节能炉1.8 million-tonne/year slab caster年生产能力180万吨的板坯连铸机150-tonne tundish car载重量150吨的中间罐小车4-strand billet caster4流小方坯连铸机56-in.hot strip mill56吋带钢热轧机20-Mw plasma furnace20兆瓦等离子炉(注意：此时计量单位应为单数)9圆括号(())9.1括出产量、生产能力、时间等的单位raw steel production(tonnes)粗钢产量(吨)annual capacity of EAF(tonnes)电弧炉年生产能力(吨)tap-to-tap time(hrs)出钢到出钢之间的时间(小时)9.2括出缩写词Intelligent Arc Furnace(IAF)智能型电弧炉（IAF）ladle furnace(LF)钢包炉（LF）Vacuum induction melting(VIM)真空感应熔炼（VIM）9.3括出说明性文字The slab widths produced range from 800 to 1600mm (31.5 to 63in.).生产的板坯宽度范围为800至1600mm（31.5吋至63吋）raw material (iron ore, lump coal and lime)原料（铁矿石、块煤和石灰）SEN (submerged entry nozzle) is between tundish and mould.SEN（浸入式水口）位于中间包与结晶器之间。
9.4括出可供选择的内容The submerged lance(s) is also introduced through the top of the vessel.浸入式喷枪（单支或多支）也从转炉炉顶插入炉内9.5括出例举的数字或字母The operations in coal handling are subdivided into three separate sections:(1)The coal field and stacker reclaimer operation(2)The crushing and storage of coal(3)The coal blending operation煤处理作业分为三个独立的部分：(1)煤场和堆取料作业(2)煤的破碎和储存(3)混煤作业A blast furnace includes five components:(a)top——bell-less top(b)stack——graphite block and silicon carbide brick(c)belly——graphite brick(d)bosh——graphite brick(e)hearth——carbon brick高炉由五部分组成：(a)炉顶——无料钟炉顶(b)炉身——石墨砌块和碳化硅砖(c)炉腰——石墨砖(d)炉腹——石墨砖(e)炉缸——碳砖10方括号([ ])10.1括出在他人文字中插入的自己解释性词语Now he’s running a minimill [Gallatin Steel Company].目前他正在经营一个小钢厂（即加拉廷钢公司）10.2括出金属液中的元素符号The vacuum decarburization time of the ULC steels depends on the initial and final carbon contents, for instance, from an initial [C]≤300ppm to a final[C]≤40ppm takes 20 minutes under a vacuum of 1 mbar.超低碳钢的真空脱碳时间视其初始含碳量和终点含碳量而定，例如，在真空度1毫巴时，由初始含碳量[C]≤300ppm降至终点含碳量[C]≤40ppm需20分钟。
10.3在需要使用双重括号时，方括号在圆括号之外The price of imported pig iron [landed in the United States at $150/metric ton ($136.36/net ton)］进口生铁价格［美国抵岸价为150美元/吨(合136.36美元/短吨)］［part(a) of Figure 1］［图1(a)图］(国内有的语言工具书认为方括号应在圆括号之内，与英、美钢铁专业实际语言资料相悖)11省略号（……）11.1表示文中省略的部分The combination of over 45 years experience in solving temperature problems and the latest technology has resulted in a range of temperature measurement systems offering unrivalled accuracy, reliability and flexibility……将45年研究温度问题的经验与最新技术相结合，从而生产出一系列测温装置，它们的精确性、可靠性及适应性……均无与伦比。
11.2 在表格栏目中表示内容空白连铸轧制与成形连铸机：结晶器改造……连铸机：中间包加热……轧机：电器改造……Continuous castingRolling and shapingCaster: mold upgrade……Caster: tundish heating……Rolling mill: electrical upgrade……12斜线号(/)12.1用于分隔并列词Thin slab and billet casting/rolling complexes薄板坯和小方坯铸/轧机组12.2用于分隔尺寸、重量以及技术参数的最大和最小值slab width(min./max.)790/1350mm板坯宽度(最小/最大) 790/1350mmsteel ingot weight(min./max.)1/3 tonnes钢锭重量(最小/最大)1/3吨casting speed(min./max.)1/2.5m/min.铸速(最低/最高)1/2.5m/分billet temperature(min./max.)850/870℃ 小方坯温度(最低/最高) 850/870℃12.3用于计量单位中，表示“每”8.9tonnes/day/100 cu ft of working volume8.9吨/天/100呎3工作容积1.2 million tonne/year continuous bloom caster年产120万吨的大方坯连铸机12.4用于表示分数tubular products from2 3/8-in.up to 7-in dia.直径2 3/8 吋至7吋的管材12.5用在and和or 之间，表示“二者都”或“二者取其一”scrap and/or hot metal废钢和/或铁水13撇号(’)表示名词所有格China’s Iron and Steel Industry中国钢铁工业World’s largest blast furnace世界最大的高炉14感叹号(!)用于加强语气或引起注意，常用于广告中LADLE LINING LIFE PROLONGED BY 10-15-20% OR MORE？YOU BET!钢包衬寿命能延长10%-15%-20%，甚至更长吗？当然能做到!Hydraulic Piping Has Never Been Installed As Fast!液压管线安装从未如此之快!WE BUY AND SELL SECONDHAND MILL EQUIPMENT!我们收购和销售二手轧机设备!CALL OUR COMPANY IF YOU HAVE SURPLUS STEELMAKING EQUIPMENT FOR SALE!您有多余炼钢设备待售吗？请用与我们公司联系!。