2022-2023年考博英语-郑州大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The ad of four-wheeled vehicle gives viewers a feeling of（ ）that no matter what happens weatherwise, no matter how much it snows or how bad the mudslides are, you can go out in your four-wheel drive.问题1选项A.invulnerabilityB.irrationalityC.ambiguityD.simplicity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析A选项invulnerability“刀枪不入，不会受伤害”；B选项irrationality“不合理，无理性”；C选项ambiguity“含糊，不明确”；D选项simplicity“朴素，简易”句意：四轮汽车的广告给观众一种无坚不摧的感觉，不管天气如何，不管下多大的雪，不管泥石流有多严重，都可以开着四轮汽车出门本句表示四轮汽车不会受到伤害因此A选项正确2. 单选题Scientists around the world agree that the earth’s climate is changing due to human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. If left unaddressed, this situation will cause increase severe weather, flooding, disease, and habitat destruction, all of which will have devastating impacts on society.In an effort to reduce its own contribution to climate change, the UN Foundation has initiated a number of efforts in the office and with staff.Steps being taken to reduce the foundation’s emissions include the following:A light bulb exchange program allows staff to trade regular bulbs from home for Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs). CFLs use 70 percent less energy, are much less expensive to run. and last longer than regular bulbs.The UN Foundation encourages its staff to use public transit where possible and provides them with free public transports vouchers. UNF does not provide or subsidize parking for its employees.The UN Foundation has moved into a new Gold standard LEED-certified office in early 2007, which will further reduce the Foundation's impact on the environment while maximizing efficiency, savings and staff comfort. The new office demonstrates high standards in key areas of human and environmental health; energy efficiency, water savings, sustainable materials, indoor environmental quality and sustainable site development.The UN Foundation offsets its greenhouse gas emissions from day-to-day office energy use by contributing to a reforestation project that absorbs the same amount of carbon dioxide as was emitted.To do this, the Foundation used the methodology of the GHG Protocol and tools provided by the World Resources Institute to calculate the total amount of its historical carbon dioxide emission from electricity consumption, heating and cooling and air travel at its Washington D.C. and New York City offices.With pro bono legal services generously provided by Baker & McKenzie, the UN Foundation was then able to purchase an equivalent amount of carbon offsets from a reforestation project in the Sierra Gorda Mountains of Mexico.This LTNDP project sequesters (隔离)carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by reforesting lands previously converted to agricultural and livestock uses. Over and above the sequestration of greenhouse gases, this project also has significant sustainable development benefits by enhancing biodiversity in the most ecosystem-diverse natural protected area in Mexico and by providing local landowners with an income to replace farming or herding. The Biosphere Reserve also recently distinguished itself in the area of sustainable tourism by winning the 2007 Tourism for Tomorrow Destination Award.1. CFLs gain the advantage over regular bulbs for（ ）.2. What's the primary cause for UNF providing free public transport vouchers to its staff?3. We can infer from this passage that the LEED certification emphasizes（ ）.4. What's the meaning of "pro bono" in Paragraph 9?问题1选项A.they consume as 70% energy as regular bulbsB.they are much easier to run by usC.their longevity is longer than regular bulbsD.their price is cheaper than regular bulbs问题2选项A.To stop its staff from driving private cars to work.B.To encourages its staff to use public transit.C.To reward its staff with generous welfareD.To reduce the release of greenhouse gases.问题3选项A.inner and outer estheticismB.basic facilities and serviceC.human's health and wellbeingD.energy and environment问题4选项A.Done without compensationB.Being full of adviceC.Especially professionalD.Being a large number【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。
题目问的是“节能灯与普通灯泡相比优势在哪里？”文章第四段提到“节能灯比普通灯泡节能70%，运行成本低很多，使用寿命更长” (CFLs use 70 percent less energy, are much less expensive to run, and last longer than regular bulbs)，因此选项C“它们的寿命比普通灯泡长”符合题意2.细节事实题题目问的是“UNF给员工提供免费公交券的主要目的是什么？”文章第三段提到采取了一些措施来减少温室气体的排放量，第四段提出采用节能灯，第五段提到UNF给员工提供免费公交券，让员工在条件允许的情况下使用，根本原因是为了减少气体的排放量，因此选项D符合题意3.推理判断题题目问的是“根据文章可知LEED认证强调的是什么？”文章第六段第一句提到联合国基金会2007年年初搬进了一个黄金标准的LEED认证办公室，这将进一步减少基金会对环境的影响…… (The UN Foundation has moved into a new Gold standard LEED-certified office in early 2007, which will further reduce the Foundation’s impact on the environment while maximizing efficiency, savings and staff comfort),并且新办事处在人类和环境卫生的关键领域都是符合高标准的，由此可知LEED认证所关注的问题是能源和环境两方面，选项D符合题意。
4.词义题题目问的是“pro bono是什么意思？”该词出现倒数第二段，With pro bono legal services generously provided by Baker & McKenzie, the UN Foundation was then able to purchase an equivalent amount of carbon offsets from a reforestation project in the Sierra Gorda Mountains of Mexico（联合国基金会就能够从墨西哥Sierra Gorda山脉中的重新造林项目中购买等量的二氧化碳排放抵消量），以及generously“慷慨地”可推测pro bono legal services是“无偿的法律服务”，选项A符合题意3. 不定项选择题In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers’ life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, the variety is not an important factor.Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is the degree of workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.1. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true?2. Why do workers want more money?3. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’ jobs more interesting,（ ）.4. In this passage, the author tells us（ ）.5. The author of this passage is probably by a（ ）.问题1选项A.To make jobs more varied.B.Demands for longer working hours.C.Degree of work contribution.D.To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way.问题2选项A.Because their jobs are too boring.B.In order to enjoy more spare time.C.To make their jobs more interesting.D.To demand shorter working hours.问题3选项A.they will want more moneyB.they will demand shorter working hoursC.more money and shorter working hours are important factorsD.more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them问题4选项A.how to make the workers more productiveB.to a certain extent more money lead to greater productivityC.possible factors leading to greater efficiencyD.how to make workers’ jobs more interesting问题5选项A.teacherB.managerC.workerD.physicist【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:细节事实题。
根据原文第一段In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied（近年来，世界上许多国家都面临着如何提高其工人生产力的问题一些专家称，解决之道是让工作多样化）可知A选项“使工作更加多样化”是有可能导致生产力提高；根据原文第二段Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making（另一个重要的考虑因素是每个工人为他所生产的产品贡献了多少）可知C选项“工作贡献程度”有可能导致生产力提高；根据原文第二段第一句Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true（其他专家认为，给工人以他自己的方式做他的工作的自由是重要的，这是毫无疑问的事实）可知D选项“给工人以他自己的方式做他的工作的自由”有可能导致生产力提高；B选项“对更长工作时间的要求”在文章内没有提及，因此B选项符合题意。
第2题:细节事实题根据题干定位到原文第三段第三句But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring（但也许他们想要更多的钱只是因为他们的工作太无聊了）可知A选项“因为他们的工作太无聊了”正确；根据第三段第四句Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours（金钱只是让他们更享受他们的业余时间类似的论点可以解释对更短工作时间的要求）可知，题目问的是为什么工人想要更多的钱，这是因为工作太无聊了，拥有更多的钱之后可以享受更多的业余时间，更多的业余时间并不是工人想要更多的钱的直接原因，B选项“为了享受更多的业余时间”逻辑关系错误以及D选项“要求缩短工作时间”错误；根据第三段最后一句Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them（也许如果我们成功地使他们的工作更有趣，他们就不会想要更多的钱，缩短工作时间对他们来说也不会如此重要）可知C选项“让他们的工作更有趣”错误；因此A选项符合题意。
第3题:细节事实题根据题干定位到原文第三段最后一句Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them（也许如果我们成功地使他们的工作更有趣，他们就不会想要更多的钱，缩短工作时间对他们来说也不会如此重要）可知D选项“更多的钱和更短的工作时间对他们来说不会那么重要”正确以及A选项“他们会想要更多的钱”、B选项“他们将要求缩短工作时间”和C选项“更多的钱和更短的工作时间是重要的因素”错误；因此D选项符合题意第4题:主旨大意题文章围绕可能导致更高工作效率的因素展开，根据第一段In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive（近年来，世界上许多国家都面临着如何提高其工人生产力的问题）可知C选项“导致更高效率的可能的因素”符合题意，A选项“如何使工人更有生产力”、B选项“在某种程度上，更多的钱导致更高的生产力”和D选项“如何使工人的工作更有趣”均只讲了“导致更高工作效率的因素”的其中一面，因此不足以概括全文。
第5题:推理判断题A选项“教师；导师”；B选项“经理；管理人员”；C选项“工人，劳动者；职蚁”；D选项“物理学家；唯物论者”；本文的主旨围绕着提高工人生产力的因素展开，提高工人工作效率一般是管理层所需要考虑的；因此B选项符合题意 4. 不定项选择题There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.1. This selection can best be titled （ ）.2. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that （ ）.3. According to the passage, the average I.Q. is （ ）.4. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that （ ）.5. This passage suggests that an individual’s I.Q. （ ）.问题1选项A.Measuring Your IntelligenceB.Intelligence and EnvironmentC.The Case of Peter and MarkD.How the Brain Influences Intelligence问题2选项A.human brains differ considerablyB.the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligenceC.environment is vital to determine a person’s intelligenceD.persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence问题3选项A.85B.100C.110D.125问题4选项A.individual with identical brains seldom test at same levelB.an individual’s intelligence is determined only by his environmentC.lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenceD.changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain问题5选项A.can be predicted at birthB.stays the same throughout his lifeC.can be increased by educationD.is determined by his childhood【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:推理判断题。
根据第一段There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with...So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared（有两个因素决定一个人的智力首先是他与生俱来的大脑……所以第二个因素是个体发生了什么——他成长的环境）可知B选项“智力与环境”最符合题意；A选项“衡量你的智力”，C选项“彼得和马克的案例”以及D选项“大脑如何影响智力”都是文章内容中的一部分，没有概括全文；因此B选项正确第2题:推理判断题根据第一段But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable（但是，无论一个人的大脑有多好，如果没有学习的机会，他的智力水平也会很低。
所以第二个因素是个体发生了什么——他成长的环境如果一个人在环境上有缺陷，他的大脑很可能无法发展，他将永远无法达到他所能达到的智力水平）以及第二段The importance of environment in determining an individual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X（环境在决定个人智力方面的重要性，可以从同卵双胞胎彼得x和马克x的历史中得到证明）可以得知C选项“环境对决定一个人的智力至关重要”符合题意；A选项“人类的大脑有很大的不同”和D选项“拥有相同大脑的人会有大致相同的智力”未在文章内提及；虽然文章内提到There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with（有两个因素决定一个人的智力首先是他与生俱来的大脑）但是并没有表达出 B选项“一个人天生的大脑在决定他的智力方面很重要”的含义，因此C选项正确。
第3题:事实细节题根据第二段倒数第二句Mark’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother（马克的智商是125，比平均水平高出25分，比他同父异父的哥哥整整高出40分），可知平均水平为100；因此B选项“100”符合题意第4题:推理判断题根据第二段第二句Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same（由于同卵，这对双胞胎在出生时就拥有相同的大脑，他们的成长过程也相同）以及第二段Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark’s I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother（得是在一个受教育机会很少的与世隔绝的社区里，由智力低下的父母抚养长大的。
马克是在上过大学的富裕家庭长大的他还是个孩子的时候，就有人给他读故事，送他去好学校，给他一切机会去激发他的智力这种环境差异一直持续到双胞胎十几岁时，当他们接受智力测试时马克的智商是125，比平均水平高出25分，比他同父异父的哥哥整整高出40分）可以得知C选项“缺乏机会阻碍了智力的成长”符合题意；A选项“具有相同大脑的个体很少接受相同水平的测试”和D选项“环境的变化产生大脑结构的变化”未在文章内提及；根据第一段第一句There are two factors which determine an individual’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with（有两个因素决定一个人的智力首先是他与生俱来的大脑）可知 B选项“一个人的智力只取决于他所处的环境”错误，因此C选项正确第5题:推理判断题根据第一段第三句But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn（但是，无论一个人的大脑有多好，如果没有学习的机会，他的智力水平也会很低。
可以得知C选项“可以通过教育增加”正确；A选项“在出生时就可以预测”和B选项“在他的一生中保持不变”未在文章内提及；根据第二段所描述的双胞胎的例子可知 D选项“是由他的童年决定的”错误，因此C选项正确 5. 单选题When the first of the two Viking landers touched down on Martian soil on July 20, 1976, and began to send camera images back to Earth, the scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory could not suppress a certain nervous anticipation, like people who hold a ticket to a lottery they have a one-in-a-million chance of winning. The first photographs that arrived, however, did not contain any evidence of life. What revealed itself to them was merely a barren landscape littered with rocks. The view resembled nothing so much as a flat section of desert —in fact, the winning entry in a contest at J. P. L. for the photograph most accurately predicting what Mars would look like as a snapshot taken in a particularly arid section of the Mojave Desert.The scientists were soon ready to turn their attention from visible life to microorganisms. The twin Viking landers carried three experiments designed to detect current biological activity and one to detect organic compounds, because researchers thought it possible that life had developed on early Mars just as it is thought to have developed on Earth, through the gradual chemical evolution of complex organic molecules（分子）.To detect biological activity, Martian soil samples were treated with various nutrients that would produce characteristic by-products if life forms were active in the soil. The results from all three experiments were inconclusive. The fourth experiment heated a soil sample to look for sign of organic material but found none, an unexpected result because at least organic compounds from the steady bombardment of the Martian surface by meteorites （限星）were thought to have been present.The absence of organic material, some scientists speculated, was the result of intense ultraviolet radiation penetrating the atmosphere which was at one time rich in carbon dioxide and thus thick enough to protect its surface from the harmful ray of the Sun, the carbon dioxide had gradually left the atmosphere and been converted into rocks. This means that even if life had gotten a start on early Mars, it could not have survived the exposure to ultraviolet radiation when the atmosphere thinned. Mars never developed a protective layer of ozone as Earth did.Despite the disappointed Viking results, there are those who still keep open the possibility of life on Mars. They point out that the Viking data cannot be considered the final word on Martian life because the two landers only sampled two limited and uninteresting sites. The Viking landing sites were not chosen for what they might tell of the planet’s biology. They were chosen primarily because they appeared to be safe of landing a spacecraft. The landing sites were on part of the Martian plains that appeared relatively featureless from orbital photography.The type of Martian terrain that these researchers suggest may be a possible hiding place for active life has an earthly parallel: the ice-free region of southern Victoria land. Antarctica, where the temperatures in some dry valley average below zero. Organisms known as endoliths, a form of blue-green algae (藻类)that has adopted to this harsh environment, were found living inside certain porous rocks in these Antarctic valleys. The argument based on this discovery is that if life did exist on early Mars, it is possible that it escaped worsening condition by similarly seeking too dry, even compared with Antarctic valleys, to sustain any life whatsoever.Should Mars eventually prove to be。