动态性动词与静态性动词（1）Dyn amic Verb and Static Verb英语动词按其是否可以用于进行时态的语义特征，可以分为动态性动词和静态性 动词大量的动词是动态性的，可以用于进行时态有一些动词是静态性的，不 能用于进行时态还有不少动词，兼有动态与静态两种特性，而其含义是不同的 动态性动词与静态性动词的用法有四个不同之处：（1）动态性动词可用于进行时态，而静态性动词则不可 这是两种动词最根本的区别，例如：1） John is writing to his father（约翰正在给他的父亲写信2） John resembles his father .（约翰长得像他的父亲John is resembling his father .（Impossible ）3） John is painting his house .（约翰正在油漆他的房子4） John owns a house .（约翰拥有一所房子John is owning a house . （Impossible ）有些动词可兼作两类动词，但意思不同动词“ hold ”的句子主语是人，则作“握 住”解，是个动态性动同；句子主语是处所，则作“容纳”解，是个静态性动词， 例如：5） a. John is holding a ball in his handsb. John has a ball in his hands（约翰正用两手握住球。
6） a. The bus holds 50 people .b. 50 people can sit in the bus .（这辆公共汽车能坐五十人动词have可兼作两种类型当作动态性动词用时，表示动作的发生或过程，相 当于take，get， receive ，eat，drink等词，可用于进行时态当作静态性动 词用时，表示“拥有”的概念，相当于 own, possess等词，没有进行时态，例如：7） a. I was having my coffee quietlyb. I was drinking my coffee quietly .（当时我正在默默地喝咖啡8） a. The man has a new car .b. The man owns a new car .c. The man possesses a new car .（这个人有辆新汽车动词consider后跟名词作宾语，当“考虑”讲，为动态性动词后跟 that从句作宾语，当“认为”讲，为静态性动词 例如：9） a. We shall consider your applicationb. We shall take your application into considerationc. We shall think over your application（我们将考虑你的申请。
10） a. I consider （that ） you acted very wisely .b. I think （that ） you acted very wisely .c. To my mind，you acted very wisely .（我认为你做得非常明智在动词词组apply to中，如果apply当及物动词用，则是动态性动词，意为“应 用”如是不及动物词，则是静态性动词，意为“适用于” 例如：11） a. They are applying the new theory to practice .b. They are putting the new theory into practice .（他们正在把这个新理论应用于实践12） a. What I have said does n't apply to youb. What I have said does n't concern you（我所说的话对你不适用不及物动词look后跟具有动态含义的前置词 at，便成为动态性动词后跟具有 静态含义的前置词like，便成为静态性动词例如：13） a. He is looking at the picture on the wallb. He is taking a look at the picture on the wall .（他正在看墙上的画。
14） a. He looks like his father .b. He resembles his father .（他长得像他的父亲有些静态性动词，可以充当动态性动词，用于进行时态，表示委婉的口气 例如：15） a. I wonder if I could ask you a questionb. rm wondering if I could ask you a question（我不知可否问你一个问题16） a. I hope to leave as soon as possible .b. rm hoping to leave as soon as possible .（我希望尽早地离开在现代英语中，有种越来越多地使用进行时态的趋势，包括静态性动词用于进 行时态，表示“惊讶”、“责备”、“抱怨”、“批评”等感情色彩 例如：17） My grandfather is forgetting names nowadays .（现在我爷爷老是记不起别人的名字18） These old people are all remembering the days of their childhood .（这些老人居然都还记得他们的童年往事。
19) The old man is surely imagining things(这位老人肯定是在想什么事情)Dyn amic Verb and Static Verb(2) 动态性动词大多可用于祈使句(Imperative Sen te nee )，静态性动词则不可 例如：20) Keep the house elean and tidy ！(要保持房子整齐清洁！)21) Own the house ！ ( Impossible )22) Do as your father does .(照你父亲那样做)23) Resemble your father .( Impossible )动词have作动态性动词用，可用于祈使句，例如：24) a. Have some tea !b . Drink some tea !(请喝点茶！)smell当动态性动词用，表示感觉行为，可用于祈使句；当静态性动词用，表示感觉表现， 不可用于祈使句，例如：25) a. Smell this meat . Does it smell bad ?b. Take / Have a smell at this meat . Does it give/have a bad smell ?(闻一闻这块肉，看它有没有坏味道？)动词当作动态性动词用于祈使句中， 往往表达的是原义。
当作静态性动词，往往含有引伸义，但不用于祈使句试以 hold为例：26) a. Hold the handle very firmly .b . Grasp the handle ! very firmly .(请紧紧抓住这个把手)27) a. Hold your head up !b . Keep your head up !(仰着脑袋！)28) a. Plato held (the view ) that the soul is immortal .b. Plato believed /thought that the soul is immortal .(柏拉图认为灵魂是不朽的)(3) 动态性动词可用于内嵌句 (Embeded Sentence )中，即充当V + sb . + to do sth .结构中的复合宾语(Complex Object )部分的to do ;而静态性动词不可 例如：29) a. I told him to abandon his attempt .b. He was told to abandon his attempt .(我叫他放弃尝试)30) a. I told him not to hit a man when he was downb . He was told not to hit a man when he was down(我叫他不要乘人之危。
)31) I told him to act as an interpreter .(我叫他充当译员)32) I told him to look like an interpreter .(Impossible )33) I told him to keep the house .(我叫他管理这个家)34) I told him to possess the house .(Impossible )(4) 动态性动词可用于带有 do代词形式的假拟分裂句 (Pseudo — cleft Sentenee with DoPro-form )中；静态性动词则不可 例如：35) What I did was (to) solve the problem(我所做的事情是去解决这个问题)36) What I did was to know the problem(Impossible )A.动态性动词： 动态性动词大体分为下列五类：(1) 活动型动词(Activity Verb )(2) 过程型动词(Process Verb)(3) 感觉痛苦型动词(Se nse Suffer Verb)(4) 过渡型动词(Transitional Verb )(5 )瞬时型动词(Momentary Verb上述各类动态性动词，用于进行时态，都表示正在进行而尚未结束的动作。
除瞬时型动词外，其余各类动词都表示具有一定持续时间的动作但是， 持续时间的长短，取决于多种因素除了动词本身的语义外， 其主语和宾语所用名词的单、 复数和含义，也都与持续时间长短有关，例如：37 ) a. Mary was asking John a question .(玛丽正在问约翰一个问题)b. Mary was asking John questions .(玛丽正在向约翰问问题38 ) a. A car was passing through .(一辆汽车正在驶过b. Many cars were passing through .(许多汽车在来来去去)39 ) a. Dick is writing a word on the black — board.(狄克正在黑板上写一个字)b. Dick is writing a letter to his father .(狄克正在给他父亲写信c. Dick is writing a novel about the suffer — ings of an old woman .(狄克在写一部关于一个老妇人的苦难的小说)(1)活动型动词：英语动词大部分是活动型动词，表明人或物的活动、动作或行为。
其主语大多数是有生 命的(animate) ask, call, drink , eat, help, laugh, learn, listen to , look at, play, read, say, smile, walk , work, write等都属于这个类型，例如：40) a. They were walking around the lake .b. They were taking a walk around the lake .(他们正绕着湖边散步)41) a. They were eating supper.b. They were taking supper.c. They were having supper.(他们正在吃晚饭)42) a. They were talking about their work .b. They were having a talk about their work .(他们正在谈论工作)有些动词如 rain , snow,其主语是无生命的(inanimate )例如：43) a. It is raining heavily .b. Rain is falling heavily .(正在下大雨。
)44) a . It is blowing hard .b . The wind is blowing hard .(正在刮大风)姿势型动词（Posture Verb），女口 sit, stand, lie, lean, squat, kneel 等，也属于这一 类型例如：45） They were sitting around the table and listening to the radio .（他们正在桌子四周坐着听收音机46） The teacher was standing in front of her pupils .（那老师站在她的学生面前47） The boy was lying in bed , reading a novel.（这男孩正躺在床上读小说2）过程型动词：过程型动词表示人或物在数量、质量、程度、体积、速度、力量、外观、颜色、 方向等各种特征方面变化、发展、增大或减少的过程这类动词一般都有延续时 间，可以用于进行时态，说明延续的过程这类动词有 change, alter , turn ,mature, ripe n , develop , grow, age, improve , in crease , accelerate , decli ne , decrease , reduce , decelerate , diminish , widen, flatten , deepen, shorten , lengthen , weaken等,例如：48） a. The leaves are changing from green to brownb. The leaves are turning brown（树叶正在由绿色变成棕色。
49） a. They are changing the appearanee of the museum .b. The appearanee of the museum is being changedc. The appearanee of the museum is changingd. The museum is changing its appearaneee. The museum is changing in appearanee（这座博物馆正在改观50） a. The ship was altering course .b. The ship was changing course .（这艘船正在改变航向51） a. My hair is turning grey .b. My hair is greying（我的头发逐渐变灰白52） a. These apples are maturing fastb. These apples are becoming mature fast .c. These apples are ripening fast .d. These apples are becoming ripe fast .（这些苹果正在很快地成熟。
53） a. An interest in stamps is developing in the boy .b. The boy is developing an interest in stamps .c. The boy is becoming more interested in stamps .d. Stamps are becoming more interesting to the boy .（这个男孩对邮票越来越感兴趣54） a. Shanghai is developing into one of the greatest cities in the world .b. Shanghai is turning into one of the greatest cities in the world .（上海正在成为世界上最大的城市之一55） a. He is growing to be a big boy .b. He is growing into a big boy .（他正在长成一个大小伙子56） a. He was aging fast /quickly .b. He was becoming/growing old fast /quickly .（他正在迅速地变老。
57） a. His health is improvingb. He is improving in health .（他正在恢复健康58） a. The population of the city is increasing b. There is an in crease in populati on in the city（这个城市的人口正在增加59） a. Our difficulties are increasingb. We are meeting with more difficulties .（我们的困难正在增加60） a. His weight is increasingb. He is putting on weight .c. He is gaining weight .（他的体重在增加/他在发胖61） a. The driver was increasing the speed of his carb. The driver was accelerating his car .c. The driver was speeding up his car .（这司机正在加快车速。
62） a. His health is decliningb. He is getting weaker .（他的体质在下降63） a. The king's power is decliningb. The king is becoming less powerful .（这国王的权力在减少64） a. The politicia n's in flue nee was decli ningb. The politicia n was beco ming less in flue ntial（这个政客的影响在缩小3）感觉痛苦型动词：感觉痛苦型动词是一类特殊的动态性动词， 本身具有延续概念，可用进行时态表 示，但不用于祈使句中A.感觉能力型动词:感觉能力型动词表示人的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和感觉能力，即“能看到”、“能听到”、“能闻到”、“能尝出”和“能感到”的意思； 也表示人感受外界 事物刺激的状态，即“看到”、“听到”、“闻到”、“尝出”和“感到”的意 思这种动词表示的是一种“内在感觉” （inner perception ）表示视觉的动 词主要是see，find ，notice等；表示听觉的动词是hear;表示嗅觉的动词是 smell ;表示味觉的动词是taste ;表示感觉的动词是feel。
下面分别叙述这类 动词的特点：（1）这类动词既表示感觉能力，又表示感觉状态，而两者意思往往是相同的, 因此可以用 can see /see和could see /saw等表达，例如：1） a. Can you see the house over there ?b. Do you see the house over there ?（你看见那边的那所房子吗？）2） a. I can see the sea from my bedroom windowb. I see the sea from mybedroom window.（我从卧室的窗户可以看见大海3） a. When you get to the end of the street ，you can see a supermarketb. When you get to the end of the street ，you'll see a supermarket .（你走到这条街的尽头就能看见一个超级市场4） a. I could see some one through the windowb. I saw some one through the wi ndow .（我从窗户看见有一个人。
5） a. I could hear a knocking at the door. b . I heard a knocking at the door.（我能听见有人敲门6） a. He spoke so loudly that even those who sat at the back could hear him clearly .b. Hespoke so loudly that even those whosat at the back heard him clearly（他讲话声音很大，连那些坐在最后排的人也能听清楚7） a. Can you smell something unusual ?b. Do you smell something unusual ?(你闻出有点不寻常的气味吗？)8) a. Can you taste anything strange in this soup ？b. Do you taste anything strange in this soup ?(你尝出汤里有点怪味道吗？)9) a. I could feel my heart beating wildly .b. I felt my heart beating wildly .(我当时感到心跳得很厉害。
)(2) 这类动词表示一种能力或状态，因而没有进行时态，例如：10) a. I can see a tree in front of the house .b. I see a tree in front of the house .c. I am seeing a tree in front of the house . (Impossible )(我看得见房前有一棵树)11) a. I could hear some one laughi ngb. I heard some one laugh ingc. I was heari ng some one laugh ing . (Impossible )(我当时听见有人哈哈大笑)12) a. I could smell onions cookingb. I smelt onions cookingc. I was smelling onions cooking . (Impossible )(我当时闻到煮洋葱的味道)13) a. I could taste sugar in the coffee .b. I tasted sugar in the coffee .(Impossible )c. I was tasting sugar in the coffee(我尝出了咖啡里已放了糖。
)14) a. I could feel something soft under my footb. I felt something soft under my foot .c. I was feeling something soft under my foot . (Impossible )(我当时感到脚底下有个软东西)15) a. I find the bed quite comfortable .b. I am finding the bed quite comfortable . (Impossible )(我发觉这张床相当舒服)16) a. Did you notice her hands shaking ?? (Impossible )b. Were you noticing her hands shaking(你有没有注意到她的双手在抖动？)(3) 这类动词中仅有see和hear两个动词用于被动语态，表示“能见性”(visibility )或“可听性” (audibility )的概念，也可以用相应的形容词 visible 或audible 来表示，例如：17) a. You/One can (still ) see the scar on his chin b. The scar can (still ) be seen on his chinc. The scar is(still ) visible on his chind. The scar (still ) shows on his chine. His chin (still ) shows/bears the scar.(你可以看到他的下巴有个伤疤。
)18) a. You/One can see the fracture quite clearly on the X ray .b. The fracture can be /is quite clearly seen on the X ray .c. The fracture is quite visible on the X ray .d. The fracture shows /is shown quite clearly on the X ray .e. The X ray shows the fracture quite clearly(在X光片上可相当清楚地看见骨折)19) a. Make sure other motorists can see youb. Make sure you are visible to other motorists .(一定要让其他开车的人都看见你)20) a. These sounds could be heard clearly .b. These sounds were clearly audible .(当时可以清楚地听见这些声音)(4) 动词see和hear的否定被动形式，表示“不能见性” (in visibility )和“不可听性” (in audibility )，也可以用相应的形容词in visible 和in audible来表达，例如：21) a. The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until itcould no Ion ger be see n by the people on the groundb. The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it wasno Ion ger visible to the people on the groundc. The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it became inv isible to the people on the ground(那飞机显得越来越小，直到地面上的人们再也看不见它了。
)22) a. In the uni verse there are a lot of stars that can't be see n bythe naked eye .b. In the uni verse there are a lot of stars that are in visible to thenaked eye .(宇宙间有许许多多肉眼看不见的星星)23) a. The speaker could be heard only with difficulty .b. The speaker was scarcely audible .b. The speaker was almost in audible .(这讲话的人让人听得费劲)24) a. This ultrasonic sound can't be heard by the human ear .b. This ultras onic sound is in audible to the huma n ear .(这种超声波人耳是听不见的)(5) 动词see /hear /find的被动形式，有时表示“存在” (existence )的 意思，相当于“ There + be”结构，例如：25) a. You can see a man standing near the gate .b. A man can be / is seen standing near the gate .c. There is a man standing near the gate .(有个人站在大门附近。
)26) a. People heard an explosion in the vicinityb. An explosion was heard in the vicinityc. There was an explosi on in the vic in ity（人们听到附近有爆炸的声音27） a. You can find a lot of coal in this area .b. A lot of coal can be /is found in this area .c. There is a lot of coal in this area .（这个地区有许多煤28） a. You can find some stamps in that drawer .b. Some stamps can be /are found in that drawer .c. There are some stamps in that drawer .（那抽屉里有一些邮票29） a. You can find pine-trees in most European countries .b. Pine-trees can be /are found in most European countries .c. There are pine-trees in most European countries .（大多数欧洲国家都有松树。
6）这类动词中，see, watch , notice , observe , feel 后面可跟复合宾 语，主要用于 V + sb . + do sth .和V + sb. + doing sth .两种句型中前 一种句型的复合宾语是非进行时态的，表示在一般时间内全过程的动作或已完成 的动作；后一种句型的复合宾语是进行时态的，表示在一特定时刻正在进行而尚 未完成的动作，或在一段时间内连续重复的动作，例如：30） a. I saw them cross the river yesterday after noon .（= I saw them reach the other side .）（昨天下午我看见他们过了河b. I saw them crossing the river when I passed by at four yesterday after noon .（=I did n't know if they reached the other side .）（昨天下午四点钟我路过时，看见他们正在过河31） a. I heard him play the violin the whole after noon（整个下午我听见他都在拉小提琴。
b. I heard him playing the violin when I passed by his room .（我经过他的房间时，听见他正在拉小提琴32） a. I heard a door slam .（我听见砰的关门声b. I could hear a door slamming（我听见门砰砰作响33） a. He felt the house shake during the earth- quake .（地震时他感到房子摇动b. He felt the house shaking when he went to bed at ten last night .（昨晚十点钟他上床睡觉时，感到房子在摇晃34） a. We watched the children play in the gar- den all the morning（整个上午我们看着孩子们在花园里玩耍b. We watched the children playing in the garden when I arrived .（我们到达时看到孩子们正在花园里玩耍35） a. I no ticed the guest leave his home yesterday after noon（昨天下午我看到这个客人从他家走了。
b. I noticed the guest leaving his home when I passed by（我路过时看到那个客人正在告辞c. I noticed the guests leaving his home one by one（我看到客人们正一个接一个向他告辞36） a. The policeman observed the man open the window of the shop . （那警察窥看到这个人撬开了商店的窗户b. The policeman observed the man opening the window of the shop .（那警察看着这个人在撬商店的窗户这类动词中的taste后面不能跟复合宾语，而smell后跟复合宾语，只能用V+ sb . + doing sth .句型，例如：37） a. He smelt something burn in the kitchen .（Impossible ）b. He smelt something burning in the kitchen（他闻到厨房里有烧糊东西的气味这类动词中，只有see, hear和observe具有被动形式，其余的动词没有相应 的被动形式，例如：38） a. I saw him come up the street .b. He was seen to come up the street .（我看见他沿街走来。
39） a. I saw him coming up the street .b. He was seen coming up the street .（我看见他正沿街走来40） a. The policeman observed the man enter the bank together with awomanb. The man was observed to enter the bank together with a woman（警察看到这男人跟一个女人一起走进银行41） a. The policeman observed the man trying to force the lock of the door at midni ght .b. The manwas observed tryi ng to force the lock of the door at mid night . （半夜时那警察看到这个人在撬商店的门锁有些动词，如catch，find ，也可后跟复合宾语，但只用于V + sb . + doing sth .句型，例如：42） a. We caught the thief stealingb. The thief was caught stealing（我们抓住这个在作案的小偷。
43） a. I found her cooking in the kitchenb. She was found cooking in the kitchen（我见她在厨房里做饭此外，动词see，watch，hear后跟复合宾语，还可用于 V + sth . + done和V+ sth . + being done 句型，例如：44） a . He saw the visiting team beat his team .b . He saw his team beate n by the visit ing team .c . He saw his team beate n（他看到自己的队被客队击败45) a. He saw the visiting team beating his teamb. He saw his team being beaten by the visiting team .c. He saw his team being beaten(他看到自己的队正被客队击败)46) a. They watched the visiting team beat their team .b. They watched their team beaten by the visiting team .c. They watched their team beaten(他们看着他们的队被客队击败。
)47) a. They watched the visiting team beating their team .b. They watched their team being beaten by the visiting team .c. They watched their team being beaten(他们看着他们的队正被客队击败)48) a. She heard some people speak English .b. She heard English spoken by some people .c. She heard English spoken(她听到有人讲英语)49) a. She heard some people speaking English .b. She heard English being spoken by some people .c. She heard English being spoken(她听见有人正在讲英语)(7) 动词can see /can hear的否定形式，有时表示缺乏或丧失视力或听力 的概念，即表达“盲”(blindness )或“聋”(deafness )的意思，也可以用 相应的形容词blind , deaf来表示，例如：50) a. The old woman can (still ) see very well .b. The old woman is (still ) able to see very well .c. The old woman (still ) has very good eyesight .(这位老妇人视力依然很好。
)51) a. The old man can't see at all .b. The old man is unable to see at all .c. The old man is blind(这个老人啥也看不见了)52) a. The man can't see very well .b. The man is unable to see very wellc. The man has very poor eyesightd. The man is almost / nearly blind（这个人视力很差/几乎瞎的一样53） a. He is going blindb. He is losing his eyesight .（他双眼快要瞎了54） a. He can no Ion ger see .b. He is no Ion ger able to see .c. He has gone blindd. He has lost his eyesight .（他再也看不见了/他双目失明了55） a. He is blind in one eye .b. He is partially blind in his left /right eye（他一只眼/左眼/右眼失明。
56） a. He can't hear at all /a thing .b. He is unable to hear at all /a thing .c. He is totally deaf .（他完全聋了/什么也听不见57） a. She can't hear very well .b. She is hard of hearingc. Her hearing isn't very well .d. She is almost /nearly deaf .（她听力极差/她几乎什么也听不见58） a. He is rather deafb. He has poor hearingc. His hearing is poor .（他听力极差59） a. She is becoming deaf .b. Her hearing is getting worse .（她越来越聋/她快听不见了60） a. She has become deaf .b. She has lost her hearing（她变聋了/她丧失了听力61） a. He is deaf of /in one ear .b. He is partially deaf in his left /right ear .（他一只耳朵/左耳/右耳聋。
see（8）动词see的使役性概念，即“使看见”的意思，可以用make/let sb. 表示，也可以用show表示，例如：62） a. She let her husband see the letter .b. She showed the letter to her husbandc. She showed her husband the letter .（她让她丈夫看这封信63） a. He made me see my mistake .b. He showed me my mistake .（他让我看到我的错误表示“使看不见”的概念，可以用 hide , prevent表达，例如：64） a . She prevented her husband （from） seeing the letter .b . She hid the letter from her husba nd c. She put /kept the letter out of her husband's sight(她不让她丈夫看到这封信)B. 感觉行为型动词：感觉行为型动词表示人利用眼、耳、鼻、舌及其它感官，主动地去感受外界事物 刺激的行为。
这是一种“主动感觉” (active perception )主要动词有look at /listen to /smell /taste /feel等现将这类动词特点分述如下：(1) 这类动词表示感觉行为，而不表示感觉能力、感觉状态或感觉结果，例如：79) I looked carefully and saw a man in the distanee(我仔细看去，看见远处有一个人)80) I listened attentively but heard nothing(我侧耳倾听，但是什么也没有听见)(2) 这类动词可以用进行时态，而感觉能力型动词则不能用进行时态，例如：81) a . I (can) see a bus in the distanee(我看见远处有一辆公共汽车)b. I am looking at a bus in the distanee(我注视着远处的一辆公共汽车)82) a. I (can) hear what she is saying(我听得见她说的话)b. I am listening to what she is saying(我在听她讲的话)83) a. I (can) smell the perfume .(我闻到这股香味。
)b. I am smelling the perfume(我在闻这香味)84) a. I (can) taste salt in my porridge(我尝出这粥里放了盐)b. I am tasti ng the porridge ，to see if it cont。