大学英语1（远程英语1）资料五主 题：复习Unit 1—Unit 4的语法内容学习时间：2012年10月29日－11月4日内 容：我们这周主要复习Unit 1—Unit 4的语法内容Unit 1—Unit 2这两个单元的主要内容是学习动词的总体特点及分类，理解动词的特性，掌握动词数的变化，时态的变化，语态的变化及语气的变化Unit 3—Unit 4这两个单元主要学习句子的类别，通过两种分类方式将句子各分成四种类别，并介绍了各种句子类型的用法以及在写作中的应用一、学习要求1.了解动词的总体特点和不同种类；2.学习运用基本的动词；3.理解动词的特性，即动词数、时态、语态、语气的变化；4.掌握这八种句子类型的用法；5.了解这几种类型在写作中的应用二、主要内容（一）动词的种类1.动词分为实意动词和非实意动词，实意动词包括及物动词、不及物动词和系动词非实意动词包括助动词和情态动词⑴ 及物动词：后面可直接跟名词、代词等，如grab：抓取，强夺 grab one's armannounce：宣布 announce the newsdesign：设计 design a new plan⑵ 不及物动词：后面需加上介词才能跟名词或代词。
例如这两单元中出现的动词用法：scrub with soap⑶ 及物动词+不及物动词：bathe: vt.浸入，弄湿；vi.沐浴，洗澡shower: vt.为……洗淋浴；vi.淋浴scrub: vt.擦洗，使净化；vi.搓mount: vt.安装，爬上；vi.增加，上升rinse: vt.冲洗；vi.被漂洗干净freeze: vt.使结冰；vi.冷藏，结冻shoot: vt.射击，射中；vi.喷出，发芽celebrate: vt.庆祝，举行；vi.庆祝，举行宗教仪式⑷ 助动词：助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它没有对应的汉译，主要的助动词有do, be, have等e.g. He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语 （doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)⑸ 情态动词：它是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能，应该或必要等情态动词后面加动词原形主要的情态动词有can, could, need, must, may 等e.g. She may lose her way. He must stay here.We can't carry the heavy box.2.动词的变化动词有数的变化、时态的变化、语态的变化、语气的变化。
⑴ 动词数的变化动词数的变化主要指的是单复数的变化，根据主语的数的形式决定动词的形式，如果主语是单数（例如 他、她、它或单个名词）那么谓语动词需用单数形式（一般而言即在动词后面直接加s或es,特殊动词需要在动词结尾变换一些形式），如果主语是复数，那么谓语动词直接用原形即可e.g. He likes playing basketball.The teacher often encourages her students.The cake is yummy. We all pass the final examination.⑵ 动词时态的变化动词时态的变化主要指的是某一动作发生的时间，根据时间的不同划分为不同的时态，例如现在时、过去时、将来时等① 现在时：动词根据主语而定，主语是单数时动词加s或es，主语是复数时用动词原形② 过去时：需用动词的过去时态，一般情况下是直接在动词后加ed或d，特殊动词需改变词尾的形式③ 将来时：需要使用助动词will，后面跟动词原形，这个和主语的单复数没有关系e.g. It takes place in the USA on the third Sunday of July every year.(现在时)It was certainly a good month to choose, being in the middle of summer.(过去时) When a woman and a man are hit by his arrows, they will fall in love.(将来时)⑶ 动词语态的变化动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，用哪种语态和主语有关，如果主语是动作的发出者则用主动语态，如果是动作的承受者则用被动语态，主动语态的主语不一定都是人，也可指物，被动语态也可用人作主语。
① 主动语态：动词根据主语的单复数及时态而定② 被动语态：be + 过去分词，be(am，is，are)动词根据时态和主语单复数的不同而发生变化e.g. Children often take a bath each night.It celebrates one of the world's best-loved desserts.It is made of milk and has other vitamins and minerals.(前半句是被动语态，后半句是主动语态)⑷ 动词语气的变化动词语气包括真实语气和虚拟语气两种真实语气指的是确实发生的或将来能够发生的，虚拟语气表达的是一种假设，是不存在的e.g. Americans eat more ice cream than anyone else in the world.(真实语气)If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. (虚拟语气)注：虚拟语气是英语中的难点，在以后的章节中我们会详细介绍，现在同学们只要有个大概的印象就可以了二）句子的类别1.四种英语句式从语法角度来看，英语句式共有四种，即简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。
⑴ 简单句英语中，只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干，是句子的核心① 主语+谓语e.g. Things change. (这是最简单的句型，只有一个主语和一个谓语)② 主语+连系动词+表语e.g. He is a teacher. (be 是连系动词，连系动词之后的是表语)③ 主语+谓语+宾语e.g. We never beat children.④ 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语e.g. He gave the book to his sister.⑤ 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补e.g. I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难形容词easy作补语）⑵ 并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”并列连词有：and, but, or, so等并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系它们之间用连词连结① 表并列关系的,由and, both...and, as well as, not only...but (also),neither...nor等组成。
e.g. She not only sings but also dances.② 表转折关系的,与but, however(然而),while(然而),still, yet等连用e.g. He wants to make friends but he does not open up to others.③ 表选择关系的,由or, either...or...,not...but...,or else(否则)连接e.g. You should work hard or you will fail.④ 表因果关系的,与for, so/so that, therefore(因此),because等连用 e.g. I'd better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain.⑶ 复合句复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成用疑问词作引导词，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。
所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导根据从句功能的不同，复合句一般可分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句e.g. They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.All (that) she lacked was training.（that 可以省略）He must be ill, for he is absent today.I am interested in what she is doing.That's why I want you to work there.He made a promise that he would never come late.⑷ 并列复合句并列复合句是指包含复合句的并列句的句子，有并列连词：and、or、but连接e.g. When I was a child, I liked playing with my friends and we often had a good time together.She began to open up to others but she found that it was difficult to get on well with them.2.句子的类别⑴ 陈述句陈述句(Declarative Sentence)是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法。
它包括肯定句（The Affirmative Sentence）和否定句（The Negative Sentence）两种陈述句在书写时句末用句号，在朗读时用降调这里主要介绍一下否定句的用法① 完全否定用not, no, never, neither, none, nothing等否定表示“完全不是，完全不”的意思e.g. Nothing is wrong with me.② 半否定在句子里用否定词hardly, scarcely, little, few, seldom, rarely等e.g. I hardly see anything in the room.=I can see little in the room.“all/both/every/each/+谓语+not”表示概念为“有的是，有的不是”e.g. All of them are not students.=Some of them are students, some are not.③ 宾语从句的否定形式 用在think, believe, suppose引导的宾语从句里则否定主句e.g. I don't think he'll come. = He will not come in fact, I think.(注意：主语是I时要进行否定转移，在前面否定。
)⑵ 疑问句疑问主要有四大句型，一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句① 一般疑问句e.g. Have you been living here?Can't he drive?② 选择疑问句选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择这类疑问句有两种形式：一种是以一般疑问句的结构形式为基础，只是在语调上有所区别这一类选择疑问句通常都是在前一个供选择的答案用低升调，后一个用降调；如果有两个以上供选择的答案，则在最后一个用降调，其余都用低升调e.g. Would you like a cup of tea, or coffee, or juice?③ 特殊疑问句以疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句常用的疑问词有：what, who, whose, which, when, where, how, why等e.g. Who is singing in the room？What class are you in?④ 反义疑问句a.陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语e.g. I wish to have a word with you, may I？b. 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
e.g. Nobody answered this question, did they?c. 陈述部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或usedn't +主语e.g. He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he？d. 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this,疑问部分主语用ite.g. Everything is ready, isn't it？e. 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定 e.g. Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he？ 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：e.g. He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he？He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he？ 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose ,imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
e.g. I don't think he is bright, is he？We believe she can do it better, can't she？f. 省去主语的祈使句的反义疑问句，疑问部分用will youe.g. Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you? 注意：Let’s开头的祈使句，后用Shall we，Let us开头的祈使句，后用will youe.g. Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you?⑶ 祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表达命令，因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句祈使句因对象（即主语）是第二人称，所以通常都省略祈使句的动词都为一般现在时，句末则使用句号来表示结束e.g. Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）Watch your steps.No parking. “let”带头的祈使句由“let”带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型，它的主要用法有下列三种：① 表示“建议”。
这个句型里的“let”后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语e.g. Let me go and look for it.Let's not disturb him.② 表示“间接命令”或“愿望” 这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词e.g. Let Robert take charge of the marketing department.Let her join our choir.③ 表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主除了口气凶悍之外，有时还语带讽刺e.g. Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own.Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time.⑷ 感叹句① 由感叹词what引导的感叹句what修饰名词或名词短语，有以下两种形式：a. What a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！或是：What+名词词组+主语+谓语！e.g. What a fine day it is! b. What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！e.g. What kind women they are! What nice music it is!② 由how引导的感叹句。
how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词其结构是：How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！e.g. How hard the workers are working! How clever the girl is! How quickly the boy is writing! 注意：当how修饰动词时，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前 How fast the runner runs!what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变e.g. What an interesting story it is!== How interesting the story is! What a beautiful building it is!== How beautiful the building is!三、重要考点（一）选择题1. Last year, Lihua, a college student, _____ to work for the Olympic Games.A. is choosingB. is chosenC. was choosingD. was chosen2. The woman and her husband _____ in the same office.A. workB. worksC. is workingD. has worked3. — I am sorry that John is out.— Please ask him to call me as soon as he _____.A. returnedB. returnsC. will returnD. is returning4. His family _____ the zoo last week.A. visitB. am visitingC. visitedD. will visit5. — How often _____ your school sports meeting _____?— Once a year. A. does; holdB. was; holdC. is; heldD. did; hold6. Visitors _____ not to touch the exhibits.A. will requestB. requestC. are requestingD. are requested7. When she was 22 years old, her dream to be a teacher _____.A. came trueB. come trueC. came realD. come real8. A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.A. be givenB. has been givenC. will be givenD. will give 9. Your parents will _____ your progress. A. be proud ofB. is proud ofC. was proud ofD. being proud of10. He _____ people with arrows of love.A. shootB. shootingC. shootsD. was shot11. That' the best way we should think of _____ the dying soldier.A. helpingB. savingC. to savingD. to save12. My sister has two shirts. One is yellow, _____ is black.A. otherB. the otherC. othersD. another13. Is this museum _____ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. whatD. the one14. _____ he said at the meeting disappointed everyone.A. WhichB. WhenC. WhatD. That15. _____ was the story the boy told the reporter. A. WhatB. All thatC. SuchD. So16. Do you know _____ they are getting on well with the project?A. whetherB. whyC. howD. what17. How much _____ she looked without her glasses!A. wellB. goodC. bestD. better18. There are two foreigners in front of me, but they speak _____ English _____ Japanese but Chinese.A. either; orB. neither; norC. both; andD. not; but19. — Did you have a good time at the Shanghai World Expo?— Sure, _____.A. It couldn't be betterB. It dependsC. It’s up to youD. It's my pleasure20. _____ it is to get together with old friends.A. What a funB. How funC. What funD. How funny（二）判断题1. Trees should not be planted in summer.（ ）2. National Ice Cream Day starts in 1984.（ ）3. In Japan, only women give Valentine's gifts to all the men they know.（ ）4. Children makes special cards for their classmates.（ ）5. If he were free，he would help us.（ ）6. My mother tells me not to play with boys.（ ）7. Let's go swimming, shall we? （ ）8. Even if the boy is determined to do something, no one can stop him.（ ）9. — Would you like to come to dinner tonight?— I'd like to, but I am too busy.（ ）10. I believe that she will not cheat you.（ ）四、参考答案（一）选择题1-5 DABCC6-10 DACAC11-15 DBACC16-20 ADBAC（二）判断题1-5 √×√×√6-10 √√×√×。