2021年考研英语(一)真题及答案2021英语真题答案2021年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of English Directions:Read thefollowing text.Choosethe best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewedlaughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.Butsome claims to the contrary,laughing probably haslittle influence on physical filness Laughter doesshort-term changes in the function of the heart andits blood v e s s e ls,h e a rt rate and oxygen consumptionBut because hard laughter is difficult to,a goodlaugh is unlikely to have benefits the way,say,walking or jogging d o e s.,instead of straining muscles to build them,asexercise does,laughter apparently acplishes t he,studies dating back to the第 1 页 共 3 2 页1930 s indicate that laughter,muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help theeffects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act oflaughing probably does produce other types offeedback,that improve an individual s emotionals t a t e.o n eclassical theory of emotion,our feelings arepartially rooted physical reactions.Itwas argued at the end of the19th century that humans do not cry they aresad but they bee sad when te tears begin to flow.Althoughsadness also tears,evidence suggests thatemotions can flow muscular responses.In anexperiment published in1988,social psychologist Fritz.1.A amongB except C despite D like2.A reflectB demand C indicate D produce 3.A stabilizingB boosting C impairing D determining4.A transmitB sustain C evaluate D observe 5.A measurable第 2 页 共 3 2 页B manageable C affordable D renewable 6.A Inturn B In fact C In addition D In brief7.A oppositeB impossible C average D expected 8.A hardensB weakens C tightens D relaxes 9.A aggravateB generate C moderate D enhance10.A physicalB mental C subconscious D internal11.A Exceptfor B According to C Due to D As for12.A withB on C in D at13.A unlessB until C if D because14.A exhaustsB follows C precedes D suppresses15.A intoB from C towards D beyond16.A fetchB bite C pick D hold17.A disappointedB excited C joyful D indifferent第 3 页 共 3 2 页18.A adaptedB catered C turned D reacted19.A suggestingB requiring C mentioning D supposing20.A Eventually B Consequently C SimilarlyD Conversely Section II Reading prehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answerthe questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hireAlan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talkof the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in2021.Forthe most part,the response has been favorable,tosay the least.Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sidedclassical-music critic.One第 4 页 共 3 2 页of the reasons why the appointment came as such asurprise,however,is that Gilbert is paratively littleknown.EvenTommasini,who had advocated Gilbert s appointmentin the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician withno air of the formidable conductor about him.As adescription of the next music director of an orchestrathat has hitherto been led by musicians like GustavMahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to havestruck at least some Times readers as faint praise.Formy part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a greatconductor or even a good one.Tobe sure,he performs an impressive variety ofinteresting positions,but it is not necessary for me tovisit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hearinteresting orchestral music.AllI have to do is to go to my CD shelf or boot up myputer and download still more recorded music fromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoers who reply that recordings are nosubstitute for live performance are missing the point.For第 5 页 共 3 2 页the time,attention,and money of the art-lovingpublic,classical instrumentalists must pete not onlywith opera houses,dance troupes,theater panies,andmuseums,but also with the recorded performances of thegreat classical musicians of the20th century.Thererecordings are cheap,available everywhere,and veryoften much higher in artistic quality than today,s liveperformances;moreover,they can be w consumed”at atime and place of the listener s choosing.Thewidespread availability of such recordings has thusbrought about a crisis in the institution of thetraditional classical concert.Onepossible response is for classical performers toprogram attractive new music that is not yet available onrecord.Gilbert sown interest in new music has been widely noted:AlexRoss,a classical-music critic,has described him as aman who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into amarkedly different,more vibrant organization.But whatwill be the nature of that difference?Merely expandingthe orchestra s repertoire will not be enough.If第 6 页 共 3 2 页Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,theymust first change the relationship between America soldest orchestra and the new audience it hops toattract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert,s appointment hasA incurred criticism.B raisedsuspicion.C receivedacclaim.D arousedcuriosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isA influential.B modest.C respectable.D talented.23.Theauthor believes that the devoted concertgoersA ignore the expenses of live performances.B rejectmost kinds of recorded performances.C exaggeratethe variety of live performances.D overestimatethe value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is trueof recordings?A They are often inferior to liveconcerts in quality.B Theyare easily accessible to the general public,C They第 7 页 共 3 2 页help improve the quality of music.D Theyhave only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert s role in revitalizing thePhilharmonic,the author feelsA doubtful.B enthusiastic.C confident.D puzzled.Text2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank ofAmerica in August,his explanation was surprisinglystraight up.Ratherthan cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,hecame right out and said he was leaving“to pursue mygoal of running a pany.”Broadcasting his ambition wasu very much my decision,“McGee says.Withintwo weeks,he was talking for the first time with theboard of Hartford Financial Services Group,which namedhim CEO and chairman on September29.McGeesays leaving without a position lined up gave himtime to reflect on what kind of pany he wanted to run.Italso sent a clear message to the outside world abouthis aspirations.And第 8 页 共 3 2 页McGee isn,t alone.Inrecent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and AmericanExpress quit with the explanation that they were lookingfor a CEO post.Asboards scrutinize succession plans in response toshareholder pressure,executives who don t get the nodalso may wish to move on.Aturbulent business environment also has seniormanagers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloudtheir reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jumpwithout a.Inthe third quarter,CEO turnover was down23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with theleaders they had,according to Liberum Research.Asthe economy picks up,opportunities will abound foraspiring leaders.Thedecision to quit a senior position to look for abetter one is unconventional.For第 9 页 共 3 2 页years executives and headhunters have adhered to therule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the oneswho must be poached.SaysKorn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:I can tthink of a single search I ve done where a board has notinstructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.Those whojumped without a job haven t always landed in toppositions quickly.EllenMarram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.Itwas a year before she became head of a tiny Interbased modities exchange.RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in20 xx with ambitions to be a CEO.Hefinally took that post at a major financialinstitution three years later.Manyrecruiters say the old disgrace is fading for topperformers.Thefinancial crisis has made it more acceptable to bebetween jobs or to leave a bad one,The第 1 0 页 共 3 2 页traditional rule was it s safer to stay where youare,but that s been fundamentally inverted,“says oneheadhunter.Thepeople who ve been hurt the worst are those who vestayed too long.”26.WhenMcGee announced his departure,his manner can best bedescribed as being A arrogant.B frank.C self-centered.D impulsive.27.Accordingto Paragraph2,senior executives*quitting may be spurred byA their expectation of better financial status.B theirneed to reflect on their private life.C theirstrained relations with the boards.D theirpursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)mostprobably means A approved of.B attendedto.C huntedfor.D guardedagainst.29.第 1 1 页 共 3 2 页It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA top performers used to cling to their posts,B loyaltyof top performers is getting out-dated.C topperformers care more about reputations.D ssafer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A CEOs:Where to Go?B CEOs:All the Way Up?C TopManagers Jump without a D The Only Way Out for TopPerformers Text 3 The rough guide to marketing successused to be that you got what you paid for.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid media-such as televisionmercials and print advertisements-still play a majorrole,panies today can exploit many alternative forms ofmedia.Consumerspassionate about a product may create“owned“mediaby sending e-mail alerts about products and sales tocustomers registered with its Web site.Theway consumers now approach the broad range of factorsbeyond conventional paid media.Paidand owned media are controlled by marketers promotingtheir own products.For第 1 2 页 共 3 2 页earned media,such marketers act as the initiatorfor users responses.Butin some cases,one marketer,s owned media beeanother marketer,s paid media-for instance,when ane-merce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.Wedefine such sold media as owned media whose trafficis so strong that other organizations place their contentor e-merce engines within that environment.Thistrend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providerssuch as airlines and hotels and will no doubt gofurther.Johnson&;Johnson,for exIe,has created BabyCentec astand-alone media property that promotes plementary andeven petitive products.Besidesgenerating ine,the presence of other marketers makesthe site seem objective,gives panies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of otherpanies,marketing,and may help expand user traffic forall panies concerned.Thesame dramatic technological changes that haveprovided marketers with more(and more diverse)第 1 3 页 共 3 2 页munications choices have also increased the risk thatpassionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Suchhijacked media are the opposite of earned media:anasset or caign bees hostage to consumers,otherstakeholders,or activists who make negative allegationsabout a brand or product.Membersof social works,for instance,are learning that theycan hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses thatoriginally created them.Ifthat happens,passionate consumers would try topersuade others to boycott products,putting thereputation of the target pany at risk.Insuch a case,the pany s response may not besufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curvehas been steep.ToyotaMotor,for exIe,alleviated some of the damage fromits recall crisis earlier this year with a relativelyquick and well-orchestrated social-media response caign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directlyon sites such as and the social-news siteDigg.31.Consumers第 1 4 页 共 3 2 页may create“earned”media when they are Aobsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent tothem.C eager to help their friends promote qualityproducts.Denthusiastic about remending their favorite products.32.Accordingto Paragraph2,sold media feature A a safe businessenvironment.Brandom petition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33.Theauthor indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media Ainvite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects inmarketing.C may be responsible for fiercer petition.Ddeserve all the negative ments about them.34.第 1 5 页 共 3 2 页Toyota Motor*s experience is cited as an exIe of Aresponding effectively to hijacked media.Bpersuading customers into boycotting products.Ccooperating with supportive consumers.Dtaking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?AAlternatives to conventional paid media.BConflict between hijacked and earned media.CDominance of hijacked media.DPopularity of owned media.Text4 It s no surprise that Jennifer Senior sinsightful,provocative magazine cover story,u I love MyChildren,I Hate My Life,“is arousing much chatter-nothing gets people talking like the suggestion thatchild rearing is anything less than a pletely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Ratherthan concluding that children make parents eitherhappy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefinehappiness:instead of thinking of it as something thatcan be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we shouldconsider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even第 1 6 页 共 3 2 页though the day-to-day experience of raising kids canbe soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the verythings that in the moment den our moods can later besources of intense gratification and delight.Themagazine cover showing an attractive mother holding acute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image onnewsstands this week.Thereare also stories about newly adoptive-and newlysingle-mom Sandra Bullock,as well as the usualu Jennifer Aniston is pregnantnew s.Practicallyevery week features at least one celebrity mom,ormom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.Ina society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kittenkilling?It doesn t seem quite fair,then,to pare theregrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappyparents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks arebothered with the message that children are the singlemost important thing in the world:obviously their misery第 1 7 页 共 3 2 页must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes intheir lives.Ofcourse,the image of parenthood that celebritymagazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugelyunrealistic,especially when the parents are singlemothers like Bullock.Accordingto several studies concluding that parents are lesshappy than childless couples,single parents are theleast happy of all.Noshock there,considering how much work it is to raisea kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandraand Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It*shard to imagine that many people are dumb enough towant children just because Reese and Angelina make itlook so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby isnot a haircut.Butit s interesting to wonder if the images we seeevery week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthoodaren t in some small,subconscious way contributing toour own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,inthe same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the第 1 8 页 共 3 2 页Rachel”might make us look just a little bit likeJennifer Aniston.36.JenniferSenior suggests in her article that raising a childcan bring A temporary delight B enjoyment in progressC happiness in retrospect D lasting reward 37.We learnfrom Paragraph2 that A celebrity moms are a permanent source forgossip.B singlemothers with babies deserve greater attention.C newsabout pregnant celebrities is entertaining.D havingchildren is highly valued by the public.38.Itis suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folksA are constantly exposed to criticism.B arelargely ignored by the media.C failto fulfill their social responsibilities.D areless likely to be satisfied with theirlife.39.Accordingto Paragraph 4,the message conveyed by celebritymagazines is A soothing.B ambiguous.C pensatory.D misleading.第 1 9 页 共 3 2 页40.Which of the following can be inferred from thelast paragraph?A Having children contributes little tothe glamour of celebrity moms.B Celebritymoms have influenced our attitude towards childrearing.C Havingchildren intensifies our dissatisfaction withlife.D Wesometimes neglect the happiness from childrearing.PartB Directions:The following paragraph are given in awrong order.ForQuestions 41-45,you are required to reorganize theseparagraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the listA-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.ParagraphsE and G have been correctly placed.Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)A No disciplines have seized onprofessionalism with as much enthusiasm as thehumanities.Youcan,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in threeyears and a medical doctor in four.But第 2 0 页 共 3 2 页the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree inthe humanities is nine years.Notsurprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students inEnglish drop out before getting their degrees.BHis concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.Theseare disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major inbusiness pared with only2%in history and 4%in English.However;many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon ofideas that every educated person should posses.Butmost find it difficult to agree on what a ugeneraleducation”should look like.AtHarvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are readbecause they have been read”-they form a sort of socialglue.CEqually unsurprisingly,only about half end up withprofessorships for which they entered graduateschool.Thereare simply too few posts.This第 2 1 页 共 3 2 页is partly because universities continue to produceever more PhDs.Butfewer students want to study humanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor s degrees in1970-71 than they did20 years later.Fewerstudents requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,manyhumanities students leave the profession to do somethingfor which they have not been trained.DOne reason why it is hard to design and teach suchcourses is that they can cut across the insistence by topAmerican universities that liberal-arts educations andprofessional education should be kept separate,taught indifferent schools.Manystudents experience both varieties.Althoughmore than half of Harvard undergraduates end up inlaw,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyersmust study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree beforeembarking on a professional qualification.E第 2 2 页 共 3 2 页Besides professionalizing the professions by thisseparation,top American universities haveprofessionalised the professor.Thegrowth in public money for academic research hasspeeded the process:federal research grants rosefourfold between1960and1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half asresearch took its toll.Professionalismhas turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree intoa prerequisite for a successful academic career:as lateas1969a third of American professors did not possessone.Butthe key idea behind professionalisation,argues MrMenand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for aparticular specialization are transmissible but nottransferable.So disciplines acquire a monopoly not justover the production of knowledge,but also over theproduction of the producers of knowledge.FThe key to reforming higher education,concludes MrMenand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of第 2 3 页 共 3 2 页knowledge are produced.Otherwise,academics willcontinue to think dangerously alike,increasinglydetached from the societies which they study,investigateand criticize.Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to bee less exclusionary and more holisti。